Cement is a binding material made by burning limestone and clay at high temperatures. It is composed mainly of calcium oxides, silica, aluminum, and iron. There are different types of cement used for various purposes based on setting time and chemical resistance. Cement undergoes hydration when mixed with water, resulting in a chemical reaction that causes it to harden. The setting and hardening process allows cement to be used to bind aggregates like sand and gravel into concrete. Cement is tested for consistency, strength development over time, and other characteristics to ensure it meets specifications.
Manufaturing Process Of Cement
Contents-
What is CEMENT ?
Introduction
Diff. B/w Cement and Portland Cement
Components Of Portland Cement
History of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Manufacturing of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Components
Processes
Dry Process
Wet Process
Cement is a building material for binding bricks, stones or aggregates.
Used for making mortar or concrete.
Cements natural and artificial.
Natural cement-burning and crushing of stones and lime.
Artificial cement-burning at high temperature and gypsum is added.
Manufaturing Process Of Cement
Contents-
What is CEMENT ?
Introduction
Diff. B/w Cement and Portland Cement
Components Of Portland Cement
History of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Manufacturing of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Components
Processes
Dry Process
Wet Process
Cement is a building material for binding bricks, stones or aggregates.
Used for making mortar or concrete.
Cements natural and artificial.
Natural cement-burning and crushing of stones and lime.
Artificial cement-burning at high temperature and gypsum is added.
Powerpoint presentation on CEMENT {PPT}Prateek Soni
Cement is a mixture on calcareous, siliceous, argillaceous and other substances.
This presentation is completed by prateek soni and for more detail you can checkout this ppt.
Cement is topic;like and give credit for my free work
cement
cement and its types
Manufacturing of cement
uses of cement
wet process
dry process
portland cement
raw materials used in cement
field tests for cement
UNIT 1 OF MATERIALTESTING AND EVALUTION BTECH CIVIL SEM 4.
TOPIC TO BE COVERD.
CEMENT
TYPES OF CEMENT
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
USES OF CEMENT
vedio link
https://youtu.be/0a71XEIeEeA
Cement, Cement manufacturing, Types of cementNaresh Kumar
Cement, in general, adhesive substances of all kinds, but, in a narrower sense, the binding materials used in building and civil engineering construction. Cements of this kind are finely ground powders that, when mixed with water, set to a hard mass. Setting and hardening result from hydration, which is a chemical combination of the cement compounds with water that yields submicroscopic crystals or a gel-like material with a high surface area. Because of their hydrating properties, constructional cements, which will even set and harden under water, are often called hydraulic cements. The most important of these is portland cement.
CEMENT , TYPES OF CEMENTS , PORTLAND CEMENT
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT, GENERAL FEATURES OF THE MAIN TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT, ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC), RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT, SPECIAL TYPES OF RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT, MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT, Raw Materials, Crushing & Grinding of Raw Materials,Type of cement processes, Wet Process, Dry process, Burning Process, Grinding, storage, packing, dispatch,CEMENT CHEMISTRY,Chemical Compositions,Bogue’s Equations, Fineness of cement
STUDY OF STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH PALM OIL FUEL ASH AS CEMENT REPLACEMENTIAEME Publication
Rapid growth of infrastructure has led to the use of concrete almost everywhere, and one of the main products required in manufacturing concrete is cement, with the increase in the amount of cement used, heat of hydration increases which will lead to the formation of cracks in concrete accompanied by shrinkage effect. In order to control this, palm oil fuel ash, an agro waste which contains some amount of silica act as a pozzolanic material is being used as cement replacement and its strength is compared with conventional concrete of grade M25. Palm oil fuel ash which is obtained by burning palm fruit and dry leaves of palm oil tree in palm oil mills is also used to control heat of hydration effect on concrete, after pulverizing and making it into a fine powder. In this study cement is being replaced with palm oil fuel ash by 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5% and the strength tests like compressive strength test, tensile strength test, flexural strength test are performed and are compared with the results of conventional concrete of grade M25 for 3,7 and 28 days. Satisfactory results have been found at a percentage of 12.5%. Increase in strength is found at this percentage.
Powerpoint presentation on CEMENT {PPT}Prateek Soni
Cement is a mixture on calcareous, siliceous, argillaceous and other substances.
