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Bitumen Forms of bitumen Bitumen Emulsion Blown Bitumen Cut-Back Bitumen Plastic Bitumen Straight Run Bitumen For vedio link https://youtu.be/BUMd7CKcBV8
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Bituminous Materials
Bitumen is a hydrocarbon material that is soluble in carbon disulfide and carbon tetrachloride. It is found naturally or produced from petroleum distillation and can exist as a gas, liquid, semi-solid, or solid. Bitumen is used as a binding material in pavements, soil stabilization, and wearing courses like primers and surface dressings. When heated, bitumen decreases in viscosity and can be mixed with aggregates at high temperatures to form hot bituminous mixes or at lower temperatures for cold mixes. Bitumen has better binding and waterproofing properties than tar and is preferred for construction. Different types of bitumen include paving grade, cutback, emulsion, and polymer-modified varieties, each with their
Bitumen
The document discusses bitumen, including its definition, manufacturing process, properties, forms, difference from tar, and tests. It defines bitumen as a viscous material derived from petroleum through fractional distillation. Bitumen has varying viscosity and softening points depending on its temperature and composition. It exists in solid, semi-solid, and liquid forms and is used for road construction and building applications. Key tests described are penetration, softening point, and viscosity tests which evaluate bitumen consistency and temperature susceptibility.
Bitumen ppt
This document discusses the use of bitumen in road construction. It notes that bitumen has unique properties that make it suitable for use in flexible roads. There are four main types of bitumen: paving grade, modified, cutback, and emulsion. The document outlines several factors that influence how bitumen hardens over time when used in roads, including oxidation, loss of volatiles, and physical hardening. It lists some advantages as a smooth ride surface, quick repair ability, staged construction, lower life costs, and temperature resistance. Disadvantages include less durability, lower tensile strength compared to concrete, and higher construction costs during extreme temperatures.
Pavement Materials Bitumen
This document provides information on bitumen, which is used as a binding material in pavements. It discusses the types of bitumen including paving grade, modified, cutback and emulsion. Cutback bitumen has solvents added to increase fluidity while bitumen emulsion uses water. Modified bitumen has additives added to improve properties. The document also describes various tests conducted on bitumen like penetration, ductility, softening point and viscosity to determine hardness and grading. Bitumen requirements include adequate viscosity and adhesion properties. The grading of bitumen depends on the results of penetration tests.
Concrete Technology Unit I
This document provides information on the key ingredients and composition of concrete. It discusses the main components of concrete including cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures. It describes the function of each component and how they contribute to the properties of hardened concrete. It also summarizes the manufacturing process of cement and discusses Bogue's compounds which form due to chemical reactions during cement production.
Bitumen
Bitumen is a semi-solid hydrocarbon product produced from heavy crude oil that is used widely in construction. It is composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen along with some sulphur and other elements. Bitumen has properties like adhesion, water resistance, and hardness. There are different types and grades of bitumen classified by penetration and viscosity used for purposes like road construction, waterproofing, and preventing erosion in canals. Tests like penetration and softening point tests are conducted to determine properties of bitumen samples.
Civil engineering material bitumen
This document discusses bitumen, which is a black or dark brown material derived from petroleum that is used in civil engineering projects like roads and construction. It originates from natural asphalt deposits or is produced through refining crude oil, with the asphalt being the residue left over after distillation. The document outlines the basic refining process and lists some key engineering properties measured for bitumen like penetration value, softening point, and viscosity. It also provides details on common penetration grades available in India.
Test On Bitumen
The document discusses various tests conducted on bitumen, including penetration tests to determine hardness, ductility tests to measure adhesion and ability to stretch, viscosity tests to measure resistance to flow, softening point tests using a ring and ball to determine temperature susceptibility, and flash and fire point tests to identify ignition temperatures. In total, nine different tests are outlined that examine key properties of bitumen like hardness, adhesion, flow resistance, temperature performance, and ignition points.
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Bituminous Materials
Bitumen is a hydrocarbon material that is soluble in carbon disulfide and carbon tetrachloride. It is found naturally or produced from petroleum distillation and can exist as a gas, liquid, semi-solid, or solid. Bitumen is used as a binding material in pavements, soil stabilization, and wearing courses like primers and surface dressings. When heated, bitumen decreases in viscosity and can be mixed with aggregates at high temperatures to form hot bituminous mixes or at lower temperatures for cold mixes. Bitumen has better binding and waterproofing properties than tar and is preferred for construction. Different types of bitumen include paving grade, cutback, emulsion, and polymer-modified varieties, each with their
Bitumen
The document discusses bitumen, including its definition, manufacturing process, properties, forms, difference from tar, and tests. It defines bitumen as a viscous material derived from petroleum through fractional distillation. Bitumen has varying viscosity and softening points depending on its temperature and composition. It exists in solid, semi-solid, and liquid forms and is used for road construction and building applications. Key tests described are penetration, softening point, and viscosity tests which evaluate bitumen consistency and temperature susceptibility.
Bitumen ppt
This document discusses the use of bitumen in road construction. It notes that bitumen has unique properties that make it suitable for use in flexible roads. There are four main types of bitumen: paving grade, modified, cutback, and emulsion. The document outlines several factors that influence how bitumen hardens over time when used in roads, including oxidation, loss of volatiles, and physical hardening. It lists some advantages as a smooth ride surface, quick repair ability, staged construction, lower life costs, and temperature resistance. Disadvantages include less durability, lower tensile strength compared to concrete, and higher construction costs during extreme temperatures.
