Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Biopesticide refers introduction of any living organism such as microorganism including bacteria , fungi , nematodes viruses, protozoa and parasitoids and predators that controls pests by biological non-toxic means e.g. Trichoderma sp., Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria etc.
The term biopesticides refers to compounds that are used to manage agricultural pests by means of specific biological effects. It refers to products containing biocontrol agents like natural substances such as plants, certain minerals, animals, micro organisms including their genes or metabolites.
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
What are the benefits of using Biopesticides in agricultureShivaniPadole
Biopesticides are pesticides made from natural materials like bacteria, animals, plants, and some minerals. Canola oil and baking soda, for instance, are Biopesticides because they can be used as pesticides. There were approximately 780 registered Biopesticides products and 195 registered active ingredients at the end of 2001.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Biopesticide refers introduction of any living organism such as microorganism including bacteria , fungi , nematodes viruses, protozoa and parasitoids and predators that controls pests by biological non-toxic means e.g. Trichoderma sp., Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria etc.
The term biopesticides refers to compounds that are used to manage agricultural pests by means of specific biological effects. It refers to products containing biocontrol agents like natural substances such as plants, certain minerals, animals, micro organisms including their genes or metabolites.
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
What are the benefits of using Biopesticides in agricultureShivaniPadole
Biopesticides are pesticides made from natural materials like bacteria, animals, plants, and some minerals. Canola oil and baking soda, for instance, are Biopesticides because they can be used as pesticides. There were approximately 780 registered Biopesticides products and 195 registered active ingredients at the end of 2001.
In this slide different fungi are Mentioned and their role as bio-control agents is also elaborated which is reviewed from different research articles cited in reference portion.
What are the Organic Farming Bio PesticidesShivaniPadole
Bio-pesticides are natural derivatives that are made by using biological raw materials, sourced from animals, plants, microbial organisms, and minerals. The Biopesticides are tailored to be used in liquid and dry formulations and are highly efficient in killing pests, weeds, and other pathogens. The adoption of Biopesticides is witnessing modest growth as Biopesticides do not contain hazardous and toxic chemicals in their structure. There is a few amount of use of inputs, like fungicides, herbicides, and organic pesticides for agriculture. It ensures crop health and secures it from pests and insects.
What are the benefits and impacts of Organic Biopesticides useShivaniPadole
Organic Biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from such natural materials as bacteria, plants, animals, and certain minerals. For example, canola oil and baking soda have sendriya pesticide applications and are considered Biopesticides. Biopesticides are mostly inherently less toxic than conventional pesticides. Biopesticides normally affect only the target pest and closely associated organisms, in contrast to broad spectrum, conventional Organic pesticides that may affect organisms as dissimilar as birds, insects and mammals.
Biopesticides: a natural alternative to chemical pesticides. Derived from natural materials such as plants, bacteria, and fungi, biopesticides offer effective pest control while minimizing environmental impact. They target specific pests, leaving beneficial organisms unharmed. Biopesticides are gaining popularity due to their safety, sustainability, and compatibility with organic farming.
Objective
Definition
Animal welfare board of India
Experimentation on animals
Committee for experimentation on animals
Power of entry and inspection
Power to prohibit experiments on animals
penalties
Objectives of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act
Definitions
DRUGS TECHNICAL ADVISORY BOARD (DTAB)
GOVERNMENT ANALYST
Drug Inspectors
Regulatory provisions relating to import of cosmetics
Offences & penalties
Loan license
Requirements pertaining to labeling of cosmetics
References
A glycogen storage disease (GSD, also glycogenosis and dextrinosis) is a metabolic disorder caused by an enzyme deficiency affecting glycogen synthesis, glycogen breakdown, or glucose breakdown, typically in muscles and/or liver cells.
