This document provides an overview of different types of biopolymers, including their monomeric units, structures, and examples. The main biopolymers discussed are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides like glucose, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Proteins are composed of amino acid monomers linked through peptide bonds. Lipids include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA are made of nucleotides and store genetic information.
Biopolymers are polymers produced from natural sources and include polysaccharides like cellulose, starch, and carbohydrate polymers produced by bacteria and fungi, as well as animal protein polymers like wool, silk, gelatin and collagen. There are four main types of biopolymers based on starch, sugar, cellulose, and synthetic materials. Commercially available biopolymers include polylactic acid, which is an aliphatic polyester made from lactic acid obtained via bacterial fermentation of corn or sugars. While polylactic acid has mechanical properties similar to traditional polymers, its thermal properties are less attractive.
The document discusses biopolymers, which are polymers produced by living organisms. It covers various types of biodegradable polymers including synthetic polymers like polylactic acid (PLA) and natural polymers like starch. The mechanisms of polymer biodegradation are described. Applications of biodegradable polymers in areas like biomedical, packaging and agriculture are also mentioned. Factors affecting the biodegradation of polymers are discussed. Current trends in biopolymers including their use as alternatives to petroleum-based plastics are summarized.
This document discusses biopolymers, which are polymers derived from living organisms. It defines biopolymers and provides examples such as cellulose, starch, and proteins. The document then covers the classification of biopolymers such as starch-based, sugar-based, and cellulose-based polymers. It also discusses the production and applications of biopolymers in packaging, agriculture, automotive and medical sectors. Finally, it outlines the environmental benefits and impacts of biopolymers.
Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth. It is a structural component of plant cell walls and is widely used to produce paper, paperboard, and textiles. In pharmaceutical applications, cellulose and its derivatives such as microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose are used as excipients in tablet formulations as binders, diluents, disintegrants, and coating agents.
This document provides an overview of biomedical polymers, including their classification, properties, applications, and selection parameters. It discusses natural polymers like collagen, cellulose, alginates, and chitosan as well as synthetic polymers such as PTFE, polyethylene, polypropylene, and PMMA. Applications highlighted include contact lenses, artificial joints, sutures, drug delivery systems, and more. The document concludes that biomedical polymers are biomaterials used for medical applications and that research continues to develop stronger and more biocompatible polymer prosthetics.
Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) is a biodegradable and compostable thermoplastic polymer made from renewable resources like corn, sugar beets and wheat. PLA is produced through fermentation of carbohydrates to lactic acid, then polymerization to form polylactic acid. It has physical properties comparable to polyethylene terephthalate but requires less fossil fuels to produce. While PLA has potential applications for single-use items and packaging due to its sustainability, its production also has criticisms related to energy usage and slowed degradation with certain additives.
This document discusses biopolymers and biomaterials, including definitions of biopolymers as renewable and sustainable polymers derived from biological sources like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Key properties and applications of common biopolymers like carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are described. The document also provides an overview of biomaterials, their types and properties, as well as guidelines for evaluating biocompatibility.
Biopolymers are polymers produced from natural sources and include polysaccharides like cellulose, starch, and carbohydrate polymers produced by bacteria and fungi, as well as animal protein polymers like wool, silk, gelatin and collagen. There are four main types of biopolymers based on starch, sugar, cellulose, and synthetic materials. Commercially available biopolymers include polylactic acid, which is an aliphatic polyester made from lactic acid obtained via bacterial fermentation of corn or sugars. While polylactic acid has mechanical properties similar to traditional polymers, its thermal properties are less attractive.
The document discusses biopolymers, which are polymers produced by living organisms. It covers various types of biodegradable polymers including synthetic polymers like polylactic acid (PLA) and natural polymers like starch. The mechanisms of polymer biodegradation are described. Applications of biodegradable polymers in areas like biomedical, packaging and agriculture are also mentioned. Factors affecting the biodegradation of polymers are discussed. Current trends in biopolymers including their use as alternatives to petroleum-based plastics are summarized.
This document discusses biopolymers, which are polymers derived from living organisms. It defines biopolymers and provides examples such as cellulose, starch, and proteins. The document then covers the classification of biopolymers such as starch-based, sugar-based, and cellulose-based polymers. It also discusses the production and applications of biopolymers in packaging, agriculture, automotive and medical sectors. Finally, it outlines the environmental benefits and impacts of biopolymers.
Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth. It is a structural component of plant cell walls and is widely used to produce paper, paperboard, and textiles. In pharmaceutical applications, cellulose and its derivatives such as microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose are used as excipients in tablet formulations as binders, diluents, disintegrants, and coating agents.
This document provides an overview of biomedical polymers, including their classification, properties, applications, and selection parameters. It discusses natural polymers like collagen, cellulose, alginates, and chitosan as well as synthetic polymers such as PTFE, polyethylene, polypropylene, and PMMA. Applications highlighted include contact lenses, artificial joints, sutures, drug delivery systems, and more. The document concludes that biomedical polymers are biomaterials used for medical applications and that research continues to develop stronger and more biocompatible polymer prosthetics.
Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) is a biodegradable and compostable thermoplastic polymer made from renewable resources like corn, sugar beets and wheat. PLA is produced through fermentation of carbohydrates to lactic acid, then polymerization to form polylactic acid. It has physical properties comparable to polyethylene terephthalate but requires less fossil fuels to produce. While PLA has potential applications for single-use items and packaging due to its sustainability, its production also has criticisms related to energy usage and slowed degradation with certain additives.
