This document discusses biofertilizers, which are substances containing living microorganisms that promote plant growth when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil. It describes different types of biofertilizers including nitrogen-fixing, compost, and phosphate solubilizing biofertilizers. The document discusses the morphology, physiology, and recommended crops for specific nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Rhizobium, Azospirillum, and Azotobacter. It also outlines the process for making biofertilizers including selecting carrier materials, sterilizing, and inoculating seeds or soil. The advantages and potential of biofertilizers are that they can increase yields while protecting the environment and soil fertility compared to chemical
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Quality control and constraints in biofertilizer production technologyVENKATESH AGRI
Biofertilizers or microbial inoculants are the carrier-based preparations containing sufficient number of microorganisms in a viable state inoculated to soil or seed to augment the nutrient availability to plant by enhancing the growth and proliferation of microorganisms.
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
“Any living organism supplying plant nutrients directly or indirectly is regarded as biofertilizer. They are not synthetically manufactured in factory.”
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Quality control and constraints in biofertilizer production technologyVENKATESH AGRI
Biofertilizers or microbial inoculants are the carrier-based preparations containing sufficient number of microorganisms in a viable state inoculated to soil or seed to augment the nutrient availability to plant by enhancing the growth and proliferation of microorganisms.
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
“Any living organism supplying plant nutrients directly or indirectly is regarded as biofertilizer. They are not synthetically manufactured in factory.”
Plants Life Cycles Biology Lesson PowerPoint, Annuals, Biennials, Perenialsswww.sciencepowerpoint.com
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Taxonomy and Classification unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. Teaching Duration = 7 Weeks. A 2700 slide PowerPoint presentation becomes the roadmap for an amazing science experience. Complete with bundled homework package, hands-on activities built into the slideshow with directions, many built-in quizzes, answer keys, unit. Areas of Focus in The Plant Unit: Plant photo tour, Plant Evolution, Importance of Algae, Lichens, The Three Types of Lichens, Non-Vascular Plants, Bryophytes,Seedless Vascular Plants (Ferns), Seeds, Seed Dormancy, Factors that Break Seed Dormancy, Germination, Parts of a Young Plant, Monocots and Dicots, Roots and Water, Types of Roots, Water Uptake and Photosynthesis, Plant Hormones, Types of Plant Tissues, Xylem and Phloem, Woody Plants, Leaves,Light and Plants, Transpiration, Guard Cells, Leaf Identification, Plant Life Cycles, Seed Plant Life Cycles, Parts of a Flower, Matured Ovaries (Fruits), Types of Fruit and much more. f you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
One important function of most seeds is delayed germination, which allows time for dispersal and prevents germination of all the seeds at the same time.
The staggering of germination safeguards some seeds and seedlings from suffering damage or death from short periods of bad weather or from transient herbivores; it also allows some seeds to germinate when competition from other plants for light and water might be less intense.
Generally plants or plant structures, in order to overcome or survive against hostile environmental conditions undergo a period of dormancy with suitable modifications.
In lower plants production of endospores, zygospores, auxospores, akinetes, etc, are some of the methods involved in tiding over unfavorable conditions
Angiosperms produce seeds within the ovary and ovary itself develops into a fruit. In Gymnosperms only seeds develop.
Plant hormones (also known as plant growth regulators (PGRs) and phytohormones) are chemicals that regulate a plant's growth. Plant hormones on the other hand, are not like animal hormones, they are often not transported to other parts of the plant and production is not limited to specific locations. Plants lack tissues or organs specifically for the production of hormones; unlike animals, plants lack glands that produce and secrete hormones to be moved around the body. Plant hormones shape the plant, effecting seed growth, time of flowering, the sex of flowers, its longevity, senescence of leaves and fruits, they affect which tissues grow up and which grow downward, leaf formation and stem growth, fruit development and ripening, and even plant death. Hormones are vital to plant growth and lacking them plants would be mostly a mass of undifferentiated cells.
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Taxonomy and Classification unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. Teaching Duration = 7 Weeks. A 2700 slide PowerPoint presentation becomes the roadmap for an amazing science experience. Complete with bundled homework package, hands-on activities built into the slideshow with directions, many built-in quizzes, answer keys, unit. Areas of Focus in The Plant Unit: Plant photo tour, Plant Evolution, Importance of Algae, Lichens, The Three Types of Lichens, Non-Vascular Plants, Bryophytes,Seedless Vascular Plants (Ferns), Seeds, Seed Dormancy, Factors that Break Seed Dormancy, Germination, Parts of a Young Plant, Monocots and Dicots, Roots and Water, Types of Roots, Water Uptake and Photosynthesis, Plant Hormones, Types of Plant Tissues, Xylem and Phloem, Woody Plants, Leaves,Light and Plants, Transpiration, Guard Cells, Leaf Identification, Plant Life Cycles, Seed Plant Life Cycles, Parts of a Flower, Matured Ovaries (Fruits), Types of Fruit and much more. f you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
This presentation was delivered by Dr. A at the 2011 Annual Conference of the Southern Region American Society for Horticulture Science at Corpus Christi, TX.
