Biomolecules are classified as either biomicromolecules or biomacromolecules based on their molecular weight. Biomicromolecules have a molecular weight below 1000 Daltons, while biomacromolecules have a molecular weight above 1000 Daltons. The four main classes of biomacromolecules are proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and lipids. Proteins are polymers of amino acids, nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides, and polysaccharides are polymers of simple sugars. These biomacromolecules carry out essential functions in living organisms and are found in the acid insoluble fraction after cell disruption and lysis.
Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular), known as the power house of the cell that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Mitochondria generates most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), by a process called
“oxidative phosphorylation”.
Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular), known as the power house of the cell that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Mitochondria generates most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), by a process called
“oxidative phosphorylation”.
Cytoplasm is a gel like fluid present between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
Cytoplasm is the semi-fluid substance of a cell that is present within the cellular membrane and surrounds the nuclear membrane
It is sometimes described as the nonnuclear content of the protoplasm
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SYNOPSIS
Introduction to cell
Historical Aspects
Cell Diversity
Types Of Cell Diversity
Cell Diversity In Origin
Cell Diversity In size
Cell Diversity In Shape
Some Other Types
5) Differentiation And Specialisation Of Cell Diversity
6) Conclusion
7) References
The cell wall that surrounded bacteria and many types of eukaryotic cell (fungi, algae an higher plant) determine cell shapes and prevent cell from and bursting as a osmotic pressure.
The cell wall of bacteria and eukaryotes are structurally very different because Bacteria cell wall consist polysaccharides cross linked by short peptide.
Cell wall consist of polysaccharides embedded in gel like matrix
the presentation is about the basic molecules of life including carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, lipids and nucleic acid. these molecules paly a very key role in human body on daily base functions. if these are not taken properly the one may lead to various malfunctions.
Cytoplasm is a gel like fluid present between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
Cytoplasm is the semi-fluid substance of a cell that is present within the cellular membrane and surrounds the nuclear membrane
It is sometimes described as the nonnuclear content of the protoplasm
What are stem cells? This presentation provides an overview of multiple different stem cells including embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, cancer stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells and neural stem cells.
Diversity of cell size & shape By KK Sahu SirKAUSHAL SAHU
SYNOPSIS
Introduction to cell
Historical Aspects
Cell Diversity
Types Of Cell Diversity
Cell Diversity In Origin
Cell Diversity In size
Cell Diversity In Shape
Some Other Types
5) Differentiation And Specialisation Of Cell Diversity
6) Conclusion
7) References
The cell wall that surrounded bacteria and many types of eukaryotic cell (fungi, algae an higher plant) determine cell shapes and prevent cell from and bursting as a osmotic pressure.
The cell wall of bacteria and eukaryotes are structurally very different because Bacteria cell wall consist polysaccharides cross linked by short peptide.
Cell wall consist of polysaccharides embedded in gel like matrix
the presentation is about the basic molecules of life including carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, lipids and nucleic acid. these molecules paly a very key role in human body on daily base functions. if these are not taken properly the one may lead to various malfunctions.
Fat usually means any ester of fatty acids or mixture of such compounds most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food. Fat is used as the fatty components of foods and diet. Fats are best known members of a chemical group called the lipids.
Content
Classification
Functions
Sources
Digestion
Absorption
Deficiency and disorders of lipids
Essential fatty acid
Role of omega-3 & omega 6 fatty acids in physiological disorders
References
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4. • Biomolecules while those which are found in the acid
insoluble fraction are called macromolecules or
biomacromolecules.
5. There is one feature common to all those compounds found
in the acid soluble pool.
• They have molecular weights ranging from 18 to around
800 daltons (Da) approximately.
6. • The acid insoluble fraction, has only four types of organic
compounds i.e.,
• proteins,
• nucleic acids,
• polysaccharides
• lipids
7. • Except lipid the other compounds in acid insoluble
fraction consists of have molecular weight range is
>10000 daltons.
8. • Biomolecules, i.e., chemical compounds found in living
organisms are of two types.
