The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Introduction :
Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents produced naturally by other microbes (usually fungi or bacteria)
The first antibiotic was discovered in 1896 by Ernest Duchesne and in 1928 "rediscovered" by Alexander Fleming from the filamentous fungus Penicilium notatum.
The antibiotic substance, named penicillin, was not purified until the 1940s (by Florey and Chain), just in time to be used at the end of the second world war.
Penicillin was the first important commercial product produced by an aerobic, submerged fermentation
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Introduction :
Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents produced naturally by other microbes (usually fungi or bacteria)
The first antibiotic was discovered in 1896 by Ernest Duchesne and in 1928 "rediscovered" by Alexander Fleming from the filamentous fungus Penicilium notatum.
The antibiotic substance, named penicillin, was not purified until the 1940s (by Florey and Chain), just in time to be used at the end of the second world war.
Penicillin was the first important commercial product produced by an aerobic, submerged fermentation
Science and technology of manipulating and improving microbial strains, in order to enhance their metabolic capacities for biotechnological applications, are referred to as strain improvement.
Science and technology of manipulating and improving microbial strains, in order to enhance their metabolic capacities for biotechnological applications, are referred to as strain improvement.
BIOTECHNOLOGY IS CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ALSO .....THEIR INTERESTING PART IS TO LEARN ABOUT IMMUNITY AND THE IMPORTANT PART MAJOR COMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
Lag phase
Adaptation, preparation for division, increase in size and density.
Log phase (logarithmic or exponential).
Max. growth rate, increase linearly with time.
Growth yield and growth rate.
Stationary phase
Depletion of nutrient, accumulation of toxic. materials, cell crowding.
Decline phase
The word Fermentation is derived from Latin word fervere which means to boil.
But the conventional definition of Fermentation is to break down of larger molecules into smaller and simple molecules using microorganisms.
In Biotechnology, Fermentation means any process by which microorganisms are grown in large quantities to produce any type of useful materials.
Plant tissue culture is a technique of growing plant cells, tissues, organs, seeds, or other plant parts in a sterile
environment on a nutrient medium.
Tissue culture had its origins at the beginning of the 20th century with the work of Gottlieb Haberlandt
(plants).
WHY PLANT TISSUE CULTURES ARE DONE ??
The production of clones of plants that produce particularly good flowers, fruits, or have other desirable traits.
To quickly produce mature plants.
The production of multiples of plants in the absence of seeds or necessary pollinators to produce seeds.
The regeneration of whole plants from plant cells that have been genetically modified.
The production of plants in sterile containers reduces disease transmission
Allows production of plants from seeds that otherwise have very low chances of germinating and growing, i.e.: orchids and Nepenthes.
To clean particular plants of viral and other infections and to quickly multiply these plants as 'cleaned stock' for horticulture and agriculture.
***For PTC, the laboratory must have the following facilities:
Washing facility for glassware and ovens for drying glassware.
Medium preparation room with autoclave, electronic balance and pH meter.
Transfer area sterile room with laminar air-flow bench and a positive pressure ventilation unit called High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter to maintain aseptic condition.
Culture facility: Growing the explant inoculated into culture tubes at 22-28° C with illumination of light 2400 lux, with a photoperiod of 8-16 hours and a relative humidity of about 60%.
*****Based on the explants some other plant tissue culture types are:
1. Organ culture
2. Meristem culture
3. Protoplast culture
4. Cell culture.
Nanobiotechnology
process of self assembly and self organization
organization of bacterial s-layer
self organization of virus
self organization of phospholipid membrane
carbon nanotubes key building block for future nanotechnological application
graphene
the inorganic nanomaterial
quantum dots
introduction to Nanobiotechnology
what is nanotechnology
bionanotechnology
classical biotechnology industrial production using biological system
modern biotechnology from industrial processes to noval therapeutics
modern biotechnology immunological enzymatic and neucleic acid based technology
Dna based technology
self assembly and supramolecular chemistry
formation of ordered structure at nano scale
definition of Mitochondrial gene expression
structure of mitochondrial dna
requirment for transcriptional activity
transcription elongation and termination
post transcriptional modification
translation of mitochondrial transcripts
Dna methylation ppt
definition of Dna methylation ppt
discovery of Dna methylation ppt
types of Dna methylation ppt
history of Dna methylation ppt
process of Dna methylation ppt
mechanism of Dna methylation ppt
methylation in cancer
cytosine methylation
genomic imprinting
Control of microorganism ppt
physical method Control of microbes
chemical method Control of microbes
types of Control of microbes
pasteurization Control of microbes
sterilization
disinfection
sanitization
Carbon cycle ppt
definition of Carbon cycle ppt
types of Carbon cycle ppt
discovery of Carbon cycle ppt
importance of Carbon cycle ppt
steps of Carbon cycle ppt
carbon cycle in water
harmful effect of Carbon cycle ppt
Absorption of proteins ppt
composition of protein ppt
digestion of protein ppt
Absorption of protein ppt
absorption of amino acid ppt
function of protein ppt
amino acid ppt
role enzyme ppt
Digestion and absorption of lipids ppt
what is lipid ppt
digestion of lipid ppt
phase of digestion and absorption ppt
phases of lipids ppt
digestion in mouth and stomach ppt
digestion in small intestine ppt
secretion of lipids ppt
enzyme involved in lipid digestion ppt
transportation phases of lipids ppt
principles of lipid digestion ppt
Applications of genomics and proteomics pptIbad khan
Applications of genomics and proteomics ppt
genomics and proteomics ppt
in the field of health genomics and proteomics ppt
oncology ppt
biomedical application of genomics and proteomics ppt
agriculture application of genomics and proteomics ppt
proteomics in agriculture ppt
diagnosis of infectious disease ppt
personalized medicine ppt
Action on xenobiotics ppt
biodegradation enhance biodegradation
definition of xenobiotic compounds
hazards of xenobiotics
biodegradation ppt
biodegradation of xenobiotics
discovery of xenobiotics
process of xenobiotics
aerobic biodegradation and much more
Control of gene expression ppt
definition of gene expression
inducible gene expression
repressible gene expression
control of gene expression in eukaryotics .all the in information about this topic is include .