This document discusses biopolymers and biomaterials, including definitions of biopolymers as renewable and sustainable polymers derived from biological sources like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Key properties and applications of common biopolymers like carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are described. The document also provides an overview of biomaterials, their types and properties, as well as guidelines for evaluating biocompatibility.
Bioplastics are biodegradable plastics made from renewable sources like corn starch and PLA that can help reduce plastic waste pollution. There are several types of bioplastics including starch-based, cellulose-based, and protein-based bioplastics. Bioplastics have advantages over traditional plastics in that they have a lower carbon footprint, require less energy to produce, and break down in controlled composting environments without releasing harmful chemicals. Bioplastics can be used for food packaging, consumer electronics, medical devices, and components in the automotive and aerospace industries.
Recent Advances In BioPolymers And Its ApplicationsArjun K Gopi
Biopolymers are materials that are biodegradable, derived from renewable resources, or both. Common biopolymers include polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and cellulose. Biopolymers are increasingly important due to their environmentally-friendly properties and potential to replace petroleum-based plastics. However, biopolymers currently only account for about 1% of the global plastic market. The use of nanomaterials to create bionanocomposites can help improve biopolymer properties and expand their applications in areas like packaging, textiles, agriculture, and biomedicine.
The following slides contain introduction to biomedical polymers, their properties and classification. These polymers are classified in the basis of their sources as natural and synthetic polymers. synthetic polymers are classified on the basis of their functionality. Selection parameter and applications of biomedical polymers are also included.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates as an example of natural biodegredable polymers .
PHAs are biodegredable biopolyesters produced by a variety of gram negative and gram positive bacteria.
They have a variety of applications in the industrial and medical fields .
Introduction
Types
Characteristics of Biopolymer
Applications
Conclusion
References
Biopolymers are polymers produced from natural sources either
chemically synthesized from a biological material or entirely
biosynthesized by living organisms.
Sedimentation for determining molecular weight of macromoleculesShubhangiSuri1
Process of sedimentation with mechanism of action and mathematical derivations, different methods for separation of macromolecules by sedimentation, viscometry vs sedimentation
Macromolecules are large molecules formed by linking many smaller units, or monomers, through covalent bonds. Natural substances like proteins and synthetic polymers are examples of macromolecules. Monomers undergo polymerization to form macromolecules by linking together through addition or condensation reactions. Polymers can be classified in different ways such as natural vs synthetic, organic vs inorganic, thermoplastic vs thermosetting, and linear, branched or cross-linked based on their molecular structure. The process of polymerization and properties of polymers depend on factors like the type of monomers, reaction conditions and molecular architecture.
bioplastics by microorganisms Polyhydroxyalkanoates And PolyhydroxybutyratePramod Pal
This document discusses bioplastics, which are plastics derived from renewable biomass sources such as vegetable oils, cornstarch, and pea starch. It notes that bioplastics are designed to biodegrade and can break down in either aerobic or anaerobic environments depending on how they are manufactured. Common types of bioplastics include polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoic acids (PHAs), and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBVs). The document also discusses the synthesis and production of bioplastics like PHAs and PHB by microorganisms, as well as their applications in packaging, catering, gardening, medical products, and sanitary products
Powerpoint presentation on bioplastics, history of bioplastics, Producing bioplastics, Biodegradable polymers, PHB: case study. producing PHB, History of PHB, Strains to produce PHB, applications of PHB, Companies using PHB, Companies using bioplastics, Current status of Bioplastic, Potential of Bioplastics, Conclusion
1) Biodegradable polymers are polymers that break down into smaller molecules through mechanisms such as hydrolysis or enzymatic degradation. They include both synthetic polymers like polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, and polycaprolactone, as well as natural polymers like collagen and albumin.
2) The degradation of biodegradable polymers can occur through either surface or bulk erosion and can be mediated by water, enzymes, or microorganisms. Common mechanisms include cleavage of crosslinks, transformation of side chains, or cleavage of the polymer backbone.
3) Biodegradable polymers find applications as drug delivery systems where they provide localized and sustained release of drugs as well as reduce dosing frequency
1) A nanocomposite is a multiphase solid material where one of the phases has dimensions less than 100 nm.
2) Nanocomposites consist of a continuous matrix phase and one or more discontinuous reinforcement phases distributed within the matrix.
3) Polymer nanocomposites can have ceramic, metal, or polymer reinforcements and find applications in packaging, marine uses, and more due to properties like increased strength and melting temperature.
Self-assembly refers to the spontaneous formation of organized structures from many discrete components that interact directly or indirectly through their environment. There are four essential features of self-assembly: units, interactions between units, the environment, and driving forces. Self-assembly occurs through a stochastic process that minimizes energy as units aggregate. Examples include the formation of snow crystals, micelles of amphiphilic molecules, protein folding, and ferrofluids assembling under magnetic fields. Potential applications include drug delivery systems, self-healing materials, and programmable nanoscale structures.
This document discusses bioplastics as an alternative to traditional plastics derived from fossil fuels. It provides background on bioplastics and their production. Global production of bioplastics has increased significantly in recent years and is projected to continue growing. Bioplastics have various advantages over traditional plastics like being renewable, biodegradable, and having a lower environmental impact. Common types include starch-based, PLA, and PHA bioplastics. They are used in packaging, electronics, catering, gardening, medical products and more. The production process and carbon cycle of bioplastics is also outlined.
The document discusses cellulose, including its structure, properties, production in plants, and uses. Some key points:
- Cellulose is the most abundant organic substance on Earth and is made of linear chains of glucose molecules linked together.
