WHAT DOES CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT (CPM) MEAN? THE UNIQUE FEATURES OF CONSTRUCTION IN INDIA THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS FEATURES OF A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PHASES OF PROJECT AGENCIES INVOLVED AND THEIR METHODS OF EXECUTION

1. TOPIC
BASICS OF CONSTRUCTION
UNIT 1
BTCE-503-18
PREPARED
BY
ER. Sanjeev Singh
SNJV432@GMAIL.COM

2. CONTENT
1. WHAT DOES CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT
(CPM) MEAN?
2. THE UNIQUE FEATURES OF CONSTRUCTION IN INDIA
3. THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
4. FEATURES OF A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
5. PHASES OF PROJECT
6. AGENCIES INVOLVED AND THEIR METHODS OF
EXECUTION

3. WHAT DOES CONSTRUCTION
PROJECT MANAGEMENT (CPM)
MEAN?
• Construction project management could be defined as the direction,
regulation, and supervision of a project from early development to
completion.
• The ultimate goal of construction project management is the full
satisfaction of the client’s demands for a viable project both in terms of
functionality and budget. There is a wide range of construction project
types, such as commercial, residential, industrial and heavy civil.

4. • Each structure is unique
• Each structure is commissioned
• Each structure is built in situ

5. • Each structure is unique: Even if the structures are
similar, there is possibility of variation due to the
influence of:
1. Availability of material & labors.
2. Type of sub stratum
3. Atmospheric condition
4. Natural condition

6. • EACH STRUCTURE IS COMMISSIONED: Civil engineering
works are not like factory products which may be available in a stock
at the required time. Each civil engineering work is commissioned
i.e. order is placed for each structure before construction works
commences. However now-a-days construction components are
prefabricated which can be kept in start.
• Construction engineering companies never initiate themselves. Thus
decisions of construction of various projects are taken by taking into
consideration their requirements etc. Hence the civil engineering
industries are the masters of its own.

7. • EACH STRUCTURE IS BUILT IN SITU: The civil engineering
structure is built at a place of its final use. Sometimes components may be
fabricated or built elsewhere. However structure has to suit the particular
requirements of the site where it is built.

8. THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF
CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
• Construction is a process which consists of assembling or building
infrastructure. It includes all work and materials required for the
construction of finished structures. This also includes site foundations,
preparations, electrical work, mechanical work, and any work required to
complete projects.
1. RESIDENTIAL
These projects include townhouses, houses, condominiums, apartments,
cottages, subdivisions, and single-unit dwellings. The designs are usually
made by engineers and architects and construction executed by builders.

9. 2. BUILDING
Constructing buildings is the most common type of project. It’s a process of adding
structures to properties. Most projects are small renovations or room additions.
Most new building projects involve construction of sheltered enclosures with access
for housing people, machinery, equipment, and supplies. It also includes
installation of equipment and utilities.
3. COMMERCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL
These buildings include a whole lot of project sizes and types like hospitals,
clinics, schools, universities, stadiums, sports facilities, shopping centres,
retail stores, warehouses, manufacturing plants, etc. Special engineers and
architects are usually hired for the construction of these buildings. There are
very few competitors in this market segment since it costs a lot of money and
requires greater sophistication in terms of commercial and institutional
buildings when compared with residential projects.
4. INDUSTRIAL
This is just a small part of the construction industry but is a very important
part nonetheless. The projects are usually owned by large industrial
corporations like medicine, power generation, manufacturing, petroleum,
etc.

10. 5. COMMERCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL
These buildings include a whole lot of project sizes and types like hospitals, clinics,
schools, universities, stadiums, sports facilities, shopping centres, retail stores,
warehouses, manufacturing plants, etc. Special engineers and architects are usually
hired for the construction of these buildings. There are very few competitors in this
market segment since it costs a lot of money and requires greater sophistication in
terms of commercial and institutional buildings when compared with residential
projects.
6. HIGHWAY
This involves alteration, repair, and construction of roads, streets, alleys,
highways, runways, paths, etc. It also includes incidental construction.
7. HEAVY
Lastly, these projects tend to involve projects which aren’t classified properly
as buildings or highways. Some examples include dams, sewer line projects,
sewage treatment facilities, dredging projects, flood control projects, water
treatment plants, etc.
These are some of the most popular types of construction today.