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Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
2. Antibiotics
Compound that kill or inhibit the growth of
other organisms.
Most Antibiotics are produced by filamentous
fungi or Actinomycetes.
They are derived from special microorganisms
or other living systems, and are produced on
an industrial scale using a fermentation
process.
Today, over 10,000 antibiotic substances have
been reported.
3. Antibiotics are produced by fermentation.
Any large-scale microbial process occurring with
or without air is called Fermentation.
The process may take a few days to obtain an
extractable amount of product.
Antibiotic production is done by the batch
process.
4. Properties of the Microorganism
Properties of useful industrial microbe include:
Grow rapidly on large scale in inexpensive
medium.
Produce desired product quickly.
Should be Non-pathogenic.
Amenable to genetic Modification.
7. Primary Metabolites
Metabolites: Metabolites are the
intermediates and products of metabolism.
Primary Metabolites: The metabolites which
are required for the growth and maintenance
of cellular functions are called primary
metabolites.
Primary metabolites are formed during the
growth phase.
Examples are amino acids, vitamins,
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and
enzymes.
8. Secondary Metabolites
Secondary Metabolites: The metabolites
which are not required for the growth and
maintenance of cellular functions and are the
end products of primary metabolites are called
secondary metabolites.
Secondary metabolites are formed near the
stationary phase of growth.
Drugs, toxins, steroids and polymeric
substances like rubber are some of the
examples of secondary metabolites.
9.
10. Production of Antibiotics
The mass production of antibiotics began
during World War II with streptomycin
and penicillin.
• Now most antibiotics are
produced by staged fermentations
in which strains of microorganisms
producing high yields are grown under optimum
conditions .
11. Production of antibiotics can be done by 3
methods.
1. Natural microbial production using
Fermentation technology.
Example: Penicillin
2. Semi synthetic production (post production
modification of natural antibiotics).
Example: Ampicillin
3. Synthetic production of antibiotics made
synthetically in the lab.
Example: Quinoline
12. Fermentation Technology
The source microorganism is grown in large
containers (100,000–150,000 liters or more)
containing a liquid growth medium.
Oxygen concentration,
temperature, pH and nutrient levels must be
optimum.
As antibiotics are secondary metabolites, the
population size must be controlled very
carefully to ensure that maximum yield is
obtained before the cells die.
13. The fermentation process
requires the following
1. A pure culture of the chosen organism, in sufficient quantity.
2. Sterilized, carefully composed medium for growth of the
organism
3. A seed fermenter, a mini-model of production fermenter
to develop inoculums to initiate the process in the main
fermenter.
4. A production fermenter, the functional large model and
5. Equipment for:
a) Drawing the culture medium in steady state
b) Cell separation
c) Collection of cell free supernatant
d) Product purification and
e) Effluent treatment.
Step 1 to 3 constitutes the upstream and step 5 constitutes the
downstream of the fermentation process.
14. Strains used for production
Species are often genetically modified to yield
maximum amounts of antibiotics.
Mutation is often used -introducing mutagens
such as ultraviolet radiation, x-rays
Selection and further reproduction of the higher
yielding strains can raise yields by 20-fold or
more.
Another technique used to increase yields is
gene amplification, where copies of genes
coding for enzymes involved in the antibiotic
production can be inserted back into a cell, via
vectors such as plasmids.
15. Raw Materials
The compounds that make the fermentation broth are the
primary raw materials required for antibiotic production.
• The broth is an aqueous solution made up of all of the
ingredients necessary for the proliferation of the
microorganisms.
• Typically, it contains;
Carbon source: molasses, or soy meal,acetic acid,
alcohols, or hydrocarbons
• These materials are needed as a food source for the
organisms.