- It has a crystalline structure that gives it strength and it forms microfibrils in plant cell walls.
- Plants produce cellulose at their plasma membranes using enzyme complexes that spin the cellulose chains.
- Cellulose is strong, stable, and insoluble but can absorb some water. It is used to make products like cotton, paper, cellophane, and cellulose derivatives.
This document discusses various pre-treatment methods that can be used to break down lignocellulosic biomass to enhance biogas production from anaerobic digestion. It describes mechanical, thermal, chemical, and biological pre-treatment techniques and provides examples of each. The goal of pre-treatment is to increase the surface area and porosity of the biomass to improve degradation and yield more biogas in a shorter period of time from a wider variety of feedstocks.
The document discusses various types of natural polymers that originate from plants, animals, and microbes. It classifies natural polymers based on their source and structure, and provides examples such as cellulose from plants, chitin from animals, and xanthan gum from bacteria. The document also describes the properties and applications of important natural polymers including polysaccharides like starch, proteins like collagen, and their uses in fields like pharmaceuticals, food, and cosmetics.
A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is a type of reactor device that can be used to carry out a variety of multiphase chemical reactions.
In this type of reactor, a fluid (gas or liquid) is passed through a solid granular material (usually a catalyst possibly shaped as tiny spheres) at high enough velocities to suspend the solid and cause it to behave as though it were a fluid.
This process, known as fluidization, imparts many important advantages to the FBR.
As a result, the fluidized bed reactor is now used in many industrial applications
Dinesh Khiladkar gave a seminar on biopolymers to the SCOE Department of Biotechnology in Pune in 2016-17. The seminar covered an introduction to biopolymers, their need and applications. It discussed the production and extraction of biopolymers like polyhydroxybutyrate and future prospects in using alternative carbon sources for fermentation processes to produce biodegradable plastics. The seminar provided references for further information on biopolymer production using low-cost substrates.
Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density. A centrifuge spins samples at high speeds, causing denser particles to migrate away from the center of rotation. There are various types of centrifuges suited for different applications. Centrifugation is commonly used in industrial processes like food and oil production to separate solids, liquids, and liquid phases. It is also widely used in bioprocessing to separate cells and cellular debris. Key parameters that affect centrifugation include spin speed, time, temperature, and centrifuge component sizes.
Biopolymers are polymers that can be found in or manufactured by, living organisms. These also involve polymers that are obtained from renewable resources that can be used to manufacture Bioplastics by polymerization. Bioplastics are the plastics that are created by using biodegradable polymers
There are several techniques for improving the mechanical properties of soil, including densification, reinforcement, and stabilization methods. Densification techniques like vibro-compaction, vibro-flotation, dynamic compaction, and blasting work to compact soil particles into a denser configuration, increasing strength and stiffness. Reinforcement techniques include installing discrete inclusions like compaction piles to reinforce weak soils. Stabilization techniques chemically alter the soil, such as jet grouting which mixes soil with cement grout under high pressure to form columns of treated soil.
Improvement in biological characteristics of alkaline soils by using pressmudIAEME Publication
1) The study aimed to improve the biological properties of alkaline soils by adding pressmud, a byproduct of the sugar industry.
2) Adding pressmud increased the soil bacteria and fungi counts, lowered the soil pH, and increased nutrients. The optimum application rate was found to be 80 tons per hectare.
3) Pressmud improved the biological properties of the alkaline soil, making it more suitable for agriculture. However, electrical conductivity increased above safe levels at application rates over 80 tons per hectare.
Bioplastics are biodegradable plastics made from renewable sources like corn starch and PLA that can help reduce plastic waste pollution. There are several types of bioplastics including starch-based, cellulose-based, and protein-based bioplastics. Bioplastics have advantages over traditional plastics in that they have a lower carbon footprint, require less energy to produce, and break down in controlled composting environments without releasing harmful chemicals. Bioplastics can be used for food packaging, consumer electronics, medical devices, and components in the automotive and aerospace industries.
Recent Advances In BioPolymers And Its ApplicationsArjun K Gopi
Biopolymers are materials that are biodegradable, derived from renewable resources, or both. Common biopolymers include polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and cellulose. Biopolymers are increasingly important due to their environmentally-friendly properties and potential to replace petroleum-based plastics. However, biopolymers currently only account for about 1% of the global plastic market. The use of nanomaterials to create bionanocomposites can help improve biopolymer properties and expand their applications in areas like packaging, textiles, agriculture, and biomedicine.
The following slides contain introduction to biomedical polymers, their properties and classification. These polymers are classified in the basis of their sources as natural and synthetic polymers. synthetic polymers are classified on the basis of their functionality. Selection parameter and applications of biomedical polymers are also included.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates as an example of natural biodegredable polymers .
PHAs are biodegredable biopolyesters produced by a variety of gram negative and gram positive bacteria.
They have a variety of applications in the industrial and medical fields .
Introduction
Types
Characteristics of Biopolymer
Applications
Conclusion
References
Biopolymers are polymers produced from natural sources either
chemically synthesized from a biological material or entirely
biosynthesized by living organisms.