Pavement Materials Bitumen
This document provides information on bitumen, which is used as a binding material in pavements. It discusses the types of bitumen including paving grade, modified, cutback and emulsion. Cutback bitumen has solvents added to increase fluidity while bitumen emulsion uses water. Modified bitumen has additives added to improve properties. The document also describes various tests conducted on bitumen like penetration, ductility, softening point and viscosity to determine hardness and grading. Bitumen requirements include adequate viscosity and adhesion properties. The grading of bitumen depends on the results of penetration tests.
Concrete Technology Unit I
This document provides information on the key ingredients and composition of concrete. It discusses the main components of concrete including cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures. It describes the function of each component and how they contribute to the properties of hardened concrete. It also summarizes the manufacturing process of cement and discusses Bogue's compounds which form due to chemical reactions during cement production.
Bitumen
Bitumen is a semi-solid hydrocarbon product produced from heavy crude oil that is used widely in construction. It is composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen along with some sulphur and other elements. Bitumen has properties like adhesion, water resistance, and hardness. There are different types and grades of bitumen classified by penetration and viscosity used for purposes like road construction, waterproofing, and preventing erosion in canals. Tests like penetration and softening point tests are conducted to determine properties of bitumen samples.
Civil engineering material bitumen
This document discusses bitumen, which is a black or dark brown material derived from petroleum that is used in civil engineering projects like roads and construction. It originates from natural asphalt deposits or is produced through refining crude oil, with the asphalt being the residue left over after distillation. The document outlines the basic refining process and lists some key engineering properties measured for bitumen like penetration value, softening point, and viscosity. It also provides details on common penetration grades available in India.
Test On Bitumen
The document discusses various tests conducted on bitumen, including penetration tests to determine hardness, ductility tests to measure adhesion and ability to stretch, viscosity tests to measure resistance to flow, softening point tests using a ring and ball to determine temperature susceptibility, and flash and fire point tests to identify ignition temperatures. In total, nine different tests are outlined that examine key properties of bitumen like hardness, adhesion, flow resistance, temperature performance, and ignition points.
Placing and compaction of cement concrete
This document discusses placing and compaction of concrete. Placing involves depositing fresh concrete in its final position without dropping from height or piling to avoid segregation. Foundations require trenches be excavated and beds prepared before concrete is placed using chutes or tremie pipes for deep placements. Compaction removes air bubbles and improves packing using hand tools, internal vibrators like poker vibrators inserted in concrete, or external vibrators applying surface vibration. Proper placing and compaction results in dense, strong concrete.
Asphalt
Asphalt is a highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum that can be found in natural deposits or produced from refined crude oil. It is primarily used as a binder mixed with aggregate in asphalt concrete for road surfaces, as well as for roofing materials and other waterproofing applications. Asphalt is composed mainly of condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and has a complex chemical composition. Historically, it formed from the remains of ancient organisms buried deep underground and exposed to heat and pressure over long periods of time. Modern uses also include asphalt emulsion binders and alternatives produced from non-petroleum sources like plant starches.
Production of concrete
The document outlines the key stages in the production of concrete: batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting, curing, and finishing. It describes the various methods used at each stage, including volume and weight batching, hand mixing and stationary mixers, transport using trucks and conveyors, placement using different techniques, compaction through hand tools and vibration, curing methods like immersion and membrane curing, and finishing concrete surfaces.
production tests aging of bitumen and modified Bitumen
This document provides information on bitumen through a presentation by several people. It defines bitumen as a viscous liquid or solid consisting of hydrocarbons that is soluble in trichloroethylene. Bitumen is black or brown in color and has waterproofing and adhesive properties. It is produced from crude oil through fractional distillation. Different types of bituminous materials include tar, pitch and asphalt. The document also describes various tests conducted on bitumen like penetration test, ductility test, softening point test, and viscosity test. It provides recommended values for different bitumen grades based on these tests.
Bitumin and asphalt
The document discusses bitumen, asphalt and gypsum. It provides details on:
- Bitumen is a semi-solid hydrocarbon produced from crude oil refining and is used mainly in road construction as the binder in asphalt.
- Asphalt is a mixture of small stones, sand, filler and bitumen used as a road paving material.
- Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate used in construction materials like plasterboard and as a fertilizer.
Compressive strength in concrete test
This document discusses the compressive strength of concrete. It defines compressive strength as the ability of a material to withstand pushing forces. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. The document describes how to test the compressive strength of concrete cube and cylinder specimens. It provides details on specimen size, curing, loading rate, and calculating compressive strength based on applied load divided by cross-sectional area.
Aggregates ppt
This document summarizes the classification and properties of aggregates used in construction. It defines aggregates as inert materials mixed with cement or lime for mortar or concrete. Aggregates are classified as fine or coarse based on particle size. Common fine aggregates include sand from various sources, while coarse aggregates include crushed stone and gravel. Key properties discussed include size, shape, composition and performance in tests such as crushing value, impact value and abrasion value. Sieve analysis is also described to determine particle size distribution. An ideal aggregate is characterized as hard, strong, dense and free of impurities to provide durable concrete.