PREPARATION AND IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF ITRACONAZOLE LOADED NANOSPONGES FOR T...Mahewash Sana Pathan
Itraconazole is an imidazole derivative and used for the treatment of local and systemic fungal infections. It is a BCS Class II drug having very low solubility in water i.e. 1-4ng/ml. The oral use of Itraconazole is not much recommended as it has many side effects. The present research has been undertaken with the aim to develop a topical hydrogel formulation of Itraconazole loaded nanosponges to increase the solubility, permeability and stability of itraconazole. Itraconazole loaded nanosponge was prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion method by using different concentrations of ethyl cellulose as a polymer, Polyvinyl alcohol as surfactant and dichloromethane as cross linking agent. Physical characteristics of the nanosponges as well as the drug entrapment efficiency, percentage drug content, Percent yield, drug polymer compatibility, solubility studies of the nanosponges were investigated. Particle size analysis and surface morphology of nanosponges were performed. The scanning electron microscopy of nanosponges showed that they were spherical in shape and spongy in nature. Drug entrapment efficiency was found to be in the range of 42.75 % to 73.10 %. The optimized nanosponge formulation was loaded into hydrogel using carbopol 940 and studied for pH, viscosity, in vitro drug release. Of the nanosponge formulations prepared, F4 was found to show drug release of 70.62%. It was concluded that Itraconazole nanosponge hydrogel may have increased solubility and drug release
The safe use of medicines is perhaps the single most important criteria that any regulatory authority within a given country has to ensure in order both to protect the public health and the integrity of its health care system. For the same purpose pharmacovigilance was established. According to WHO, Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities related to the collection, detection, and assessment of ADR’s. It promotes the systematic, rational use and assures the confidence for the safety of drugs. It improves patient care and safety. Significance of pharmacovigilance is growing as the patients or consumers have become more responsive about the advantage and hazard of medicines. Pharmacovigilance is a complex process and a robust system is essential to undertake the activity. A good pharmacovigilance system will identify the hazard aspects in the short period of time. This review article tries to explain the some basic principles, history and developments, methods and some scope of this developing field i.e. Pharmacovigilance in India.
Presentation include chapter solubility of drugs from second yr B-Pharm
Solubility, solubility expression, solute solvent interactions, solubility parameters, solvation and dissolution, factors affecting solubility, solubility of gases in liquids, liquids in liquids, fractional distillation, azeotropes, dissolution and drug release and diffusion.
Cosmetics regulatory: includes Regulatory provision relating to manufacture of cosmetics, Schedule M (II) of D & C rule 1945 deals with requirements for the factory premises for the manufacture of cosmetic, requirement of plant & equipment, conditions of licencing, regulatory provision on sale of cosmetics, loan licence, Regulatory provision relating to import of cosmetics, offences & penalties, List of amending Act and adaptation orders.
Pharmacovigilance is defined as, The pharmacological science and activities concerned with the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse reactions to medicines or Pharmacovigilance is the name given to the mechanisms and controls that together map and ensure the safety of a medicine throughout its life span – from test tube to patient.
Challenges in herbal formulation
Steps in herbal drug formulation
Types of conventional herbal formulations
Liquid herbal dosage forms
Solid herbal dosage forms
Other herbal dosage forms
Novel dosage form
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
Biopesticides
1.
2. Introduction
• Biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from natural
materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals.
• The most commonly used biopesticides are living organisms, which
are pathogenic for the pest of interest. These include biofungicides
(Trichoderma), bioherbicides (Phytopthora) and bioinsecticides
(Bacillus thuringiensis). There are few plant products also which can
now be used as a major biopesticide source.
• Biopesticides are mass-produced, biologically based agents used for
the control of plant pests. They can be living organisms (nematodes
or micro-organisms) or naturally occurring substances, such as plant
extracts or insect pheromones.
3. • After successful implementation of 'green revolution’ India became self
sufficient in food production, production of food grains increased four fold,
soil & environment health have been affected adversely.
• According to one survey, application of 250 times more chemical fertilizers
& 400 times pesticides also happened.
• As harmful effects of chemical fertilizers & pesticides are evident, there is a
growing need for Research and it development of biological alternative
such as biopesticides and bio fertilizers.
• Indian government, ministry of agriculture has taken initiative under Dr. M.
S. swaminathan from 2004.
• in 2006 use of biopesticides was only about 12 to 15%. detail framework
has been prepared for the application of biotechnology in agriculture for
security of food, health, environment and national as well as international
trade.
• large-scale field testing of released transgenic variety and seeds is under
consideration as per agronomic requirements.
4. Advantages of biopesticides:
• These are less harmful to crop plant & human.
• They are highly specific in action.
• These are very effective in small quantities also.
• These are environmental friendly as they decompose quickly.
• They are only eco-safe alternative & do not have problematic residues.
• Development of resistance is less common in case of biopesticides.
5. disadvantages of biopesticides:
• The disadvantages of biopesticides include a slower rate of kill compared with
conventional chemical pesticides, shorter persistence in the environment and
susceptibility to unfavourable environmental conditions.