Sedimentation for determining molecular weight of macromoleculesShubhangiSuri1
Process of sedimentation with mechanism of action and mathematical derivations, different methods for separation of macromolecules by sedimentation, viscometry vs sedimentation
Macromolecules are large molecules formed by linking many smaller units, or monomers, through covalent bonds. Natural substances like proteins and synthetic polymers are examples of macromolecules. Monomers undergo polymerization to form macromolecules by linking together through addition or condensation reactions. Polymers can be classified in different ways such as natural vs synthetic, organic vs inorganic, thermoplastic vs thermosetting, and linear, branched or cross-linked based on their molecular structure. The process of polymerization and properties of polymers depend on factors like the type of monomers, reaction conditions and molecular architecture.
bioplastics by microorganisms Polyhydroxyalkanoates And PolyhydroxybutyratePramod Pal
This document discusses bioplastics, which are plastics derived from renewable biomass sources such as vegetable oils, cornstarch, and pea starch. It notes that bioplastics are designed to biodegrade and can break down in either aerobic or anaerobic environments depending on how they are manufactured. Common types of bioplastics include polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoic acids (PHAs), and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBVs). The document also discusses the synthesis and production of bioplastics like PHAs and PHB by microorganisms, as well as their applications in packaging, catering, gardening, medical products, and sanitary products
Powerpoint presentation on bioplastics, history of bioplastics, Producing bioplastics, Biodegradable polymers, PHB: case study. producing PHB, History of PHB, Strains to produce PHB, applications of PHB, Companies using PHB, Companies using bioplastics, Current status of Bioplastic, Potential of Bioplastics, Conclusion
1) Biodegradable polymers are polymers that break down into smaller molecules through mechanisms such as hydrolysis or enzymatic degradation. They include both synthetic polymers like polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, and polycaprolactone, as well as natural polymers like collagen and albumin.
2) The degradation of biodegradable polymers can occur through either surface or bulk erosion and can be mediated by water, enzymes, or microorganisms. Common mechanisms include cleavage of crosslinks, transformation of side chains, or cleavage of the polymer backbone.
3) Biodegradable polymers find applications as drug delivery systems where they provide localized and sustained release of drugs as well as reduce dosing frequency
1) A nanocomposite is a multiphase solid material where one of the phases has dimensions less than 100 nm.
2) Nanocomposites consist of a continuous matrix phase and one or more discontinuous reinforcement phases distributed within the matrix.
3) Polymer nanocomposites can have ceramic, metal, or polymer reinforcements and find applications in packaging, marine uses, and more due to properties like increased strength and melting temperature.
Self-assembly refers to the spontaneous formation of organized structures from many discrete components that interact directly or indirectly through their environment. There are four essential features of self-assembly: units, interactions between units, the environment, and driving forces. Self-assembly occurs through a stochastic process that minimizes energy as units aggregate. Examples include the formation of snow crystals, micelles of amphiphilic molecules, protein folding, and ferrofluids assembling under magnetic fields. Potential applications include drug delivery systems, self-healing materials, and programmable nanoscale structures.
This document discusses bioplastics as an alternative to traditional plastics derived from fossil fuels. It provides background on bioplastics and their production. Global production of bioplastics has increased significantly in recent years and is projected to continue growing. Bioplastics have various advantages over traditional plastics like being renewable, biodegradable, and having a lower environmental impact. Common types include starch-based, PLA, and PHA bioplastics. They are used in packaging, electronics, catering, gardening, medical products and more. The production process and carbon cycle of bioplastics is also outlined.
The document discusses cellulose, including its structure, properties, production in plants, and uses. Some key points:
- Cellulose is the most abundant organic substance on Earth and is made of linear chains of glucose molecules linked together.
- It has a crystalline structure that gives it strength and it forms microfibrils in plant cell walls.
- Plants produce cellulose at their plasma membranes using enzyme complexes that spin the cellulose chains.
- Cellulose is strong, stable, and insoluble but can absorb some water. It is used to make products like cotton, paper, cellophane, and cellulose derivatives.
This document discusses various pre-treatment methods that can be used to break down lignocellulosic biomass to enhance biogas production from anaerobic digestion. It describes mechanical, thermal, chemical, and biological pre-treatment techniques and provides examples of each. The goal of pre-treatment is to increase the surface area and porosity of the biomass to improve degradation and yield more biogas in a shorter period of time from a wider variety of feedstocks.
The document discusses various types of natural polymers that originate from plants, animals, and microbes. It classifies natural polymers based on their source and structure, and provides examples such as cellulose from plants, chitin from animals, and xanthan gum from bacteria. The document also describes the properties and applications of important natural polymers including polysaccharides like starch, proteins like collagen, and their uses in fields like pharmaceuticals, food, and cosmetics.
A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is a type of reactor device that can be used to carry out a variety of multiphase chemical reactions.
In this type of reactor, a fluid (gas or liquid) is passed through a solid granular material (usually a catalyst possibly shaped as tiny spheres) at high enough velocities to suspend the solid and cause it to behave as though it were a fluid.
This process, known as fluidization, imparts many important advantages to the FBR.
As a result, the fluidized bed reactor is now used in many industrial applications
Dinesh Khiladkar gave a seminar on biopolymers to the SCOE Department of Biotechnology in Pune in 2016-17. The seminar covered an introduction to biopolymers, their need and applications. It discussed the production and extraction of biopolymers like polyhydroxybutyrate and future prospects in using alternative carbon sources for fermentation processes to produce biodegradable plastics. The seminar provided references for further information on biopolymer production using low-cost substrates.
Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density. A centrifuge spins samples at high speeds, causing denser particles to migrate away from the center of rotation. There are various types of centrifuges suited for different applications. Centrifugation is commonly used in industrial processes like food and oil production to separate solids, liquids, and liquid phases. It is also widely used in bioprocessing to separate cells and cellular debris. Key parameters that affect centrifugation include spin speed, time, temperature, and centrifuge component sizes.