Reinforced earth & its application
Reinforced earth is a composite material that combines soil with tension-resistant reinforcing elements like metal sheets, strips, or nets. It was developed in 1966 by French engineer Henri Vidal and improves the engineering properties of soil. Reinforced earth is commonly used in retaining walls, embankments, and other structures due to its technical advantages and cost-effectiveness. It provides increased stability through the use of sheet, strip, or grid reinforcements made of materials like steel or synthetic polymers.
Concrete technology
This present presentation deals with the technology of preparation of concrete and properties of concrete.
Concrete Technology: Chemical and Mineral Admixture
1. The document discusses various chemical and mineral admixtures that are used to modify the properties of concrete, making it more suitable for different applications.
2. Chemical admixtures include accelerators, retarders, plasticizers, and superplasticizers which can increase workability, strength, and durability.
3. Mineral admixtures discussed are fly ash, silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and metakaolin which provide economic and performance benefits such as reduced permeability and increased strength.
Cement
Cement is a binding material made by burning limestone and clay at high temperatures. It is composed mainly of calcium oxides, silica, aluminum, and iron. There are different types of cement used for various purposes based on setting time and chemical resistance. Cement undergoes hydration when mixed with water, resulting in a chemical reaction that causes it to harden. The setting and hardening process allows cement to be used to bind aggregates like sand and gravel into concrete. Cement is tested for consistency, strength development over time, and other characteristics to ensure it meets specifications.
Detailed ppt on Curing of concrete
Curing concrete involves maintaining moisture and temperature levels after placement to allow for proper hydration and hardening. Key curing methods include water curing through ponding, spraying or covering, as well as membrane curing when water is limited. Applying heat through steam curing can accelerate strength development but requires maintaining moisture. Proper curing for at least 7 days is important to ensure concrete reaches its designed strength and durability properties.
Tests of aggregates
This document provides information on various tests conducted on aggregates that are used in construction. It describes the aggregate abrasion value test, which determines the abrasion resistance and hardness of aggregates. It also summarizes the aggregate impact value test, which evaluates the resistance of aggregates to shocks and impacts, and the aggregate crushing value test, which determines the resistance of aggregates to crushing under gradually applied compressive loads. Finally, it outlines the procedure to determine the specific gravity and water absorption of aggregates.
Hardened Concrete
The document discusses factors that affect the strength of concrete, including water-cement ratio, aggregate-cement ratio, maximum aggregate size, and degree of compaction. It states that concrete strength is inversely proportional to water-cement ratio according to Abrams' law. A lower water-cement ratio and higher degree of compaction produce stronger concrete by reducing porosity. A leaner aggregate-cement ratio also increases strength by absorbing water and reducing shrinkage. Larger aggregate size can reduce water needs but may decrease strength by lowering surface area for bond development.
Underwater concrete
This document discusses underwater concrete, including its production, placement methods, and quality control. It notes that underwater concrete must have proper mix design and flowability to consolidate under its own weight without vibration. The main placement methods described are tremie, pump, toggle bags, and bagwork. Quality control includes monitoring placement rate and volume. Common issues with underwater concrete include cement washout, laitance, and segregation, which mix design and proper placement seek to prevent.
Rheology of Fresh Self Compacted Concrete - Concrete Shear Box_ Ajay and Dr.G...
Flow characterization and controlling fresh property of SCC is most critical. Even slight variations in ingredients can have adverse effect on fresh properties; strength and durability of hardened concrete. The material science approach to study rheological properties is essential in order to overcome the paucity posed while characterizing mixes by empirical methods such as the slump flow test.
In the present work, the Bingham parameters of SCC were assessed by using the new concrete shear box. The mixes were designed considering volume of paste based on absolute volume concept. Three different volumes of pastes (0.38, 0.40 and 0.42) with water contents of 170 and 190 lt/m3 and cement contents of 300 and 450 kg/m3 along with slag as filler was used. A unique test procedure was followed, by applying low normal stresses of 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30 MPa with three different displacement rates of 1, 5 and 15mm/min under static condition. The results indicate that the new concrete shear box shall effectively put to use, as an additional tool for evaluating the rheological properties of SCC viz., yield stress and plastic viscosity
Admixtures
This document discusses different types of admixtures that are added to concrete mixtures to improve their properties. It describes 10 main categories of admixtures including air-entraining, water-reducing, accelerating, retarding, and mineral admixtures. It provides details on the mechanisms and effects of various admixtures such as air-entrainers, superplasticizers, fly ash, and silica fume. The document focuses in particular on how these admixtures improve the workability, strength, and durability of hardened concrete.
Aggregate - coarse aggregates, testing & limits
This document provides information on aggregates used in traditional building materials. It defines aggregates as fillers used with binding materials that are derived from rocks. Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete's volume and influence its properties. Aggregates are broadly classified into fine aggregates smaller than 4.75mm and coarse aggregates larger than 4.75mm. The document discusses various types of coarse aggregates based on geological origin, size, shape, and unit weight. It also covers properties of aggregates like strength, shape, specific gravity, moisture content and tests conducted on aggregates. Alkali aggregate reaction and measures to prevent it are summarized.
Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB) for Road Construction
Bitumen is a by-product of fractional distillation of crude oil.
Current world consumption of bitumen is approximately 120 million tons per year.
In India, flexible pavements with bituminous surfacing are widely used.
Rapid development, exponential increase in traffic, and significant variations in daily and seasonal temperatures have shown some limitations in bitumen binder performance.