• Nitrogen Source : Nitrogen is another necessary compound
in the metabolic cycles of the organisms.
ammonia salt is typically used.
16. Other Elements
Trace elements needed for proper growth of
antibiotic producing microorganisms such as:
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Magnesium
Zinc.
Anti foaming agents to prevent foaming during
fermentation such as:
Lard oil
Octadecanol
17. Steps in Production
First the organism that makes the antibiotic must
be identified.
Desired microorganism must then be isolated.
Then the organism must be grown on a scale
large enough to allow the purification and
chemical analysis of the antibiotic.
The antibiotic tested against a wide variety of
bacterial species.
It is important that sterile conditions be
maintained throughout the manufacturing process,
because contamination by foreign microbes will
ruin the fermentation.
18. A) Starting a Culture
Before the fermentation process the desired microbe must be
isolated and its number must be increased by many times.
A starter culture from a sample of previously isolated
organisms is created in the lab.
A sample of the organism is transferred to an agar-containing
plate.
The initial culture is then transferred to shake flask containing
nutrients necessary for growth.
A suspension is formed which is then transferred to seed
tanks for further growth.
19.
20. The seed tanks are steel tanks designed to
provide an ideal environment for growing
microorganisms.
The seed tanks are equipped
with mixers, which mix the
growth medium with
microbes, and a pump to
deliver sterilized, filtered air.
After about 24-28 hours, the material in the seed
tanks is transferred to the primary fermentation
tank.
21. B) Fermentation
The fermentation tank is a larger version of the seed tank, which is
able to hold about 30,000 gallons.
Microorganisms are allowed to grow and multiply.
• During this process, they excrete large quantities of the desired
antibiotic.
• The tanks are cooled to keep the temperature between 73-81° F
(23-27.2 ° C).
• It is constantly agitated, and a continuous stream of sterilized air is
pumped into it.
Anti- foaming agents are periodically added.
• Since pH control is vital for optimal growth, acids or bases are added
to the tank as necessary.
22. C) Isolation & Purification
After 3-5days, the maximum amount of
antibiotic will have been produced.
• The isolation process can begin.
• The isolation depend on the specific antibiotic
produced, the fermentation broth is processed
by various purification methods.
23.
24. Water soluble Antibiotics
Antibiotic compounds that are water soluble,
an ion-exchange method is used for
purification.
• The compound is first separated from the
waste organic materials in the broth.
• Then sent through equipment, which separates
the other water-soluble compounds from the
desired one.
25. Oil soluble Antibiotics
Solvent extraction method is used for the isolation of oil
soluble or organic antibiotics.
The broth is treated with organic solvents such as butyl
acetate or methyl isobutyl ketone, which can dissolve the
antibiotic.
The dissolved antibiotic is then recovered using various
organic chemical means.
At the end of this step a purified powdered form of the
antibiotic is obtained which can be further refined into
different product types.
26. Refining/Packaging
Antibiotic products can take on many different forms. They
can be sold in solutions for intravenous bags or syringes, in
pill or gel capsule form, or powders, which are incorporated
into topical ointments.
Various refining steps may be taken after the initial isolation.
• For intravenous bags, the crystalline antibiotic can be
dissolved in a solution, put in the bag, which is then
hermetically sealed.
• For gel capsules, the powdered antibiotic is physically filled
into the bottom half of a capsule then the top half is
mechanically put in place.
• When used in topical ointments, the antibiotic is mixed into
the ointment
27.
28. Quality Control
Quality control is of great importance in the production of
antibiotics.
• Since it involves a fermentation process, steps must be taken to
ensure that absolutely no contamination is introduced at any point
during antibiotic production.
During manufacturing, the quality of all the compounds is checked
on a regular basis.
• Frequent checks of the condition of the microorganism culture during
fermentation.
• Various physical and chemical properties of the finished product are
checked such as pH, melting point, and moisture content.
30. Production
Penicillin is produced by the fungus
Penicillium chrysogenum which requires
lactose, other sugars, and a source of nitrogen
(in this case a yeast extract) in the medium to
grow well.
Like all antibiotics, penicillin is a secondary
metabolite, so is only produced in the
stationary phase.
31. What sort of fermenter does it require?
A batch Fermentor.
A fed batch process is normally used of a
growth limiting nutrient to prolong the
stationary period and so increase production.
32.
33. Purification
Downstream processing is relatively easy
since penicillin is secreted into the medium.
So there is no need to break open the fungal
cells.
However, the product needs to be very pure,
since it being used as a therapeutic medical
drug.
It is dissolved and then precipitated by
potassium salt to separate it from other
substances in the medium.
34.
35. Products
The resulting penicillin (called penicillin G)
can be chemically and enzymatically modified
to make a variety of penicillin with slightly
different properties.
These semi-synthetic penicillin include
penicillin V, penicillin O, ampicillin and
amoxicillin.