Biopolymers are polymers that can be found in or manufactured by, living organisms. These also involve polymers that are obtained from renewable resources that can be used to manufacture Bioplastics by polymerization. Bioplastics are the plastics that are created by using biodegradable polymers
There are several techniques for improving the mechanical properties of soil, including densification, reinforcement, and stabilization methods. Densification techniques like vibro-compaction, vibro-flotation, dynamic compaction, and blasting work to compact soil particles into a denser configuration, increasing strength and stiffness. Reinforcement techniques include installing discrete inclusions like compaction piles to reinforce weak soils. Stabilization techniques chemically alter the soil, such as jet grouting which mixes soil with cement grout under high pressure to form columns of treated soil.
Improvement in biological characteristics of alkaline soils by using pressmudIAEME Publication
1) The study aimed to improve the biological properties of alkaline soils by adding pressmud, a byproduct of the sugar industry.
2) Adding pressmud increased the soil bacteria and fungi counts, lowered the soil pH, and increased nutrients. The optimum application rate was found to be 80 tons per hectare.
3) Pressmud improved the biological properties of the alkaline soil, making it more suitable for agriculture. However, electrical conductivity increased above safe levels at application rates over 80 tons per hectare.
The Ecological Role Of Biological Soil Crusts In The Rome Sand Plains of Cent...Carlos Rymer
The document summarizes a study on biological soil crusts in the Rome Sand Plains. The crust is composed of mosses, lichens, and cyanobacteria that stabilize soil and improve water retention. The study found lichens absorb the most water. Crust-covered soil retains more moisture than bare sand and is more stable. The crust contributes to soil moisture but also loses water through diffusion and evaporation. Future work suggested analyzing the crust's influence on native plants and nitrogen levels to aid reforestation and reverse desertification.
IMPORTANCE AND APPLICATIONS OF BIOPOLYMERSArjun K Gopi
The document discusses the importance and applications of biopolymers. Most plastics are currently derived from non-renewable petroleum and are not biodegradable, causing harm to the environment. Biopolymers refer to materials that are either biodegradable, derived from renewable resources, or both. Biopolymers offer sustainability benefits like reducing dependence on fossil fuels and having a carbon dioxide neutral or zero carbon footprint. They can also be biodegraded at end of use. The document provides examples of biopolymer applications in biomedical uses, food packaging, agriculture, and more. It concludes by advocating for increased use of biopolymers in India for their sustainability advantages.
This document provides information about microbes including their types, growth, and role in the environment. It discusses that microbes are tiny organisms that can only be seen under a microscope. They are found everywhere and play vital roles such as breaking down waste, producing nutrients for plants, and maintaining healthy human microbiomes. The document also describes the different types of microbes based on oxygen needs, temperature tolerance, pH tolerance, and other characteristics. It explains the growth phases of microbes and factors that influence their growth such as nutrients, temperature, oxygen levels and pH. Finally, it discusses the important roles microbes play in environments like producing oxygen, nutrient cycling, supporting agriculture, and maintaining livable climates.
This document provides information on grouting and guniting processes. It defines grouting as placing a cementitious material into cavities to improve load capacity or repair structures. Grouting mixtures are described along with categories, properties, specifications and applications. Guniting is introduced as a technique using pneumatic application of cementitious mortar to rehabilitate structures like bridges and buildings. The document outlines equipment, procedures and processes for mixing, pumping and applying grouts and shotcrete.
Soil microorganisms play important roles in maintaining soil health and fertility. They are involved in nutrient cycling by decomposing organic matter, fixing nitrogen, and carrying out other biochemical processes. The main types of microbes found in soil are bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Soil microbes affect soil structure, plant growth, and carry out important processes like nitrogen fixation, nutrient availability, and degradation of pollutants. However, human activities like agricultural practices, urbanization, and climate change threaten soil microbes by reducing organic matter, increasing salinity, and introducing pollutants. Proper management is needed to protect these vital soil microorganisms.
The document discusses the major classes of biological molecules that are important for living things: carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides and function for energy storage and structure. Lipids are nonpolar and include fatty acids, neutral fats, phospholipids, and steroids that function for energy storage, cell membrane structure, and vitamins/hormones. Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds and have diverse functions including enzymes, defense, transport, structure, and regulation.
Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids. They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Fats and oils make up 95% of nutritional lipids and occur as both storage and structural components in plants and animals. Lipids play important roles including providing palatability to foods, supplying essential fatty acids, and aiding in vitamin absorption. They are classified based on their structure as simple lipids like fats/oils, compound lipids containing additional groups, or derived lipids formed from hydrolysis. Biological membranes contain lipids that form a fluid bilayer, maintaining permeability and hosting embedded proteins. Membranes are essential for cellular structure and function.
The document provides an overview of the key biological macromolecules - carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It defines macromolecules as polymers formed from smaller monomer units, and discusses the monomers that make up each macromolecule type (e.g. glucose for carbohydrates). The structures, functions, and examples of each macromolecule are described, such as how carbohydrates provide energy and structure, the levels of protein structure, and how nucleic acids contain the genetic code. Key differences between DNA and RNA are also highlighted.
Biomolecules are classified as either biomicromolecules or biomacromolecules based on their molecular weight. Biomicromolecules have a molecular weight below 1000 Daltons, while biomacromolecules have a molecular weight above 1000 Daltons. The four main classes of biomacromolecules are proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and lipids. Proteins are polymers of amino acids, nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides, and polysaccharides are polymers of simple sugars. These biomacromolecules carry out essential functions in living organisms and are found in the acid insoluble fraction after cell disruption and lysis.