Under water concrete
Underwater concrete (UWC) requires special mix designs, placement techniques, and quality control due to the challenges of placing concrete underwater. The document discusses types of materials used in UWC including cement, aggregates, and admixtures. It also describes common placement methods like the tremie method, pump method, and bagwork. Construction techniques for placing UWC include the use of caissons and cofferdams to create a dry work environment. Proper production, quality control measures, and maintenance are needed to ensure the durability of underwater concrete structures.
UNIT-1 Bitumen and Tar.pptx
Bitumen is a naturally occurring semi-solid form of petroleum that is formed from the remains of ancient algae and other organisms. It is refined from crude oil through processes like vacuum steam distillation. Tar is a similar black, thermoplastic material produced from the destructive distillation of coal. Both were widely used in the early 20th century as binders for road construction, leading to the term "tarmac". Bitumen has properties that make it a strong adhesive and durable sealant for engineering projects like roads. Various tests are conducted to evaluate properties like viscosity and durability.
Paint bitumen varnish ashpalt
Group 5 presented on the properties of paints and their composition. Their presentation covered the key components of paint including the body, vehicle, pigment, thinner, and dryers. They discussed various types of paints and how they are formulated. They also showed an example of a well-decorated bedroom using different paints.
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Placing and compaction of cement concrete
This document discusses placing and compaction of concrete. Placing involves depositing fresh concrete in its final position without dropping from height or piling to avoid segregation. Foundations require trenches be excavated and beds prepared before concrete is placed using chutes or tremie pipes for deep placements. Compaction removes air bubbles and improves packing using hand tools, internal vibrators like poker vibrators inserted in concrete, or external vibrators applying surface vibration. Proper placing and compaction results in dense, strong concrete.
Asphalt
Asphalt is a highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum that can be found in natural deposits or produced from refined crude oil. It is primarily used as a binder mixed with aggregate in asphalt concrete for road surfaces, as well as for roofing materials and other waterproofing applications. Asphalt is composed mainly of condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and has a complex chemical composition. Historically, it formed from the remains of ancient organisms buried deep underground and exposed to heat and pressure over long periods of time. Modern uses also include asphalt emulsion binders and alternatives produced from non-petroleum sources like plant starches.
Production of concrete
The document outlines the key stages in the production of concrete: batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting, curing, and finishing. It describes the various methods used at each stage, including volume and weight batching, hand mixing and stationary mixers, transport using trucks and conveyors, placement using different techniques, compaction through hand tools and vibration, curing methods like immersion and membrane curing, and finishing concrete surfaces.
production tests aging of bitumen and modified Bitumen
This document provides information on bitumen through a presentation by several people. It defines bitumen as a viscous liquid or solid consisting of hydrocarbons that is soluble in trichloroethylene. Bitumen is black or brown in color and has waterproofing and adhesive properties. It is produced from crude oil through fractional distillation. Different types of bituminous materials include tar, pitch and asphalt. The document also describes various tests conducted on bitumen like penetration test, ductility test, softening point test, and viscosity test. It provides recommended values for different bitumen grades based on these tests.
Bitumin and asphalt
The document discusses bitumen, asphalt and gypsum. It provides details on:
- Bitumen is a semi-solid hydrocarbon produced from crude oil refining and is used mainly in road construction as the binder in asphalt.
- Asphalt is a mixture of small stones, sand, filler and bitumen used as a road paving material.
- Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate used in construction materials like plasterboard and as a fertilizer.
Compressive strength in concrete test
This document discusses the compressive strength of concrete. It defines compressive strength as the ability of a material to withstand pushing forces. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. The document describes how to test the compressive strength of concrete cube and cylinder specimens. It provides details on specimen size, curing, loading rate, and calculating compressive strength based on applied load divided by cross-sectional area.
Aggregates ppt
This document summarizes the classification and properties of aggregates used in construction. It defines aggregates as inert materials mixed with cement or lime for mortar or concrete. Aggregates are classified as fine or coarse based on particle size. Common fine aggregates include sand from various sources, while coarse aggregates include crushed stone and gravel. Key properties discussed include size, shape, composition and performance in tests such as crushing value, impact value and abrasion value. Sieve analysis is also described to determine particle size distribution. An ideal aggregate is characterized as hard, strong, dense and free of impurities to provide durable concrete.
Reinforced earth & its application
Reinforced earth is a composite material that combines soil with tension-resistant reinforcing elements like metal sheets, strips, or nets. It was developed in 1966 by French engineer Henri Vidal and improves the engineering properties of soil. Reinforced earth is commonly used in retaining walls, embankments, and other structures due to its technical advantages and cost-effectiveness. It provides increased stability through the use of sheet, strip, or grid reinforcements made of materials like steel or synthetic polymers.
Concrete technology
This present presentation deals with the technology of preparation of concrete and properties of concrete.
Concrete Technology: Chemical and Mineral Admixture
1. The document discusses various chemical and mineral admixtures that are used to modify the properties of concrete, making it more suitable for different applications.
2. Chemical admixtures include accelerators, retarders, plasticizers, and superplasticizers which can increase workability, strength, and durability.
3. Mineral admixtures discussed are fly ash, silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and metakaolin which provide economic and performance benefits such as reduced permeability and increased strength.
Cement
Cement is a binding material made by burning limestone and clay at high temperatures. It is composed mainly of calcium oxides, silica, aluminum, and iron. There are different types of cement used for various purposes based on setting time and chemical resistance. Cement undergoes hydration when mixed with water, resulting in a chemical reaction that causes it to harden. The setting and hardening process allows cement to be used to bind aggregates like sand and gravel into concrete. Cement is tested for consistency, strength development over time, and other characteristics to ensure it meets specifications.
