This document summarizes the classification and properties of aggregates used in construction. It defines aggregates as inert materials mixed with cement or lime for mortar or concrete. Aggregates are classified as fine or coarse based on particle size. Common fine aggregates include sand from various sources, while coarse aggregates include crushed stone and gravel. Key properties discussed include size, shape, composition and performance in tests such as crushing value, impact value and abrasion value. Sieve analysis is also described to determine particle size distribution. An ideal aggregate is characterized as hard, strong, dense and free of impurities to provide durable concrete.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
the most common constituent of sand is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
the most common constituent of sand is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
Concrete
The word concrete comes from the Latin word "concretus". Which means compact.Now a days concrete is most common and necessary things in our life.
The history of cementing materials together goes back to the time when prehistoric man prepare his cave to build shelter.
He used mud and clay to fill the gap between stone. To keep out the wind and cold.
Later the Assyrians and Babylonians used clay as their bonding substance and straw to make a shape.
The Egyptians used lime and gypsum and crushed stone to create a material that would harden even better.
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Lesson: Concrete Technology - Building Materials
The quality of aggregate affect the durability and strength of concrete. Since about 3/4 of the volume of concrete is occupied by aggregate.
Concrete
The word concrete comes from the Latin word "concretus". Which means compact.Now a days concrete is most common and necessary things in our life.
The history of cementing materials together goes back to the time when prehistoric man prepare his cave to build shelter.
He used mud and clay to fill the gap between stone. To keep out the wind and cold.
Later the Assyrians and Babylonians used clay as their bonding substance and straw to make a shape.
The Egyptians used lime and gypsum and crushed stone to create a material that would harden even better.
HAI FRIENDS .... THIS IS GUNA ... ITS VERY USEFULL ONE..
TRY IT AND DOWNLOAD IT....
THIS PPT MAINLY UPLOADED ON 2013 REGULATION FIFTH SEMESTER CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS.... OTHER UNITS WILL BE UPLOAD SOON...
BY
GUNA.G
AP / CIVIL
Lesson: Concrete Technology - Building Materials
The quality of aggregate affect the durability and strength of concrete. Since about 3/4 of the volume of concrete is occupied by aggregate.
Tests on fresh concrete SLUMP TEST VEE BEE TEST COMPACTION FACTOR TESTNisarg Mistry
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Due to growing environmental awareness, as well as stricter regulations on managing industrial waste, the world is increasingly turning to researching properties of industrial waste and finding solutions on using its valuable component parts so that those might be used as secondary raw material in other industrial branches. Although iron and steel slag is still today considered waste and is categorized in industrial waste catalogues in most countries in the world, it is most definitely not waste, neither by its physical and chemical properties nor according to data on its use as valuable material for different purposes. Moreover, since the earliest times of the discovery and development of processes of iron and other metals production, slag as by-product is used for satisfying diverse human needs, from the production of medicines and agro-technical agents to production of cement and construction element. Considering the specificity of physical and chemical properties of metallurgical slags and a series of possibilities for their use in other industrial branches and in the field of civil constructions, this report demonstrates the possibilities of using iron slag as partial replacement of sand in concrete. Iron and steel making slag are by products of the iron making and steel making processes. To date, these types of slag have been widely used in cement and as aggregate for civil works. The report presents an investigation of mechanical and durability properties of concrete by adding iron slag as replacement of sand in various percentages. The results show that the strength properties of concrete increase significantly when sand is partially replaced by iron slag.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
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The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
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4. 4
Aggregates are inert materials
which are mixed with binding
material such as cement or lime
for manufacturing of mortar or
concrete. Aggregates are used
as filler in mortar and concrete
and also to reduce their cost.
6. Depending upon the size of
their particles aggregates are
classified as:
(1) Fine aggregates
(2) Coarse aggregates
7. 7
(1) Fine Aggregates:
Aggregates whose particles pass
through 4.75 mm IS sieve are termed
as fine aggregates. Most commonly
used fine aggregates are sand (pit or
quarry sand, river sand and sea sand)
and crushed stone in powdered form,
how ever some times sukhi and ash or
cinder are also used.
8. 8
(a) Sand:
It consists of small angular or
rounded grains of silica depending
upon the source from which it is
obtained. It is classified as:
9. 9
It is found as deposited in soil and is to be
excavated out. Its grains are generally
sharp or angular. It should be free from
organic matter and clay. It is usually
considered to be the best fine aggregate
for use in mortar and concrete.
(i) Pit or quarry sand:
10. 10
(ii) River Sand:
It is obtained from the banks and
beds of rivers. It may be fine or
coarse. Fine sand obtained from
beds and banks of rivers is often
found mixed with silt and clay so it
should be washed before use. But
coarse sand is generally clean and
excellent for use especially for
plastering.