This document provides an overview of the key biomolecules found within cells, including their structure and functions. It discusses the roles of water, carbohydrates like glucose and glycogen, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. These biomolecules are involved in essential cellular processes like metabolism, protein synthesis, and storage of genetic information. The document also examines how biomolecules interact and are organized within cells and cellular structures.
This document provides information about lipids and fats. It begins by defining lipids and explaining that they are a major building block of animal cells. It then discusses the different types of lipids, including simple lipids like fats and oils, complex lipids like phospholipids, and derived lipids like cholesterol. The document explains the classification and functions of various lipids such as phospholipids, essential fatty acids, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. It also covers the digestion and absorption of lipids, as well as the different types of cholesterol and their importance.
The document discusses the four main classes of large biological molecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes carbohydrates as sugars and polymers of sugars that serve important functions as fuels and building materials for cells. The summary also notes that carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides which have roles in energy storage, structure of plants and organisms, and as dietary fiber for humans.
This document provides information on biological molecules. It begins by defining biomolecules as molecules involved in living organisms that are typically made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements. The main types of biomolecules discussed are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and water. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides like sucrose, and polysaccharides like starch, cellulose and glycogen. Lipids include fats, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids and sterols. The properties of water that allow it to act as the universal solvent in living systems are also summarized.
This document defines and describes starch. Starch is a complex carbohydrate made up of glucose molecules arranged in either straight chains called amylose or branched chains called amylopectin. Starch is found in many plant foods like grains, vegetables, and fruits where it functions as an energy store. It consists of amylose and amylopectin and has a chemical formula of (C6H10O5)n. Starch digestion begins in the mouth and small intestine where enzymes break it down into glucose that can be absorbed. Starch has various uses as a thickener in foods and as a binder in paper production.
This document discusses the molecules that make up cells, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It provides details on:
- The structures of monosaccharides (single sugars) like glucose and how they join to form disaccharides and polysaccharides. Polysaccharides have roles in storage (glycogen, starch) and structure (cellulose).
- The basic structure of lipids as hydrophobic molecules composed of fatty acid and glycerol groups. Fats, phospholipids, and steroids are described in detail.
- Proteins having diverse structures allowing various functions like enzyme catalysis, structure, movement and more. Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
- Nucle
This document provides an overview of carbohydrates including their structure, classification, properties and functions. It defines carbohydrates as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones and discusses their general formula. It then classifies carbohydrates into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides and provides examples of each. Key polysaccharides like starch, glycogen and cellulose are described in more detail. The document also covers the optical properties, biological importance and dietary roles of carbohydrates.
The document provides an overview of important biological molecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It discusses the composition and functions of these macromolecules. Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and fibers that serve as energy sources. Lipids such as fats and oils provide energy storage and insulation. Proteins are made of amino acids and perform structural and functional roles in the body. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA carry genetic information and aid cellular functions. The document emphasizes the significance of these molecules for life.
Proteins are polymers of amino acids that perform essential functions in living organisms. They can be classified as simple, conjugated, or derived proteins based on their structure and components. Simple proteins like albumins and globulins are made of amino acids alone, while conjugated proteins also contain non-protein elements like nucleic acids or carbohydrates. Proteins have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of structure that determine their shape and function. They are found in all tissues and play critical roles including structure, movement, digestion, energy storage, and heredity.
Organic molecules in living systems include macromolecules made of polymers of smaller subunits. The four main types of macromolecules are lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Lipids are made of fatty acids and glycerol and function in energy storage and cell membranes. Proteins consist of amino acid monomers and have roles as enzymes, membrane components, and tissues. Carbohydrates polymerize into sugars like starch from monosaccharides and serve as energy sources. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA store genetic information as polymers of nucleotides. These macromolecules are broken down into their subunits during digestion and rebuilt in cells.
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They serve many important functions in the body including as structural components of cell membranes, storage of metabolic energy, transport of fat-soluble vitamins and hormones, and protection and insulation. Lipids are classified based on the presence or absence of glycerol and other components. Major classes of lipids include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols such as cholesterol and vitamin D, and other compounds like prostaglandins.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
4. Biopolymers
are polymers produced by living
organisms; in other words, they are
polymeric biomolecules.
Since they are polymers, biopolymers
contain monomeric units that are
covalently bonded to form larger
structures.
8. Nucleic Acids
• Large and complex organic molecules that
store and transfer genetic information in the
cell
• Types of nucleic acids
i. DNA =deoxyribonucleic acid
ii. RNA = Ribonucleic acid
9. Building blocks of Nucleic Acids
• Monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides
• Components of a nucleotide
- nitrogen base
- sugar
- phosphate
11. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
• Is a single helix
• Can be found in the
nucleus and the
cytoplasm of the cell
• Helps build proteins
• Can act as an
enzyme
12.
13.