Biofertilizers are living microbes that enhance plant nutrition by either by mobilizing or increasing nutrient availability in soils. Various microbial taxa including beneficial bacteria and fungi are currently used as biofertilizers, as they successfully colonize the rhizosphere, rhizoplane or root interior.
INTRODUTION A biofertilizer is a substance which contains living microorganisms, when applied to seed, plant surfaces, or soil, colonizes the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant.
biofertilizers : Good for nature and good for yousaumya pandey
Biofertilizer are produced from living microorganism which, when applied to seed or soil, colonizes the rhizosphere and promotes growth by increasing the supply of primary nutrients to the host plant.
Biofertilizers- Classes, TypesRhizobium ,Azobacter (Mechanism of action of biofertilizer, Methods of biofertilizer inoculation, advantages and disadvantages of biofertilizer)Classification of Nutraceuticals.
Table of content
Biofertilizer
Classes of Biofertilizers
Types of Biofertilizers
Mechanism of Action of Rhizobium and Azotobacter
Methods of inoculation
Advantages of Biofertilizers
Disadvantages of Biofertilizers
Classification of Nutraceuticals
Traditional nutraceuticals
Non-traditional nutraceuticals
Use of biofertilizers is one of the important components of integrated nutrient management, as they are cost effective and renewable source of plant nutrients to supplement the chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture This ppt is very essential & useful for vegetable crop production, because present time the farmers was used fertilizers is more compared to the recommended dose of fertilizer. so i can suggested the farmers use of bio fertilizer because they have farmers ecofriendly.
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2. Bio fertilizer
Bio fertilizers are not fertilizers. “Bio fertilizer” is a substance which contains living
microorganisms which, when applied to seed, plant surfaces, or soil, colonizes the
rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply
or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant.
Why bio fertilizers?
It’s a microbial green revolution. Bio fertilizers are having it sown advantages over
chemical fertilizers and it is economically and environmental friendly too. With the
increasing demand in agriculture it has become important for us to increase the
Productivity by using various fertilizers insecticides Pesticides .But with the tremendous
use of these products the soil has been affected badly because of the depletion in the
essential minerals of the soil. So to overcome this problem it has become important for
all of us to use a different remedy for the production of various bio fertilizers. They are
the best at economic value.
3. Types of bio fertilizers:
Nitrogen bio fertilizers
Compost bio fertilizers
Phosphorous bio fertilizers
Nitrogen fixing fertilizers:
Symbiotic: Rhizobium
It belongs to rhizobiaceae family, the rhizobium bacteria present in the nodules
of these crops are not always efficient. Therefore, the competitive, efficient
bacteria are isolated, screened, selected and produced as carrier based
inoculants
Morphology:
1) Unicellular, cell size less than 2µ wide. Short to medium rod, pleomorphic
2) Motile with peritricus flagella
3) Gram negative
4) Accumulate poly β-hydroxyl butyrate granules.
4. Physiology:
1) Nature : chemo heterotrophic, symbiotic with legume
2) C source: supplied by legume through photosynthesis, mono &
disaccharide.
3) N source: fixed from atmosphere.
4) Respiration: aerobic.
5) Growth: fast ( rhizobium), slow (Brady rhizobium)
6) Doubling time: fast grower- 2-4 hours slow grower 6-12 hours.
7) Growth media : YEMA
Recommended for :
Pulses: chickpea, pea, lentil, black gram, green gram, cowpea, pigeon pea.
Oil seeds: soybean, groundnut.
5. Non symbiotic: Azospirillum, Azotobacter.
Azotobacter
It belongs to azotobacteriaceae .It produces growth promoting substances which
improve seed germination and growth of extended root system. It produces
polysaccharides which improve soil aggregation. Azotobacter suppresses the growth of
saprophytic and pathogenic micro-organism near the root system of crop plants
Morphology:
1) Cell size: Large ovoid cells, size ranging from 2.0-7.0×1.0-2.5µ.
2) Cell character: polymorphic
3) Accumulate poly β-hydroxyl butyrate granules.