Detailed ppt on Curing of concrete
Curing concrete involves maintaining moisture and temperature levels after placement to allow for proper hydration and hardening. Key curing methods include water curing through ponding, spraying or covering, as well as membrane curing when water is limited. Applying heat through steam curing can accelerate strength development but requires maintaining moisture. Proper curing for at least 7 days is important to ensure concrete reaches its designed strength and durability properties.
Tests of aggregates
This document provides information on various tests conducted on aggregates that are used in construction. It describes the aggregate abrasion value test, which determines the abrasion resistance and hardness of aggregates. It also summarizes the aggregate impact value test, which evaluates the resistance of aggregates to shocks and impacts, and the aggregate crushing value test, which determines the resistance of aggregates to crushing under gradually applied compressive loads. Finally, it outlines the procedure to determine the specific gravity and water absorption of aggregates.
Hardened Concrete
The document discusses factors that affect the strength of concrete, including water-cement ratio, aggregate-cement ratio, maximum aggregate size, and degree of compaction. It states that concrete strength is inversely proportional to water-cement ratio according to Abrams' law. A lower water-cement ratio and higher degree of compaction produce stronger concrete by reducing porosity. A leaner aggregate-cement ratio also increases strength by absorbing water and reducing shrinkage. Larger aggregate size can reduce water needs but may decrease strength by lowering surface area for bond development.
Underwater concrete
This document discusses underwater concrete, including its production, placement methods, and quality control. It notes that underwater concrete must have proper mix design and flowability to consolidate under its own weight without vibration. The main placement methods described are tremie, pump, toggle bags, and bagwork. Quality control includes monitoring placement rate and volume. Common issues with underwater concrete include cement washout, laitance, and segregation, which mix design and proper placement seek to prevent.
Rheology of Fresh Self Compacted Concrete - Concrete Shear Box_ Ajay and Dr.G...
Flow characterization and controlling fresh property of SCC is most critical. Even slight variations in ingredients can have adverse effect on fresh properties; strength and durability of hardened concrete. The material science approach to study rheological properties is essential in order to overcome the paucity posed while characterizing mixes by empirical methods such as the slump flow test.
In the present work, the Bingham parameters of SCC were assessed by using the new concrete shear box. The mixes were designed considering volume of paste based on absolute volume concept. Three different volumes of pastes (0.38, 0.40 and 0.42) with water contents of 170 and 190 lt/m3 and cement contents of 300 and 450 kg/m3 along with slag as filler was used. A unique test procedure was followed, by applying low normal stresses of 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30 MPa with three different displacement rates of 1, 5 and 15mm/min under static condition. The results indicate that the new concrete shear box shall effectively put to use, as an additional tool for evaluating the rheological properties of SCC viz., yield stress and plastic viscosity
Admixtures
This document discusses different types of admixtures that are added to concrete mixtures to improve their properties. It describes 10 main categories of admixtures including air-entraining, water-reducing, accelerating, retarding, and mineral admixtures. It provides details on the mechanisms and effects of various admixtures such as air-entrainers, superplasticizers, fly ash, and silica fume. The document focuses in particular on how these admixtures improve the workability, strength, and durability of hardened concrete.
Aggregate - coarse aggregates, testing & limits
This document provides information on aggregates used in traditional building materials. It defines aggregates as fillers used with binding materials that are derived from rocks. Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete's volume and influence its properties. Aggregates are broadly classified into fine aggregates smaller than 4.75mm and coarse aggregates larger than 4.75mm. The document discusses various types of coarse aggregates based on geological origin, size, shape, and unit weight. It also covers properties of aggregates like strength, shape, specific gravity, moisture content and tests conducted on aggregates. Alkali aggregate reaction and measures to prevent it are summarized.
Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB) for Road Construction
Bitumen is a by-product of fractional distillation of crude oil.
Current world consumption of bitumen is approximately 120 million tons per year.
In India, flexible pavements with bituminous surfacing are widely used.
Rapid development, exponential increase in traffic, and significant variations in daily and seasonal temperatures have shown some limitations in bitumen binder performance.
Under water concrete
Underwater concrete (UWC) requires special mix designs, placement techniques, and quality control due to the challenges of placing concrete underwater. The document discusses types of materials used in UWC including cement, aggregates, and admixtures. It also describes common placement methods like the tremie method, pump method, and bagwork. Construction techniques for placing UWC include the use of caissons and cofferdams to create a dry work environment. Proper production, quality control measures, and maintenance are needed to ensure the durability of underwater concrete structures.
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production tests aging of bitumen and modified Bitumen
production tests aging of bitumen and modified Bitumen
Concrete Technology: Chemical and Mineral Admixture
Concrete Technology: Chemical and Mineral Admixture
Rheology of Fresh Self Compacted Concrete - Concrete Shear Box_ Ajay and Dr.G...
Rheology of Fresh Self Compacted Concrete - Concrete Shear Box_ Ajay and Dr.G...
Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB) for Road Construction
Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB) for Road Construction
Similar to Bitumen
UNIT-1 Bitumen and Tar.pptx
Bitumen is a naturally occurring semi-solid form of petroleum that is formed from the remains of ancient algae and other organisms. It is refined from crude oil through processes like vacuum steam distillation. Tar is a similar black, thermoplastic material produced from the destructive distillation of coal. Both were widely used in the early 20th century as binders for road construction, leading to the term "tarmac". Bitumen has properties that make it a strong adhesive and durable sealant for engineering projects like roads. Various tests are conducted to evaluate properties like viscosity and durability.
Paint bitumen varnish ashpalt
Group 5 presented on the properties of paints and their composition. Their presentation covered the key components of paint including the body, vehicle, pigment, thinner, and dryers. They discussed various types of paints and how they are formulated. They also showed an example of a well-decorated bedroom using different paints.
asphalt.pptx
Bitumen is a substance produced through crude oil distillation that is known for its waterproofing and adhesive properties. It is commonly used in construction, mainly for making flexible pavements like roads and highways. There are different types of bitumen including straight-run bitumen, blown bitumen, bitumen emulsion, and cut-back bitumen. Asphalt is a solid or semi-solid product left after petroleum distillation that is a mixture of bitumen and inert mineral matter. It is used in construction due to its binding power and insulation properties. The document provides details on the manufacturing process and types of bitumen and asphalt used in construction applications.
Paints-I.pdf
This document provides information on different types of paints and their composition. It discusses 7 main categories of paint: oil paints, synthetic paints, emulsion paints, cellulose paints, varnishes, water paints (distemper), and special paints. It describes the composition and uses of different types of paints like oil paints, synthetic paints, emulsion paints, etc. The document also discusses common painting techniques like brush painting and spray painting and defines common painting defects like bleeding, blistering, blooming, and methods to remedy them.
Paints-I.pdf
This document provides information on different types of paints and their composition. It discusses 7 main categories of paint: oil paints, synthetic paints, emulsion paints, cellulose paints, varnishes, water paints (distemper), and special paints. It describes the composition and uses of different types of paints like oil paints, synthetic paints, emulsion paints, etc. The document also discusses painting techniques like brush painting and spray painting and common painting defects like bleeding, blistering, blooming, and methods to remedy them.
PRESENTATION ON PAINT
This document provides information on different types of paints and their composition. It discusses 7 main categories of paint: oil paints, synthetic paints, emulsion paints, cellulose paints, varnishes, water paints (distemper), and special paints. It describes the composition and uses of different types of paints like oil paints, synthetic paints, emulsion paints, etc. The document also covers painting techniques like brush painting and spray painting, and common painting defects like bleeding, blistering, blooming, and methods to prevent or remedy them.
8. bitumens
This document discusses bituminous materials used in construction. It covers definitions of terms like binder, bitumen, and asphalt. It describes the production of bitumen from crude oil and tar. The properties, testing, and mixtures of binders are explained. Common tests for binders and bituminous mixtures include penetration, Marshall, and dissolution tests. Applications of bituminous materials include use in road construction as various surfacing materials, in tanking for waterproofing, and in roofing. Road failures can include rutting, potholes, and cracking.
asphalt
Asphalt
Classification of asphalt
Forms of asphalt
Properties of asphalt
Uses of asphalt
vedio link
https://youtu.be/tNTBher08nA
Manufacturing Of Cement.pdf
Portland cement is made through a precise manufacturing process involving mining and grinding raw materials like limestone and clay, heating them in a kiln to form clinker, and then finely grinding the clinker. There are two main processes - the dry process mixes dry raw materials before heating while the wet process mixes materials into a slurry. Both processes involve heating materials to high temperatures to form cement compounds, cooling the clinker, and then very finely grinding it along with gypsum. The ground cement is then stored in silos and packaged for distribution.
Manufacturing of cement
Manufaturing Process Of Cement
Contents-
What is CEMENT ?
Introduction
Diff. B/w Cement and Portland Cement
Components Of Portland Cement
History of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Manufacturing of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Components
Processes
Dry Process
Wet Process
Building materials
This document provides information on concrete, its ingredients and properties. Concrete is composed of Portland cement, water, aggregates (sand and gravel/crushed stone) and sometimes admixtures. It is mixed either by hand or machine. The cement and water form a paste that binds the aggregates together as it hardens. Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength. Proper curing is required for concrete to attain its full strength. Concrete is a versatile building material with many applications.
Bitumen and modified bitumen
The document provides information on different types of bitumen and bitumen modification. It discusses natural bitumen, artificial bitumen including straight run bitumen and blown bitumen. It also describes cut back bitumen, emulsions, and modified bitumens including crumb rubber modified bitumen, natural rubber modified bitumen, and polymer modified bitumen. The document lists the advantages of modified bitumens and guidelines for their use. It provides details on consistency tests, performance tests, and grades of different modified bitumens.
varnish
Varnishing is done to protect and beautify wooden surfaces. An ideal varnish forms a hard, durable protective film while maintaining an attractive gloss. Varnishes contain resins like copal or shellac, driers to accelerate drying, and solvents like linseed oil, turpentine or spirits of wine. Main types are oil, spirit, turpentine and water varnishes, which vary in drying time and durability. The varnishing process involves preparing the wood surface, treating knots, applying multiple thin coats until finished.
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Quality control IN CONSTRUCTION
The document discusses quality control procedures for construction projects. It outlines that designers, manufacturers, and contractors must ensure minimum quality standards are met. Quality inspectors should inspect all construction processes according to the contractor's method statements and contract documents. The document also discusses ISO standards, quality assurance programs, and sources of technical information for quality control procedures in architecture, engineering, site management, and inspection.