14. Polypeptide
• A long chain of amino
acids…POLYPEPTIDE
• Proteins are composed
of one or more
polypeptides
15. Amino Acid Structure
R Groups of amino acids
• Difference in amino acids…….. R groups
• R group……simple or complex
• R groups…different shapes & characteristics
16. Peptide bond
-COOH group of one amino acid joined with the -NH2
group of the next amino acid through condensation
polymerization
18. Proteins
• Polymers of amino acids covalently linked
through peptide bonds
• Natural organic molecules….C, H, O, N
• Monomers…….amino acids
19. Building blocks of proteins
• There are 20 different amino acids
• All 20 amino acids share the same basic structure
• Every amino acid contains
- an amino group
- a carboxyl group
- a hydrogen atom
- a central carbon atom
- R (alkyl/aryl) group
20. Role of Proteins
• Structural roles…….cytoskeleton
• Catalysts……enzymes
• Transporter………ions and molecules
• Hormones
• Many enzymes are proteins
• Biological catalysts
• Lower the activation energy of chemical
reactions
• Increase the rate of chemical reactions
24. Lipids
• Large, nonpolar organic molecules
• LIPIDS do NOT Dissolve in Water!
• Have a higher ratio of carbon and hydrogen
atoms to oxygen atoms than carbohydrates
• Lipids store more energy per gram than other
organic compounds
25. Categories of Lipids
• Fatty Acids
• Triglycerides
• Phospholipids
• Waxes and Oils
• Steroids
26. Fatty Acids
• Linear carbon chains
• On one end of the carbon chain is a carboxyl
group
• On the other end of the carbon chain is a methyl
group
27. Fatty acid chain
• The carboxyl end is polar and is hydrophilic
• The carboxyl end will dissolve in water
• The methyl end is nonpolar and is hydrophobic
• The methyl end will not dissolve in water
29. Triglycerides
One molecule of glycerol and three fatty acid chains
Saturated triglycerides…butter, fats and red meat
Unsaturated triglycerides….plant seeds
34. Carbohydrates are organic compounds
1C:2H:1O
Source of energy……..sugars
Store of energy………..starch
Structural materials….polysaccharides
Components of other molecules e.g. DNA, RNA,
glycolipids, glycoproteins
36. Monosaccharide
Single monomer of carbohydrate….glucose
Simple sugar
1C:2H:1O
A source of quick energy
Glucose – main source of energy
Fructose – fruits sugar/sweetest
sugar
Galactose – milk sugar
Common MonosacchArides
39. Disaccharides
• “Di” means two
• Two monosaccharides combine
• Common Disaccharides are
- Lactose (found in milk)
- Maltose
- Sucrose (table sugar)
Maltose
Sucrose Lactose
42. is a long-chain polymer of an
N-acetyl glucosamine.
a derivative of glucose, and is found
in many places throughout the
natural world.
It is a characteristic component of
the cell walls of fungi,
the exoskeletons of arthropods such
as crustaceans and insects, and
other living cell organisms
Chitin
A close-up of the wing of a sap
beetle; the wing is composed
of chitin
43. Chitin is a modified polysaccharide that contains nitrogen
it is synthesized from units of N-acetylglucosamine
(to be precise, 2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-glucose).
These units form covalent β-1,4 linkages, (similar to the linkages
between glucose units forming cellulose).
Therefore, chitin may be described as cellulose with
one hydroxyl group on each monomer replaced with
an acetyl amine group.
This allows for increased hydrogen bonding between
adjacent polymers, giving the chitin-polymer matrix increased
strength.
In its pure, unmodified form, chitin is translucent, pliable, resilient,
and quite tough.
In most arthropods, however, it is often modified, occurring largely
as a component of composite materials, such as in sclerotin, a
tanned proteinaceous matrix, which forms much of the
exoskeleton of insects.
44. Combined with calcium carbonate, as in the shells
of crustaceans and molluscs, chitin produces a much stronger
composite. This composite material is much harder and stiffer than
pure chitin, and is tougher and less brittle than pure calcium
carbonate.
Another difference between pure and composite forms can be seen by
comparing the flexible body wall of a caterpillar to the stiff,
light elytron of a beetle (containing a large proportion of sclerotin ).
•USES
Chitin can be used in many different branches of:
•Agriculture
•Medicine
•Industry
•Biomedical researchs
45. Keratin filaments are abundant in keratinocytes in
the cornified layer of the epidermis; these are proteins which
have undergone keratinization.
In addition, keratin filaments are present in epithelial cells in
general. For example, mouse thymic epithelial cells (TECs)
are known to react with antibodies for keratin 5, keratin 8,
and keratin 14. These antibodies are used as fluorescent
markers to distinguish subsets of TECs in genetic studies of
the thymus.
Silk fibroin, considered a β-keratin( glycine and alanine 75–
80% of the total, with 10–15% serine, with the rest having
bulky side groups) The chains are antiparallel , with an
alternating C → N orientation
Keratın
46. the α-keratins in
the hair (including wool), horns, nails, claws and
hooves of mammals.
the harder β-keratins found in nails and in
the scales and claws of reptiles,
their shells (Testudines, such
as tortoise, turtle, terrapin), and in
the feathers, beaks, claws of birds and quills of
porcupines. Horns such as those
of the impala are
made up of keratin
covering a core of
live bone.
47. a translucent, colorless, brittle flavorless food derived
from collagen obtained from various animal by-products.
Gelatin is an irreversibly hydrolyzed form of collagen.
Substances containing gelatin or functioning in a similar way
are called "gelatinous".
Gelatin is a mixture of peptides and proteins produced by
partial hydrolysis of collagen extracted from the skin, bones,
and connective tissues of animals such as domesticated
cattle, chicken, pigs, horses, and fish.
Gelatin readily dissolves in hot water, and sets to a gel on
cooling and in most polar solvent.
The mechanical properties of gelatin gels are very sensitive to
temperature variations.