4) Gram reaction: negative
6. Physiology:
1) Nature: chemo heterotrophic, free living
2) C source: a variety of carbon source ( mono, di and certain polysaccharide)
organic acids.
3) N sources: Nitrogen through fixation, amino acid, NH4, NO3
4) Respiration: aerobic
5) Growth media: Ashby Jensen’s medium
6) Doubling time: 3 hours
Contribution :
1) 20-40 mg BNF/g of C source in laboratory condition equivalent to 20-40 kg N/ha.
2) Production of growth promoting substance like vitamins of B groups, indoleacetic
acid and gibberellin acid.
3) Biological control of plant disease by suppressing Aspergillus, Fusarium.
Recommended for:
Rice, wheat, millets, other cereals, cotton, vegetable, sunflower, mustard, flowers.
Increase in yield: 20 to 30%
7. Azospirillium
It belongs to family spirillaceae. The bacteria have been found to live within the root of
sorghum, bajra and rage plants. They are chemoheterotrophic and association in nature
secrete growth regulatory substance
The use of azospirillium inoculants help in increasing yield of millets. It significantly
increase the growth, chlorophyll content and mycorrhyzal infection in root. Increased
growth and nutrient uptake by barley plants were observed when seed were co-inoculated
with A. baselines and Glomus vermiform.
Morphology:
1) Cell size: curved rod, 1mm in diameter, size and shape vary.
2) Accumulate: poly β-hydroxyl butyric acid.
3) Gram reaction: negative
4) Development of white pellicles 2-4mm below the surface of NFB medium.
8. Physiology:
1) Nature: chemoheterotrophic, associative.
2) C source: organic acid, L-arabinose, D-gluconate, D-fructose, D-
glucose, sucrose, pectin.
3) N sources: nitrogen through fixation, amino acids, NH4, NO3
4) Respiration: aerobic, micro aerobic.
5) Growth media: N free bromothymol blue (NBF)
6) Doubling time: 1hr in ammonia containing medium, 5.5 to 7hr. on malate
containing semi-solid medium
Contribution:
1) 20-40 mg N/g malate under laboratory condition equivalent to 20-40 kg N/ha.
2) Results in increase mineral and water uptake, root development, vegetative growth
and crop yield.
Recommended for:
Rice, millets maize, wheat, sorghum, sugarcane and co-inoculants for
legumes.
Response: Average increase in yield 15-30%.
9. Phosphate solubilizing bio fertilizer
Phosphorus is one of the most important plant nutrients and may be critical nutrient for the
optimum growth of plants. Most of our soils are in available forms of phosphorus required
phosphate application.
In the rhizosphere of crops will render insoluble soil phosphate available to plants due to
production and secretion of organic acid by them. The use of this bio fertilizer will also
increase the availability of phosphate from rock phosphate applied directly even to neutral
to alkaline soil or when used for preparation of phosphor-compost. Phosphate solubilizing
micro-organism include efficient strain of bacteria, fungi, yeast and actinomycetes in that
order
Bacteria Morphology:
1) Cell size: rod shape, 1.1 to 2.2µm in diameter.
2) Gram reaction: for Bacillus positive and for Pseudomonas negative
3) Transparent zones of clearing around microbial colonies indicate extent of Phosphate
solubilization.
10. Physiology
1) Nature: chemoheterotrophic.
2) C source: Glucose is the main C source but they can utilize other carbon
sources.
3) Respiration: aerobic, micro aerobic.
Growth media: Pikovskaya’s media
Advantages of using bio fertilizers:
1)They help to get high yield of crops by making the soil rich with nutrients and useful
microorganisms necessary for the growth of the plants.
2) Bio fertilizers have replaced the chemical fertilizers as chemical fertilizers are not
beneficial for the plants. They decrease the growth of the plants and make the
environment polluted by releasing harmful chemicals.
3) Plant growth can be increased if bio fertilizers are used, because they contain natural
components which do not harm the plants but do the vice versa.
4) If the soil will be free of chemicals, it will retain its fertility which will be beneficial for
the plants as well as the environment, because plants will be protected from getting any
diseases and environment will be free of pollutants.
11. 5) Bio fertilizers destroy those harmful components from the soil which cause diseases in
the plants. Plants can also be protected against drought and other strict conditions by
using bio fertilizers.
6) Bio fertilizers are not costly and even poor farmers can make use of them.
7) They are environment friendly and protect the environment against pollutants.
Disadvantages
Much lower nutrient density -- requires large amounts to get enough for most
crops.
Requires a different type of machine to apply than chemical fertilizers.