11. 11
(iii) Sea Sand:
It consists of fine rounded grains of
brown colour and it is collected from
sea shores or sea beaches. Sea sand
usually contains salts and while using
that in mortar, etc, causes
disintegration of the work in which it is
used. In R.C.C work these salts will
attack reinforcement if salt content is
high. These salts may cause
efflorescence. It should be used
locally after thorough washing.
12. 12
(b) Crushed stone:
It is obtained by crushing the waste
stones of quarries to the particular
size of sand. Sand obtained from by
crushing a good quality stone is
excellent fine aggregate.
Mortar made with this sand is usually
used in ashlar work (good quality of
work).
13. 13
Aggregates whose particles do
not pass through 4.75 mm IS are
termed as coarse aggregates.
Most commonly used coarse
aggregates are crushed stone,
gravel; broken pieces of burnt
bricks,etc.
(2) Coarse Aggregates:
14. 14
It is an excellent coarse aggregate
and is obtained by crushing granite,
sand stone or grained lime stone
and all types of stones. Crushed
stones are used for the construction
of roads and railway tracks, etc.
(a) Crushed stone:
15. 15
(b) Gravel:
It is an other very good coarse
aggregate. It is obtained from
river beds, quarries and sea
shores. The gravel obtained from
sea shores should be well
washed with fresh water before
use in order to remove the
impurities which may be clay,
salts ,silt,etc. It is commonly used
in the preparation of concrete.
16. 16
(c) Broken pieces of bricks:
It is also a good artificial source of coarse
aggregates. It is obtained by breaking well
burnt bricks. It is generally used in lime
concrete at places where aggregates from
natural sources are either not available or
are expensive. It can be used at places
where low strength is required. It should be
watered well before using it in the
preparation of concrete. It is commonly
used for mass concrete in foundations and
under floors.
17. 17
GOOD QUALITYIES OF AN IDEAL
AGGREGATE:
An ideal aggregate used for the
manufacturing of concrete and
mortar, should meet the following
requirements.
(1) It should consist of natural stones,
gravels and sand or in various
combinations of these materials.
(2) It should be hard, strong and
durable.
18. 18
(3) It should be dense, clear and
free from any coating.
(4) It should be free from injurious
vegetable matters.
(5) It should not contain flaky
(angular) and elongated pieces.
(6) It should not contain any
material liable to attack steel
reinforcement in case of reinforced
concrete.
20. 20
Aggregate containing the
constituents which generally react
with alkalies in cement cause
excessive expansion, cracking of
concrete mix, should never be used.
Suitability of aggregates should be
judged either by studying its service
history or by laboratory tests.
1.Composition:
21. 21
The size and shape of the
aggregate particles mainly influence
the quantity of cement required in a
concrete mix and ultimately
economy of the concrete. For the
preparation of economical concrete,
one should use largest coarse
aggregates feasible for the
structure.
2. Size and shape:
22. 22
Type of structure Max. size of aggregate
1. Mass concrete work 40 mm
i.e. dams, retaining walls,
piers and abutments, etc.
2. R.C.C work 20 mm
i.e. beams, columns, etc
3. Flooring 10 mm
It may be clearly noted that the size and
shape of the aggregate particles influence the
properties of freshly mixed concrete more as
compared to those of hardened concrete.
23. 23
There are so many tests which are
to be performed to check the quality
of aggregates but some important
tests are discussed below.
QUALITY TESTS OF
AGGREGATES:
24. 24
The aggregate crushing value gives
a relative measure of resistance of
an aggregate to crushing under a
gradually applied compressive load.
The aggregate crushing strength
value is useful factor to know the
behaviour of aggregates when
subjected to wear.
1. Crushing Test of Aggregate:
25. 25
The aggregate impact value gives a
relative measure of the resistance
of an aggregate to sudden shock or
impact. The impact value is some
times used as an alternative to its
crushing value.
2. Impact Value Test:
26. 26
The aggregate abrasion
value gives a relative
measure of resistance of an
aggregate to wear when it is
rotated in a cylinder along
with some abrasive charge.
3. Abrasion Value:
27. 27
In determination of the proportions
of the particles with in certain
ranges in an aggregate by
separation on various sieves of
different size openings, may be
defined as sieve analysis.
SIEVE ANALYSIS:
28. 28
FINENESS MODULUS (F.M):
The sum of cumulative percentage of
residues retained on each of the Indian
standard sieves
(80mm,40mm,20mm,10mm,4.75mm,2.36m
m,1.18mm,600 microns,300microns and
150 microns each succeeding sieve has
half the aperture of the previous one),
divided by the 100,is known as “Fineness
modulus” of the aggregates. The fineness
modulus of an aggregate is roughly
proportional to the average size of particles
of the aggregates.
29. 29
(OR)
Index Number expressing the relative
sizes of both coarse and fine aggregates
is called “Fineness Modulus”.
Sand Fineness Modulus
Fine 2.2 to 2.6
Medium 2.6 to 2.9
Coarse 2.9 to 3.2
Note:
It is recommended that the fineness
modulus of sand should not be less than
2.5 and should not be more than 3.0