Use of bim in project management
BIM can improve project management in several ways:
1) As an integrated model, BIM facilitates improved communication, coordination, and collaboration between project managers and other teams.
2) BIM supports integrated project delivery (IPD), bringing all parties together under a single framework to increase project success. It facilitates information exchange to reduce costs, errors, and redundancy.
3) BIM enables technical capabilities like clash detection to resolve design inconsistencies, constructability reviews, 4D and 5D modeling for schedule and cost analysis, and quantity take-offs for accurate cost estimation.
Lean costruction
Lean construction is an approach that adapts lean manufacturing principles to construction projects. It aims to minimize costs and maximize value for customers. Lean construction identifies and eliminates waste at every stage of design and construction. The key principles include identifying value from the customer's perspective, defining the project workflow, eliminating sources of waste like defects and waiting, ensuring smooth information flow, pull-based scheduling, and driving continuous improvement. By applying these lean principles, construction projects can be completed on time, on budget, and with the expected value for customers.
Common causes of cost overruns in construction projects
The document discusses common causes of cost overruns in construction projects, including inaccurate project estimates, serious project design errors, not planning for change orders, administration errors, poor site management, and not hiring the right team. Specifically, it notes that faulty budgets and schedules from the beginning, design deficiencies, unplanned change orders, human errors in project administration, issues with on-site communication and management, and hiring inexperienced subcontractors can all potentially lead to cost overruns. The document recommends addressing these issues through thorough planning, clear documentation and contracts, use of construction management software, and properly qualifying subcontractors.
Periodical meeting report and progress report
This document discusses periodic progress reports and meetings. It explains that progress reports update supervisors on the status of long-term projects, summarizing what has been, is being, and will be accomplished. Periodic activity reports summarize contributions over a specific time period. Progress meetings are held regularly during construction to discuss status updates, issues, costs, and next steps with contractors and clients. Meeting minutes are prepared and construction progress reports are provided to clients.
RECORD KEEPING
Record keeping is important for construction projects to document what occurred over the course of the project. This establishes a record that can be referred back to later for disputes or reviewing events. Good records also need to be kept for legal and contractual requirements. The type and extent of records depends on the project, but they should be dated, signed, and stored systematically. Record keeping helps control work, provide future data, and hand over important information to the client.
What is Manpower Planning Organizing Staffing Important objectives of staffin...
Manpower planning involves reviewing an organization's current and future human resource needs. It includes strategies to match the supply of employees with the demand for jobs. Organizing is using the management plan to coordinate physical, financial, and other resources to achieve goals. Staffing determines human resource requirements, recruits and selects employees, and ensures their training and development. The objectives of staffing include procuring the right employees, developing human resources, establishing personnel policies, and motivating higher performance. Motivation is an important part of staffing and includes incentive plans to encourage employee participation.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS BASICS BTCE-503-18
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS AND CONSTRUCTION METHOD
BASICS OF FORMWORK AND STAGING
COMMON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION METHOD
MODULAR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION METHOD
PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION METHOD
BASICS OF SLIP FORMING FOR TALL STRUCTURES
BASICS CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES
BASICS CONSTRUCTION METHODS BRIDGES
Canal Regulation Works
Canal Regulation Works:
Canal Fall- Necessity and Location- Types of Falls- Cross Regulator and Distributory Head Regulator- Their Functions, Silt Control Devices, Canal Escapes- Types of Escapes.
impact field work report
This document summarizes the field work conducted by a teacher over 21 days, where each day covers a different topic taught to students. The topics included means of transport, nouns, addition, living vs non-living things, the Devanagari alphabet, sense organs, adjectives, uses of water, parts of a plant, multiplication, pronouns, alphabets, density experiment with water, vowels and consonants, fruits, angles, singular and plural nouns, word formation in Hindi, missing numbers, vegetable names, and the water cycle.
canal regulators
Offtake alignment.
Cross regulators- their function and design.
Distributory head regulator , their design.
Canal escape.
construction project planing
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PLANING
WHAT IS CONSTRUCTION PLANNING
5 STEPS TO THE PERFECT CONSTRUCTION PLANNING PROCESS
PRE TENDER PLANNING
PRE CONTRACT PLANNING
ROLE OF CLIENT
ROLE OF CONTRACTOR
PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT OF PLANS
PLANNING A PROJECT
INTRODUCTION TO SCHEDULING
WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE
BAR CHARTS (GANTT CHARTS)
NETWORK TECHNIQUES
ACTIVITY-ON-ARROW NETWORK
DUMMY ACTIVITIES
DANGLING ACTIVITY
CYCLE IN NETWORK
PRECEDENCE NETWORKS
TIME ESTIMATES
MILESTONES IN PROJECT
TIME ANALYSIS
CRITICAL PATH, SLACK AND FLOAT
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND BAR CHART
WHAT IS NETWORK
PERT / CPM Techniques
TERMS USED IN A NETWORK
RULES OF NETWORK CONSTRUCTION
NETWORK SYMBOLS
energy dissipators
ENERGY DISSIPATION BELOW SPILLWAY
HYDRAULIC JUMP
STILLING BASINS
BUCKET TYPE ENERGY DISSIPATION
PLUNGE POOLS
Unit 1 basics of construction
WHAT DOES CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT (CPM) MEAN?