Sometimes hard to locate in certain areas odor.
12. Why do we need bio fertilizers……?????????????
An estimate shows 100million tons of fixed N2 is required for global food
production. Chemical fertilizers is the most common practice to increase crop yeilds
Besides the cost factor the use of chemical fertilizers is associated with
environmental pollution.
13.
14.
15. Process of making bio fertilizer:
• Bio fertilizers are usually prepared as carrier-based inoculants
containing effective microorganism.
• Incorporation of microorganisms in carrier material enables
easy-handling, long-term storage and high effectiveness of bio
fertilizers.
• Among various types of bio fertilizers, bacterial inoculant is
one major group which includes rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing
rhizobacteria, plant growth promoting
rhizobacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria.
• Basically, the carrier-based inoculant of these bacteria can be
prepared by a common procedure.
16. The most common way of inoculation
Seed inoculation
The inoculant (bacteria-carrier mixture) is mixed with water to make slurry-
form, and then mixed with seeds. In this case, the carrier must be a form of
fine powder. To achieve the tight coating of inoculant on seed surface, use of
adhesive, such as gum arabic,methylethylcellulose, sucrose solutions, and
vegetable oils, is recommended. Seed inoculation may not always be
successful, i.e. the inoculation resulted in low nodule occupancy of the
inoculated rhizobial strain, or low establishment of the inoculated
rhizobacterial strain. This might be due to low population and/or low survival
of the inoculated bacterial strain on the seed surface and in the soil.
“soil inoculation” will be adopted, whereby a large population of a
bacterial strain can be introduced into the soil. For soil inoculation in general, granular
inoculant is placed into the furrow under or alongside the seed. This enhances the
chance for the inoculated strain to be in contact with plant roots.
19. Carrier material
Various types of material are used as carrier for seed or soil inoculation. For
preparation of seed inoculant, the carrier material is milled to fine powder with particle
size of 10 -40 μm.
The properties of a good carrier material for seed inoculation are:
(1) Non-toxic to inoculant bacterial strain.
(2) Good moisture absorption capacity.
(3) Easy to process and free of lump-forming materials.
(4) Easy to sterilize by autoclaving or gamma-irradiation.
(5) Available in adequate amounts
(6) Inexpensive.
(7) Good adhesion to seeds, and
(8) Good pH buffering capacity.
(9) Need less non-toxic to plant, is another important property.
20. Essential criteria for carrier selection relating to survival of the
inoculant bacteria should be considered :
(1) Survival of the inoculant bacteria on seed. Seeds are not always sown
immediately after seed coating with the inoculant bacteria. The bacteria have
to survive on seed surface against drying condition until placed into soil.
(2) Survival of the inoculant bacteria during the storage period.
(3) Survival of the inoculant bacteria in soil.
After being introduced into the soil, the inoculant bacteria have to
compete with native soil microorganisms for the nutrient and habitable
niche, and have to survive against grazing protozoa. Such carrier materials
that offer the available nutrient and/or habitable micro-pore to the
inoculant bacteria will be desirable. In this sense, materials with micro-porous
structure, such as soil aggregate and charcoal, will be good carrier for soil
inoculant.
21. Sterilization:
Carrier sterilization is autoclaving. Carrier
material is packed in partially
opened, thin-walled polypropylene bags
and autoclaved for 60 min at 121 ºC. It
should be noted that during
autoclaving, some materials changes their
properties and produce toxic substance to
some bacterial strains.
22. Inoculant Parameters Sterile Non-sterile
Population of beneficial High Variable
bacteria
Choice of materials to be Many materials are not Almost unlimited
used as carriers easily sterilized or change
their chemical and
physical composition upon
sterilization
Labor requirements Skilled & expensive Mostly unskilled
Sterile production space Large and costly Not needed
Monitoring of contamination Essential for quality Essential for quality control of the
control of the product product
Total cost of production High Much lower than sterile production
Longevity High Relatively low
Sterilization equipment Huge autoclave machine Not needed
required they are very costly
23. New Trends in Formulations Using Unconventional Synthetic Materials
These polymers have demonstrated potential as bacterial carriers that offered
substantial advantages :
These formulations encapsulate the living cells protect the microorganisms against
many environmental stresses, and release them to the soil, gradually but in large
quantities.
when the polymers are degraded by soil microorganisms, usually at the time of seed
germination and seedling emergence.
They can be stored dried at ambient temperatures for prolonged periods, offer a
consistent batch quality and a better defined environment for the bacteria, and can
be manipulated easily according to the needs of specific bacteria.