• Unintended consequences: Studies have found broad spectrum biopesticides
have lethal and nonlethal risks for non-target native pollinators such as Melipona
quadrifasciata in Brazil.
• Living organisms evolve and increase their resistance to biological, chemical,
physical or any other form of control. If the target population is not exterminated
or rendered incapable of reproduction, the surviving population can acquire a
tolerance of whatever pressures are brought to bear, resulting in an evolutionary
arms race.
• Often variable efficacy due to the influences of various biotic and abiotic factors.
6. Types:
Biopesticides can be classified into these classes-
1. Microbial pesticides which consist of bacteria, entomopathogenic fungi or viruses
(and sometimes includes the metabolites that bacteria or fungi
produce). Entomopathogenic nematodes are also often classed as microbial
pesticides, even though they are multi-cellular.
2. Bio-derived chemicals. Four groups are in commercial
use: pyrethrum, rotenone, neem oil, and various essential oils are naturally occurring
substances that control (or monitor in the case of pheromones) pests and microbial
diseases.
3. Plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs) have genetic material from other species
incorporated into their genetic material (i.e. GM crops). Their use is controversial,
especially in many European countries.
4. RNAi pesticides, some of which are topical and some of which are absorbed by the
crop.
7. Applications of biopesticides
• Biopesticides are biological or biologically-derived agents, that are usually applied in a manner
similar to chemical pesticides, but achieve pest management in an environmentally friendly way.
With all pest management products, but especially microbial agents, effective control requires
appropriate formulation and application.
• Biopesticides for use against crop diseases have already established themselves on a variety of
crops. For example, biopesticides already play an important role in controlling downy mildew
diseases. Their benefits include: a 0-Day Pre-Harvest Interval, the ability to use under moderate
to severe disease pressure, and the ability to use as a tank mix or in a rotational program with
other registered fungicides. Because some market studies estimate that as much as 20% of global
fungicide sales are directed at downy mildew diseases, the integration of bio-fungicides into
grape production has substantial benefits in terms of extending the useful life of other fungicides,
especially those in the reduced-risk category.
• A major growth area for biopesticides is in the area of seed treatments and soil
amendments. Fungicidal and bio-fungicidal seed treatments are used to control soil born fungal
pathogens that cause seed rots, damping-off, root rot and seedling blights. They can also be used
to control internal seed–borne fungal pathogens as well as fungal pathogens that are on the
surface of the seed. Many bio-fungicidal products also show capacities to stimulate plant host
defence and other physiological processes that can make treated crops more resistant to a variety
of biotic and abiotic stresses.
8. Examples of biopesticides & bioinsecticides:
• Fungi of Trichoderma app. have approved useful for many pathogens, including
Rhizoctonia saloni, Sclerotium rolfsil, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum & Pythium
aphanidermatum.
• Trichoderma harzianum as nematode inhibitor, fungicide & plant growth promoter.
• An alcoholic extract of plant Albizzia lebbeck along with Bacillus thuriengiensis delta
endotoxin acetone powder is used to kill lepidoptera insects.
• plants containing essential oils like Artemisia anuua, Anethum sowa, Curcuma longa,
Lippia alba have potential for fumigant use
• Compounds like cineole, geraniol, piperidine possess repellant properties towards
cockroaches.
• Limonene is toxic to adult beanweevils.
• Some strains of B. subtilis inhibit the growth of several fungal pathogens.
• The seed oil from custard apple is used with neem oil for control of rice green leaf
hopper pest Nephotettrix virescens.
• Shell of cashew, Anacardium occidentals & seed oil of Pongamia pinnata are used as
insecticide.
9. SR no. Control of pest Biopesticides used
1 Diamondback moths Bacillus thuriengiensis
2 Mango hoppers, mealy bugs, coffee pod borers Beavueria
3 Helicoverpa on cotton, pigeon pea on tomato Bacillus thuriengiensis
4 White fly on cotton Neem
5 Rota & wilts in various crops Trichoderma based products
6 Sugarcane borers Trichoderma
10. Sr no. Name of biopesticides Average production
(Approx)
1 Neem 300 PPM Over 1000000 L
2 Neem 1500 PPM Over 250000 L
3 Bacillus thuriengiensis Over 50000 kg
4 Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) Over 500000 L.E
5 Beauveria ---
6 Pheromone traps Over 500000
7 Lures Over 2 million
8 Crysoperia & other biocontrol insects ----