This presentation is completed by prateek soni and for more detail you can checkout this ppt.
Cement is topic;like and give credit for my free work
cement
cement and its types
Manufacturing of cement
uses of cement
wet process
dry process
portland cement
raw materials used in cement
field tests for cement
UNIT 1 OF MATERIALTESTING AND EVALUTION BTECH CIVIL SEM 4.
TOPIC TO BE COVERD.
CEMENT
TYPES OF CEMENT
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
USES OF CEMENT
vedio link
https://youtu.be/0a71XEIeEeA
Cement, Cement manufacturing, Types of cementNaresh Kumar
Cement, in general, adhesive substances of all kinds, but, in a narrower sense, the binding materials used in building and civil engineering construction. Cements of this kind are finely ground powders that, when mixed with water, set to a hard mass. Setting and hardening result from hydration, which is a chemical combination of the cement compounds with water that yields submicroscopic crystals or a gel-like material with a high surface area. Because of their hydrating properties, constructional cements, which will even set and harden under water, are often called hydraulic cements. The most important of these is portland cement.
CEMENT , TYPES OF CEMENTS , PORTLAND CEMENT
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT, GENERAL FEATURES OF THE MAIN TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT, ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC), RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT, SPECIAL TYPES OF RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT, MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT, Raw Materials, Crushing & Grinding of Raw Materials,Type of cement processes, Wet Process, Dry process, Burning Process, Grinding, storage, packing, dispatch,CEMENT CHEMISTRY,Chemical Compositions,Bogue’s Equations, Fineness of cement
STUDY OF STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH PALM OIL FUEL ASH AS CEMENT REPLACEMENTIAEME Publication
Rapid growth of infrastructure has led to the use of concrete almost everywhere, and one of the main products required in manufacturing concrete is cement, with the increase in the amount of cement used, heat of hydration increases which will lead to the formation of cracks in concrete accompanied by shrinkage effect. In order to control this, palm oil fuel ash, an agro waste which contains some amount of silica act as a pozzolanic material is being used as cement replacement and its strength is compared with conventional concrete of grade M25. Palm oil fuel ash which is obtained by burning palm fruit and dry leaves of palm oil tree in palm oil mills is also used to control heat of hydration effect on concrete, after pulverizing and making it into a fine powder. In this study cement is being replaced with palm oil fuel ash by 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5% and the strength tests like compressive strength test, tensile strength test, flexural strength test are performed and are compared with the results of conventional concrete of grade M25 for 3,7 and 28 days. Satisfactory results have been found at a percentage of 12.5%. Increase in strength is found at this percentage.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINI CEMENT PLANT...Journal For Research
This research is about analyzing the chemical and physical characteristics of cement and concrete. Cement can be classified based on its chemical properties. The sample taken for this research work is Kamal OPC 53 grade mini cement plant and Ultratech OPC 53 grade major cement plant. The difference can be analyzed by determining the chemical composition of the cement and its effect on physical properties of cement and concrete. Secondly, it is not necessary that in every structural member of a building, the cement used needs to be same. To determine that which cement is more suitable for which structural element this analysis is beneficial. Again, if any new type of admixture needs to be introduced in the concrete, it is important to understand the chemical composition of cement and how the new admixture may react with the cement. Also, this research is about how the changes in chemical composition of cement affect the physical properties of cement and concrete. It is noticed that due to lack in standardization of cement, even the same sample of cement gives different result.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDIES ON CONCRETE WITH DOLOCHAR AS COAR...Journal For Research
Aggregate is one of the main ingredients in producing concrete. It covers major portion of the total for any concrete mix. The strength of the concrete produced is dependent on the properties of aggregates used. However, the construction industry is increasingly making higher demands of this material because of which it may result in scarcity or unavailable in the future. Hence need for an alternative coarse aggregate arises. The aim for this project is to determine the strength and durability characteristics of structural concrete by replacing coarse aggregates with Dolochar (Scrap material obtained from the manufacturing process of sponge iron), which will give a better understanding on the properties of concrete with these aggregates. The scope of this project is to investigate the possibility of using Dolochar material as an alternative material to coarse aggregate in structural concrete. The experimental investigation were carried out using detailed strength and durability related tests such as compressive strength test of cubes, acid resistance test and Permeability tests were conducted by replacing the coarse aggregates in concrete mixes by Dolochar. Tests were also conducted on the concrete testing cubes for 3,7 and 28 Days. From the experimental investigation it was found that Dolochar material can be used as an alternative for coarse aggregate in concrete However further investigations have to be made to study long term effects.