• Bio micromolecules : less then <1000 daltons.
9. Lipids are not polymers
• The molecules in the insoluble fraction with the
exception of lipids are polymeric substances.
• Then why do lipids, whose molecular weights do not
exceed 800 Da, come under acid insoluble fraction.
10. • Lipids are indeed small molecular weight compounds
and arranged into structures like cell membrane and
other membranes.
• When we grind a tissue, we are disrupting the cell
structure.
• Cell membrane and other membranes are broken into
pieces, and form vesicles which are not water soluble.
11. • The membrane fragments in the form of vesicles get
separated along with the acid insoluble pool..
• Hence lipids in the Bio macromolecular fraction.
• Lipids are not strictly macromolecules..
12. • The acid soluble pool represents roughly the cytoplasmic
composition.
• The macromolecules from cytoplasm and organelles
become the acid insoluble fraction.
• Together they represent the entire chemical composition
of living tissues or organisms.
13. • Water is the most abundant chemical in living organisms
15. Each protein is a polymer of amino acids.
• Proteins are polypeptides.
• They are linear chains of amino acids linked by peptide
bonds..
• a protein is a heteropolymer..
16. Essential and Non-essential amino acids
• Essential amino acids: Certain amino acids are essential
for our health and they have to be supplied through our
diet/food.
• Dietary proteins are the source of essential amino acids.
• Non-essential amino acids : are those which our body
can make,,,..
17. Proteins carry out many functions in living organisms:
• Some transport nutrients across cell membrane,
• Some fight infectious organisms,
• Some are hormones,
• Some are enzymes,..
18. • Collagen is the most abundant protein in animal world.
• Ribulose bisphosphate Carboxylase-Oxygenase
(RuBisCO) is the most abundant protein in the whole of
the biosphere
21. Polysaccharides are long chains of sugars
• The acid insoluble pellet also has polysaccharides
(carbohydrates) as another class of macromolecules..
• They are threads (literally a cotton thread) containing
different monosaccharides as building blocks..
23. Starch:
• Starch is a present as a store house of energy in plant
tissues.
• Starch forms helical secondary structures.
• Starch can hold I2 molecules in the helical portion.
• The starch-I2 is blue in colour
25. Cellulose
• Cellulose consisting of only one type of monosaccharide
i.e., Glucose.
• Cellulose is a homopolymer..
• Cellulose does not contain complex helices and hence
cannot hold I2.
26. • Plant cell walls are made of cellulose.
• Paper made from plant pulp and cotton fibre is
cellulosic.
27. Glycogen and Inulin
• Animals store glucose in form of glycogen.
• Glycogen polymer of glucose..
• Inulin is a polymer of fructose.
28. • In a polysaccharide chain (say glycogen), the right end is
called the reducing end and the left end is called the
non-reducing end..
Reducing end
Non Reducing end
29. Complex polysaccharides
• They have as building blocks, amino-sugars and
chemically modified sugars.
• Glucosamine
• N-acetyl galactosamine.
30. Chitin
• Exoskeletons of arthropods, for example, have a complex
polysaccharide called chitin.
• Chitin is a polymer of N-acetyl-Glucosamine..
• These complex polysaccharides are mostly
homopolymers..
33. • Nucleic acids are bio-macromolecule in the acid
insoluble fraction..
• Nucleic acids are polynucleotides.
• Nucleic acids are building block is a nucleotide
34. A nucleotide has three chemically distinct components
• One is a heterocyclic compound,
• The second is a monosaccharide
• The third a phosphoric acid or phosphate
35. • The heterocyclic compounds in nucleic acids are the
nitrogenous bases:
• adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine, and thymine.
• Adenine and Guanine are substituted purines
• while the rest are substituted pyrimidines
36. • The skeletal heterocyclic ring is called as purine and
pyrimidine respectively.
• The sugar found in polynucleotides is either ribose (a
monosaccharide pentose) or 2’ deoxyribose.
37. • A nucleic acid containing deoxyribose is called
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)..
• while that which contains ribose is called ribonucleic acid
(RNA).