These inoculants can be amended with nutrients to improve the short-term survival
of the bacteria upon inoculation
24. Encapsulated Formulations
• The encapsulation of microorganisms into a polymer matrix is still experimental in
the field o f bacterial-inoculation technology.
• At present there is no commercial bacterial product using this technology.
• The concept underlying immobilized microbial cells, is to entrap beneficial
microorganisms into a matrix.
• The formulation (bacteria-matrix) is then fermented in a bacterial growth medium.
• These formulations can produce many useful compounds for industrial and
environmental applications (such as organic acids, amino acids, enzymes) and
biodegrade toxic materials (bio remedation) over extended periods of time.
25. The main goal of these industrial formulations is to maintain the cells
entrapped in an active form for as long as possible. Any premature release of
the microorganisms from these encapsulated forms is undesirable.
Encapsulated bacterial formulations in agriculture have at least two distinctly different
goals from those of the fermentation industry:
a) To temporarily protect the encapsulated microorganisms from the soil environment
and microbial competition, and
b) To release them gradually for the colonization of plant roots.
26. Alginate
Alginate is the material most commonly used for encapsulation of
microorganisms. The resulting inoculation are used for various purposes:
The immobilization of cell organelles and enzymes,
The application of biological control agents and mycoherbicides
To increase the stability of recombinant plasmids in the host cells.
27. REGULATION AND CONTROL OF CONTAMINATION OF COMMERCIAL INOCULANTS
Naturally, an inoculant should contain a level of bacteria sufficient to inoculate plants
and produce an economic gain. The required level of bacteria cannot be established as
a general standard because it varies from one bacterial species to another. Only
rhizobial inoculants have legally established standards.
Quality control methods to determine the number of bacteria
within the inoculant are not standardized either. To measure the bacterial
number, commonly known methods in microbiology are used; the traditional
Plate Count methods, Most Probable Number.
28. Examples of New Commercial Microbial Inoculants
Commercial microbial inoculants of other beneficial microorganisms have
begun to appear on the market on a small scale. These include "Azogreen",
a French-approved Azospirillum inoculant.
COST OF DEVELOPMENT AND MARKETING
The cost of developing a new product by the agrochemical industry has been
estimated at over $80 million US and rising . The development of resistance to
pesticides may shorten the commercial life of these products and thus their
potential return. The development of bacterial inoculants is claimed to be
cheaper than that of agrochemicals.
29. The following are some factors that reduce the costs of development of
bacterial inoculants which makes them attractive to the agrochemical
industry:
(i) Reduced registration costs compared to those of
chemical-product test programs t hat are well- established and costly.
(ii) Reduced registration time decreases the time span from first screening to
market, thus increasing revenues
(iii) The possibility of developing bacterial products for small markets. Since the
cost involved in bringing a new chemical to the marketplace is so large, the
product must be targeted to a market large enough to have a good return
on investment. This limits the choice of crops to the major crops only.
(iv) Although fermentation is costlier than chemical production, the
fermentation plant is more versatile.
30. Other motivational steps for the agrochemical industry to develop
bacterial inoculants might be:
• It is less likely that pathogens will develop resistance as fast as they do to
chemical products.
• Some bacterial inoculants, especially those that use an organism
employing a single mechanism against the pathogen, can also develop
resistance.
• They are "environment friendly". The "natural“ tag of bacterial inoculants
(especially those that are non engineered and indigenous) make them
more acceptable in the public eye, and especially t o the "Green
movement" pressure groups, than chemicals.
31. Market requirement
First, all the considerations mentioned above (efficient strains, optimized
formulations, cost-effective production, and good and practical inoculation
techniques) are not sufficient to launch a new product on the market nor guarantee
its success. The following practical variables should be considered:
(i) The product must be efficient and reliable in large-scale field trials and especially
under "real life" conditions.
(iii) Obviously, patents on industrial processes and registration of biological products
must be secured
(iv) For every potential customer country, a market survey must be done which
examines customer demand, market size, and expected selling price.
32. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
The agrochemical industry is more sympathetic now to the concept of
bacterial inoculants than it has been previously. There is a genuine
interest in developing bacterial products that are reliable and that can act
as complements to chemicals already on the market
Greenhouse crops are also primary targets for commercial inoculants
Pioneering transgenic plants are already in the field expressing
insecticidal proteins of B. thuringiensis in cotton plants, making
them resistant to various insect pests.
A gradual and modest increase in the use of bacterial inoculants is to be
expected.
Agriculture in developed countries is definitely the major promoter of
microbial inoculants that are "environmentally friendly“.