The report is being made on the experience of 3 weeks office training.
briefly describes the quality tests of Fine and Coarse aggregates .
Complete calculation of concrete mix design is included with solved numerical equations.
Cement, water and admixtures quality test is not performed because the contractor purchase it from other chemical and cement manufacturer company.
Popular as Building material.
Material with adhesive and cohesive properties.
To bind the fine and corse aggregate together.
Common variety of cement is known as the Portland cement.
India is the fifth largest producer of cement in the world.
Rajasthan is the second largest producer of cement in india after Andra Pradesh.
Concrete, Cement, Raw Material of Cement, Types, Water, Aggregates, Sand, Mix...Naqeeb Khan Niazi
Concrete is an engineering material that simulates the properties of rock and is a combination of particles closely bound together. It is simply a blend of aggregates, normally natural sand and gravel or crushed rock.
Cement is a dry powdery substance made by calcining lime and clay, mixed with water to form mortar or mixed with sand, gravel and water to make concrete. It is a binder material. Once hardened, cement delivers sufficient strength to erect large industrial structures
Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron and other ingredients. Common materials used to manufacture cement include limestone, shells, and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay, slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore.
Sand a loose granular material that results from the disintegration of rocks, consists of particles smaller than gravel but coarser than silt, and is used in mortar, glass, abrasives, and foundry molds. : soil containing 85 percent or more of sand and a maximum of 10 percent of clay.
Concrete, Cement
Raw Material of Cement, Types
Water, Aggregates, Sand
Mixing of concrete
Transportation, Rate Analysis
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2. CEMENT
Introduction
Popular as building material.
Material with adhesive & cohesive
properties.
To bind the fine & coarse aggregate
together
To fill voids in between fine & coarse
aggregate particle form a compact mass.
4. CEMENT
There are 3 kind of mixture/concrete can be created using cement
that are:
Cement Grout
- A mixture of cement & water
Cement Mortar
- A mixture of cement & sand & water to form a paste.
Cement concrete
- A composite product which is obtained by mixing of cement,
water, inert matrix of sand and gravel / crushed stone.
5. CEMENT
PORTLAND CEMENT
Made by mixing substances containing Calcium Carbonate such as chalk /
limestone,
with substances containing silica , alumina and iron oxide such as clay/ shale.
•Clay/shale:
SiO2 Silica (silicon oxide) abbreviated S
Fe203 Ferrite (iron oxide) abbreviated F
Al203 Alumina (aluminium oxide) abbreviated A
•Limestone/chalk
CaC03 Calcium carbonate abbreviated C
•then the mixture heated and became clinker.
•Clinker then grounded to powder.
•The hardening Portland cement is a chemical process during which heat is evolved.
Why is it called "portland" cement?
Joseph Aspdin, an English mason who patented the product in 1824, named it portland
cement because it produced a concrete that resembled the color of the natural limestone
quarried on the Isle of Portland, a peninsula in the English Channel
6. Types of Cement
Depending upon our requirements i.e. using it at a suitable place, we use
different types of cement.
• Rapid Hardening or High early strength Cement
• Quick setting Cement
• High Alumina Cement
• Portland Slag Cement
• Low Heat Cement
• Air Entraining Cement
• White Cement
• Coloured Cement
• Portland Pozzolona Cement
7. Rapid Hardening Cement
This type cement gets the strength faster than OPC, However its
Initial and Final setting is same as those of OPC. It contains more
of Tri-Calcium Silicate and is more finely grounded. It gives out
more Heat while setting so it is as such unsuitable for massive
concrete. It is Used for the Structures which are Subjected to
loads early e.g. Roads, Bridges.
Quick Setting cement
It sets faster than the Ordinary Portland Cement. Its Initial Setting
Time is 5 minutes and the Final Setting Time is not more 30
minutes. It is required for making concrete that is required to set
early as for lying under water or in running water. Initial setting
being very little there is always the danger of concrete having
undergone its initial setting. Thus this type of cement is used in
more special cases.