11. FOLLOWING ARE THE FEATURES
OF A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT:
1. The project should have a specified target.
2. The project should be unique and cannot be replicated with the same task
and resources giving the same results.
3. The construction project should satisfy the owners requirement and
expectations from the project.
4. The construction project should not be a routine work, although there are
some aspects that are routine.
5. The construction project shall consists of a number of associated
activities contributing to the project as a whole.
6. The time limit for completion of project shall be defined.

12. 7. The Construction project is complex and it involves a number of
individuals from different departments. So, right coordination shall be
setup within departments.
8. The project manager must be flexible to accommodate any change that
might occur during the project.
9. There are factors of uncertainty such as the performance of individuals,
how their skills adapt to unfamiliar work, and other unknown external
influences.
10. The total cost of construction project shall be defined and project shall be
completed within the given budget.
11. The project should provide unique opportunities to acquire new skills.
12. The project gives impetus to the project manager to adapt to working
under changing circumstances, as the nature of the project is change.
13. There are risks with each step of the project, and the project manager
should manage those risks to reach the project goal.

13. PHASES OF PROJECT
• 1. Project Initiation
Initiation is the first phase of the project lifecycle. This is where the project’s
value and feasibility are measured. Project managers typically use two
evaluation tools to decide whether or not to pursue a project:
• BUSINESS CASE DOCUMENT – This document justifies the need for
the project, and it includes an estimate of potential financial benefits.
• FEASIBILITY STUDY – This is an evaluation of the project’s goals,
timeline and costs to determine if the project should be executed. It
balances the requirements of the project with available resources to see if
pursuing the project makes sense.
Teams abandon proposed projects that are labeled unprofitable and/or
unfeasible. However, projects that pass these two tests can be assigned to a
project team or designated project office.

14. 2. PROJECT PLANNING
• Once the project receives the green light, it needs a solid plan to guide the
team, as well as keep them on time and on budget. A well-written project
plan gives guidance for obtaining resources, acquiring financing and
procuring required materials. The project plan gives the team direction for
producing quality outputs, handling risk, creating acceptance,
communicating benefits to stakeholders and managing suppliers.
• The project plan also prepares teams for the obstacles they might
encounter over the course of the project, and helps them understand the
cost, scope and timeframe of the project.

15. 3.PROJECT EXECUTION
• This is the phase that is most commonly associated with project
management. Execution is all about building deliverables that satisfy the
customer. Team leaders make this happen by allocating resources and
keeping team members focused on their assigned tasks.
• Execution relies heavily on the planning phase. The work and efforts of the
team during the execution phase are derived from the project plan.

16. 4. PROJECT MONITORING AND CONTROL
• Monitoring and control are sometimes combined with execution because
they often occur at the same time. As teams execute their project plan, they
must constantly monitor their own progress.
• To guarantee delivery of what was promised, teams must monitor tasks to
prevent scope creep, calculate key performance indicators and track
variations from allotted cost and time. This constant vigilance helps keep
the project moving ahead smoothly.

17. 5. PROJECT CLOSURE
• Teams close a project when they deliver the finished project to the
customer, communicating completion to stakeholders and releasing
resources to other projects. This vital step in the project lifecycle allows the
team to evaluate and document the project and move on the next one,
using previous project mistakes and successes to build stronger processes
and more successful teams.
• Although project management may seem overwhelming at times, breaking
it down into these five distinct cycles can help your team manage even the
most complex projects and use time and resources more wisely.

18. AGENCIES INVOLVED AND THEIR
METHODS OF EXECUTION
• There are at least four groups involved in any building project. [in all
designations mentioned below, singular also refers to more than one
person]
1. THE BUILDER
He is the financier: he must get approval of Govt. agencies: he should not
veto any recommendations made by Structural engineer and compromise
on the safety: He should be then free from litigation caused due to
negligence of others.
2. THE ARCHITECT
It is required under law that he must prepare plans. He should not veto if
structural engineer insists on modifying [increasing the size] sections if
analysis warrants. The Architect should then be free from litigation he can
escape the blame / or can he held responsible.

19. 3. STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
The person with the responsibility. For accepting the responsibility, he has
to state the conditions.
(a) no interference from builder to compromise on design and execution.
(b) no interference from Architect to adopt under-size section. He must
insist on soil tests and get advice of geo-technical engineer on the nature of
foundation to be adopted or take responsibility on himself. Either by himself
or through an agent with whom he has confidence, he assures quality of
construction and adherence to design drawings is adhered to.
4. THE CONSTRUCTION ENGINEER
if his work is supervised, has no direct Responsibility It is a fact, that
structural engineer alone cannot escape responsibility, Hence, he has to
protect himself or stipulate under what conditions.