THE UNIQUE FEATURES OF CONSTRUCTION IN INDIA
THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
FEATURES OF A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
PHASES OF PROJECT
AGENCIES INVOLVED AND THEIR METHODS OF EXECUTION
design of weirs
WEIRS VERSUS BERRAGE
TYPES OF WEIRS
COMPONENT PARTS OF A WEIR
CAUSES OF FAILURE OF WEIRS & THEIR REMEDIES
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
DESIGN FOR SURFACE FLOW
DESIGN OF BARRAGE OR WEIR
theory of seepage
Khosla's theory improved upon Bligh's theory of seepage under hydraulic structures in several ways. Khosla recognized that seepage follows elliptical streamlines rather than the bottom contour as Bligh assumed. Khosla also introduced the important concept of exit gradient and specified that the exit gradient must be less than the critical value to prevent soil particles from being dislodged. While more complex, Khosla's theory provides a more accurate representation of seepage flow compared to Bligh's assumption of linear head loss.
DIVERSION HEAD WORK
HEAD WORK.
LOCATION OF DIVERSION HEAD WORK
TYPES OF HEAD WORKS.
LAYOUT OF DIVERSION HEAD WORK.
COMPONENTS OF DIVERSION HEADWORKS
SILT CONTROL DEVICES
.BOUSSINESQ’S THEORY FOR VERTICAL STRESSES UNDER A CIRCULAR AREA.pdf
- Boussinesq's theory is used to determine the vertical stress (σZ) at a point P located at a depth Z below the center of a uniformly loaded circular area.
- The load is assumed to be uniformly distributed over the circular area with radius R and intensity q per unit area.
- The solution expresses σZ as a function of Z, R, and q, where σZ is equal to the influence coefficient Ic multiplied by the load intensity q. The influence coefficient Ic is defined as 1 - (1/(1+(R/Z)^2)^(3/2)).
How to calculate quantity of steel in slab
The document provides calculations to determine the quantity of steel reinforcement in a slab. It specifies using 12mm diameter main bars placed at 0.15m centers running in the shorter span direction and 10mm diameter distribution bars at 0.15m centers in the longer span direction. It then shows calculations to determine the number of each bar type based on the slab dimensions, and calculates the total length, weight, and overall quantity of steel for the slab, which is approximately 930kg/m2.
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AI-Based Home Security System : Home security
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
一比一原版(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Mechatronics material . Mechanical engineering
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design - OOAD
This ppt gives detailed description of Object Oriented Analysis and design.
一比一原版(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdf
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
smart pill dispenser is designed to improve medication adherence and safety f...
Smart Pill Dispenser that boosts medication adherence, empowers patients, enables remote monitoring, enhances safety, reduces healthcare costs, and contributes to data-driven healthcare improvements
Call For Paper -3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advan...
* Registration is currently open *
Call for Research Papers!!!
Free – Extended Paper will be published as free of cost.
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)
July 13 ~ 14, 2024, Virtual Conference
Webpage URL: https://aiad2024.org/index
Submission Deadline: June 22, 2024
Submission System URL:
https://aiad2024.org/submission/index.php
Contact Us:
Here's where you can reach us : aiad@aiad2024.org (or) aiadconference@yahoo.com
WikiCFP URL: http://wikicfp.com/cfp/servlet/event.showcfp?eventid=180509©ownerid=171656
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Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdf
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
AI + Data Community Tour - Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstei...
AI + Data Community Tour - Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstei...Paris Salesforce Developer Group
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.Recently uploaded (20)
5G Radio Network Througput Problem Analysis HCIA.pdf
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Bitumen
- 2. CONTENT • Bitumen • Forms of bitumen
- 3. BITUMEN • The bitumen is the binding material which is present in asphalt. It is also sometime called the mineral tar. • It is obtained by partial distillation of crude petroleum. • It is chemically a hydro-carbon. • It is insoluble in water, but it completely dissolves in carbon bisulphide, chloroform, benzol, coal tar, naptha, alkalies, alkaline carbonates, petroleum sprit and oil of turpentine. • It is found on analysis to composed of 87 % carbon, 11% hydrogen, 2% oxygen by weight. • The bitumen is black or brown in colour and is obtained in solid or semi solid state.
- 4. FORMS OF BITUMEN • Bitumen Emulsion • Blown Bitumen • Cut-Back Bitumen • Plastic Bitumen • Straight Run Bitumen
- 5. BITUMEN EMULSION • It is a liquid product containing bitumen to great extent in an aqueous medium. • The bitumen is in a very finely divided state and it is suspended in the aqueous medium with the help of some suitable stabilizing agents.
- 6. BLOWN BITUMEN • It is a special type of bitumen which is obtained by passing air under pressure at a higher temperature. • Such bitumen can be used as roofing and damp-proofing felts, in the manufacture of pipe asphalts and joint fillers, as heat insulating material, etc.
- 7. CUT-BACK BITUMEN • It is obtained by fluxing asphaltic bitumen in presence of some suitable liquid distillates of coal tar or petroleum. • It can be applied cold as a bitumen paint.
- 8. PLASTIC BITUMEN • It consists of bitumen, thinner and a suitable inert filler. • The amount of inert filler is about 40% to 45% . • It is used for filling cracks in masonry structure, for stopping leakages, etc.
- 9. STRAIGHT RUN BITUMEN • When the bitumen is being distilled to a definite viscosity or penetration without further treatment , it is known as the straight run bitumen.