8. • High Alumina Cement
It is manufactured by the burning of bauxite ore and lime stone in correct
proportions and at high temperature. The resulting product is then ground
finely. It develops Strength Rapidly. It is of black colour and resists well the
attack of chemicals especially of sulphates and sea water. Its ultimate
strength is much higher than OPC. Its initial setting takes more than 2 hours
and the final set takes place immediately thereafter. Most of the heat it gives
in the first 10 hrs as a result it can be conveniently used in freezing
temperatures. At ordinary temperature it is used in thin layers.
• Portland Slag Cement
It is obtained by mixing clinker, gypsum and granulated slag in a proper
proportion. The Properties of this cement is very similar to that of OPC which
are as under. It has lesser heat of hydration and has better resistance of
soils, sulphates of alkali metals, alumina and iron. It has better resistance to
acidic water. This type of cement is mostly used in Marine Works.
• Low Heat Cement
The Heat Generated by cement while setting may cause the structure to
crack in case of concrete. This Heat generation is controlled by keeping the
percentage of Tri-Calcium Silicate and that of Tri-Calcium Aluminate low. Its
initial setting and Final setting times are nearly the same as those of OPC. It
is not very suitable for Ordinary structures because the use of cement will
delayed time of drying. It will also need more curing.
9. • Air Entraining Cement
It is the OPC mixed with some air entraining agents. The
common air entraining agents are oils, fats and fatty acids
etc. These materials have the property of entraining air in
the form of fine air bubbles. The bubbles render the
concrete to become more plastic, workable and more
resistant to freezing. However because of air entrainment
the strength of concrete reduces and as such the quantity
of air so entrained should not exceed 5%.
• White Cement
It is the cement of pure white colour and having same
properties as those of Ordinary Portland Cement. Greyish
colour of cement is due to iron oxide (FeO). White cement
is manufactured from chalk and clay free from Iron Oxide.
Oil fuel and not the coal is used for the burning of this
cement.It is much more costly than ordinary cement. .
10. • Coloured Cement
Various coloured cement are prepared when required in special
cases. Suitable pigments are added with OPC to get red or
brown cement but for other colours 5 – 10% of desired pigments
are grounded with white cement. Pigments used should be
chemically inert and also durable so as they must not fade due to
the effect of lights sun or weather.
• Portland Pozzolona Cement
Portland Pozzolona cement is produced by grinding together
Portland cement and Pozzolona. This cement has properties
similar to those of OPC and can therefore be used for all general
purpose. Portland Pozzolona cement produces less heat of
hydration and offers greater resistance to attack of aggressive
water or sulphates bearing than OPC. Portland Pozzolona
cement are particularly used in marine works. It takes a little
longer to gain strength. Ultimate Strength of this cement is more
than OPC
11. HYDRATION
It's a process of chemical reaction between
cement and water.
It results first in setting (the concrete become
solid) and then hardening (increase of
strength and stiffness).
Heat is liberated during hydration process.
Thus, during the hardening process, the
concrete is being continually warmed by
internal heat generated
12. WHAT IS SETTING ?
When cement is mixed with sufficient water, within 1 or 2
hr after the mixing, the sticky paste losses its fluidity ;
within a few hours after mixing, noticeable stiffening
commences.
Setting can be divided to 2 stage that is:
a) Initial Set b) Final Set
13. Initial set is when the paste begin to stiffen
Final set is when the paste beginning to
harden and able to sustain some loads.
Initial Setting Time is the time lapse from
the addition of water in the mix to the initial
set.
Initial Setting Time and Final Setting Time
can be determine by using Vicat Apparatus
in laboratory.
They are measure at lab. As the time required
for the cement paste to withstand a certain
arbitrary pressure.
14. The time taken for a 1-mm diameter needle in
the Vicat apparatus to penetrate a depth of
25mm into the cement past sample is the initial
setting time.
The final setting time is reached when in
the modified Vicat apparatus only the
needle penetrates the surface, while the
attachment fails to do so.
The rate of setting is also a measure of the
rate of heat of hydration.
18. Consistency Test
• It is used to determine the % of water required for
preparing cement pastes for other tests
• Procedure:
1. Take 300g cement, add 30% or 90g of water
2. Mix water and cement on a non-porous surface. Mixing
should be done.