The upper melting point is below human body temperature.
gelatıne
48. The worldwide production amount of
gelatin is about 375,000 metric tons per
year.
On a commercial scale, gelatin is made
from by-products of the meat and leather
industries.
The procedure of produce gelatin have
many steps which are : pretreatment,
extraction, recovery.
49. Culinary uses : different types and
grades of gelatin are used in a wide
range of food and nonfood products
( gelatin desserts).
Technical uses :
•Hide silver halides.
•Gelatin is closely related to bone glue and is used as a
binder in match heads and sandpaper.
•Cosmetics may contain a nongelling variant of gelatin
under the name hydrolyzed collagen.
•Drugs capsules.
And other uses
52. Biomaterials
Any material used to make devices to replace a part or a
function of the living body in a safe, reliable, economic
& physiologically acceptable manner
OR
Any material used to replace part of a living system or to
function in intimate contact with living tissue
OR
A pharmacologically inert substance designed for
implantation within or incorporation with living system
Natural/synthetic/blend
e.g. sutures, tooth fillings, bone replacements, artificial
eyes etc.
58. Natural Polymers as Biomaterials
Polymers derived from living creatures
“Scaffolds” grow cells to replace damaged
tissue
• Biodegradable
• Non-toxic
• Mechanically similar to the replaced tissue
• Capable of attachment with other molecules
Natural polymers used as biomaterials
– Collagen, Chitosan and Alginate
59. Collagen
• Consist of three intertwined
protein chains, helical structure
• Collagen…..non-toxic , minimal
immune response
• Can be processed into a variety
formats
– Porous sponges, Gels, and Sheets
• Applications
– Surgery, Drug delivery, Prosthetic
implants and tissue-engineering of
multiple organs
60. Chitosan
• Derived from chitin, present in hard exoskeletons
of shellfish like shrimp and crab
• Chitosan desirable properties
– Minimal foreign body reaction
– Mild processing conditions
– Controllable mechanical
– biodegradation properties
• Applications
– In the engineering of cartilage, nerve, and liver tissue,
– wound dressing and drug delivery devices
61. Alginate (ALGINIC ACID)
• A polysaccharide derived
from brown seaweed
-Can be processed easily in
water
-non-toxic
-Biodegradable
-controllable porosity
• Forms a solid gel under mild
processing conditions
• Applications in
Liver, nerve, heart, cartilage
& tissue-engineering
62. Synthetic Polymers as Biomaterials
• Advantages of Synthetic Polymers
– Ease of manufacturability
– process ability
– reasonable cost
• The Required Properties
– Biocompatibility
– Sterilizability
– Physical Property
– Manufacturability
• Applications
– Medical disposable supplies, Prosthetic materials, Dental
materials, implants, dressings, polymeric drug delivery,
tissue engineering products
63. Biodegradable Polymers as Biomaterials
• Advantages on biodegradable polymer
– Didn’t leave traces of residual in the implantation
– Regenerate tissue
• Desirable properties are
- greater hydrophilicity
- greater reactivity
- greater porosity
Most widely used
Polylactide (PLA), Polyglycolide (PGA), Poly(glycolide-co-
lactide) (PGLA)
Applications
Tissue screws, suture anchores, cartilage repair
Drug-delivery system
65. Biocompatibility of biomaterials
• The ability of a material to elicit an
appropriate biological response in a specific
application without producing a toxic,
injurious, or immunological response in living
tissue
– Strongly determined by primary chemical structure
• When an object is incorporated into the body
without any immune responses it is said to be
BIOCOMPATIBLE
66. Standardization of Biomaterials
FDA (united states food and drug administration)
Biocompatibility tests
• acute systemic toxicity………denoting the part of circulatory
system
• Cytotoxicity…….toxic in living cell
• Haemolysis….dissolution of erythrocytes in blood
• Intravenous toxicity
• Mutagenesis….permanent genetic alteration
• Oral toxicity
• Pyrogenicity….products produced by heat
• Sensitization…making abnormally sensitive
67. Guidance on biocompatibility assessment
Material characterization
• Chemical structure of material
• Degradation products
• Residue level
Toxicological data
• Biological tests based on clinical trial
68. Guidance on biocompatibility assessment
Supporting documents
• Details of application…shape, size, form, contact time
etc.
• Chemical breakdown of all materials involved in the
product
• A review of all toxicity data
• Prior use and details of effects
• Toxicity standard tests
• Final assessment including toxicological significance
69. Types of biomaterials based on surgical
uses
Muscular skeletal system…joints in
upper & lower extremities & artificial
limbs
Permanent implants
Cardiovascular system …valve,
pacemaker, arteries, veins
Digestive system…tooth filling,
oesophagus, bile duct
Nervous system…. Dura, hydrocephalus
shunt
Cosmetic implants…..nose, ear, teeth, eye
70. Types of biomaterials based on surgical
uses
Transient implants
Extracorporeal assumption of organ
function….heart, lung , kidney
Orthopaedic fixation devices….screw,
hip pins, bone plates, suture, surgical
adhesives
External dressings & partial
implants….artificial skin, immersion
fluids
Aids to diagnosis….catheters, probes
71. Performance of Biomaterials
• Fracture
• Loosening
• Infection
• Wear
r = 1-f
r is reliability of implant
f is failure
72. Future challenges
• To more closely replicate complex tissue
architecture and arrangement in vitro.
• To better understand extracellular and
intracellular modulators of cell function.
• To develop novel materials and processing
techniques that are compatible with biological
interfaces
• To find better strategies for immune
acceptance