• Fill the mould of Vicat apparatus.
• The interval between the addition of water to the
commencement of filling the moulds is known as the time
of gauging.
19.
20. Among the factors affect the setting time are:
a) Fineness of cement
b) Chemical composition
c) Amount of water
Gypsum added to clinker to retard setting and
prevent flash set.
Flash set is defined as the rapid development
of permanent rigidity of the cement paste
along with high heat.
False set is the rapid development of rigidity
without the evolution of heat .
21. Compressive strength
• Mortar of cement & sand is prepared, 1:3.
• Water is added, water cement ratio 0.4:1
• It is placed in moulds & form cubes of sides 70.6
or 76 mm.
• The cement required is 185 or 235g
• Compacted in vibrating machine in 2 min.
• Moulds placed in damp cabin for 24 hrs
• Specimens are removed & placed in water for
curing.
22. •It is tested in compressive testing
machine after 3 and 7 days.
•Every side is calculated and average
is taken.
•For 3 days: > 115 kg/cm2 or 11.5
N/mm2
•for 7 days: > 175 kg/cm2 or 17.5
N/mm2
23. Tensile Strength
• Procedure:
1. Mortar is prepared cement(1) : Sand (3)
2. Water is added 8%
3. Mortar is placed in briquette moulds
24.
25.
26.
27. • Typical briquette is formed.
• A small heap is formed at its top.
• It is beaten down by a standard spatula till
water appears on the surface.
• Same procedure is repeated for other sides
of briquettes.
• 12 standard briquettes are prepared
• The quantity of cement may be 600g for 12
briquettes
28. • It is kept in damp cabin for 24 hrs.
• It is carefully removed from mould and
submerged in clean water for curing.
• It is tested in testing machine after 3 and 7
days
• The cross section of briquettes at least
section is 6.45 cm2
• Ultimate tensile stress = failing load
6.45
29. • After 3 days: > 20 kg/cm2
• After 7 days: > 25 kg/cm2
30. HARDENING
Hardening is the development of strength over an
extended period of time, is completed for months or
years.
Hydration is the key for strength development in
concrete.
31. Hydration process are gradual and require
continuous presence of water.
Adding water to the cement would cause
temperature of the mixture rise rapidly due to
reaction between Tricalcium Aluminate and
water that is initially quite rapid.
This is because of since it takes some time
for
the gypsum to dissolve sufficiently to control
the reaction of Tricalcium Aluminate.
Gypsum prevents flash setting that happen
due
to the reaction of Tricalcium Aluminate.
32. Thereafter, setting and gradual hardening take
place by the reaction of Tricalcium Silicate
and Dicalcium Silicate with water.
Atmosphere doesn't take part in hydration
process
Hydration process can't take place completely
without enough water in the mixture.
Hydration rate depends surface area of clinker
expose and fineness of grinding.
Rate of hydration decreases continuously with
age as the resistance to water penetration of
unhydrated cement grains progressively rises.
34. Colour should be uniform
Typical cement colour (gray colour
with light greenish shade)
It gives an indication of excess of
lime or clay and the degree of
burning.
35. Physical properties
Feel smooth when touched or rubbed in between
fingers.
If felt rough, indicates adulteration with sand.
If hand is inserted in cement bag, hand feels cool
and not warm.
If it immersed in water, it should sink and should
not float
A paste of cement feel sticky
If it contains clay & silt as adulterant, it give
earthy smell.
36. Presence of Lumps
•It should free from hard lumps.
•It is due to the absorption of moisture
from atmosphere.
•If a bag contains lumps it should be
rejected.
37. Strength
• It is tested by three methods:
1. Briquettes with a lean or weak mortar are made
(75mm x 25mm x 12mm).
The proportion of cement & sand is 1:6.
Immersed in water for 3 days.
• If cement is good it will not be broken easily and difficult to
convert powder form.
38. 2. A block is prepared (25 x 25 x 200) and
immersed in water for 7 days.
• Then it is placed on supports 150 mm
apart and loaded 340N.
• It should not show signs of failure.
3. Thick paste of cement with water is made
on thick glass and kept in water for 24
hours.
• It should set and not crack