The nucleus is the control center of eukaryotic cells that contains DNA and directs protein synthesis and cell regulation. It is enclosed by a double membrane and contains nucleoplasm, nucleoli, and chromatin. Chromatin contains DNA and histone proteins that package DNA into chromosomes. The nuclear envelope separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm while nuclear pores allow transport of molecules. The nucleolus produces ribosomes and rRNA. The nucleus controls DNA replication, protein production, and cell processes through gene expression and protein synthesis.
Presentation include Nucleus and its components like nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin fibers, ultra structure of nucleus and its general functions.
Presentation include Nucleus and its components like nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin fibers, ultra structure of nucleus and its general functions.
Cytoplasm is a gel like fluid present between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
Cytoplasm is the semi-fluid substance of a cell that is present within the cellular membrane and surrounds the nuclear membrane
It is sometimes described as the nonnuclear content of the protoplasm
Cytoplasm is a gel like fluid present between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
Cytoplasm is the semi-fluid substance of a cell that is present within the cellular membrane and surrounds the nuclear membrane
It is sometimes described as the nonnuclear content of the protoplasm
Nucleus-the heart of the cell-cellular organellesbiOlOgyBINGE
In cell biology, the nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
The nucleus is found in all the eukaryotic cells of the plants and animals.
here u will find every detail of nucleus.
for more details ,visit @biOlOgy BINGE-insight learning (youtube channel)
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
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2. Presentation Overview
Introduction
Types of cell
Components of Nucleus
The Nuclear Envelope
The Nucleoplasm
The Nucleolus
Chromatin/Molecular structure of chromosome
Function of nucleus
Reference
3. Introduction
Prominent & Characteristic features
‘Eukaryon’ means ‘true nucleus’
Very essence of eukaryote – membrane bounded nucleus
Imp functions;
– Physically separates DNA from the cytoplasm’s
complex metabolic machinery
– Nuclear membrane serve as boundary
7. General Definition
The nucleus is the genetic control center
of a eukaryotic cell.
In most cells, there is only one nucleus. It
is spherical, and the most prominent part
of the cell, making up 10% of the cell’s
volume.
It has a unique structure and function
that is essential the cell.
8. Components of Nucleus
1. Nuclear Envelope – pore
riddled
2. Nucleoplasm – Fluid
interior portion
3. Nucleolus – Dense cluster
of RNA & Proteins –
ribosomes
4. Chromatin – all DNA+
Proteins
Average diameter of nucleus is 6 um, which
occupies around 10%of cell volume.
10. NuclearMembrane
Also known as nuclear envelope or
nucleolemma
Separates the nuclear material from
cytoplasm
Consists of two lipid bilayers
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
11. The nuclear envelope is a double-layered
membrane perforated with pores, which control
the flow of material going in and out of the
nucleus.
The outer layer is connected to the endoplasmic
reticulum, communicating with the cytoplasm
of the cell. The exchange of the large molecules
(protein and RNA) between the nucleus and
cytoplasm happens here.
12. Function Of Nuclear Membrane
Shape And Stability: Helps The Nucleus From Collapsing
Compartmentalizing: Separates The Nuclear Material
From Cellular Material
Regulation Of Substances: Allow The Exchange Of
Materials
Communication: Develops A Chemical Connection
Between Nucleus And Cell
13. The Nuclear Pore
Most distinctive feature of NE
Small cylindrical channels –direct contact b/w cytosol &
Nucleoplasm
Readily visible – freeze fracture microscopy
Mammalian nucleus – 3000 to 4000 pores
Inner & outer membranes fused
Structural complexity – control transport of key
molecules
14.
15. Function Of Nuclear Pores
Exchange of materials between
nucleus and cytoplasm
Passive diffusion of low molecular
weight solutes
Efficient passage through the
complex requires several proteins
factors
16. Nucleoplasm
A jelly-like (made mostly of water) matrix within the nucleus
Just like the cytoplasm found inside a cell, the nucleus
contains nucleoplasm, also known as karyoplasm.
All the other materials “float” inside
Helps the nucleus keep its shape and serves as the median for
the transportation of important molecules within the nucleus
The nucleoplasm is a type of protoplasm that is made up
mostly of water, a mixture of various molecules, and
dissolved ions.
It is completely enclosed within the nuclear membrane or
nuclear envelope
17. Ribosome factory
Large, prominent structures
Doesn’t have membrane
Most cells have 2 or more
Directs synthesis of RNA
The nucleolus takes up around 25% of the volume of
the nucleus.
This structure is made up of proteins and ribonucleic
acids (rna). Its main function is to rewrite
ribosomal RNA(rrna) and combine it with proteins.
This results in the formation of incomplete
ribosomes.
The Nucleolus
18.
19. Function of nucleolus
Site for transcription
Assemblage of ribosomes
Synthesis of ribosomes
Synthesis of RNA
20. Chromatin/ Molecular Structure
Of Chromosomes
Chromosomes contain DNA in a condensed form
attached to a histone protein.
Eukaryotic chromosomes – two broad components.
1. Nucleic acids:
- DNA (primary nucleic acid)
+ small amt of RNA (transit to the cytoplasm)
2. Proteins:
i. Histones (basic pH) – core histones (H2A, H2B, H3
& H4), Linker histone (H1)
ii. Non Histone proteins
21. Histones bind to –vely charged DNA – stability to the
DNA
Mixture of DNA & proteins – basic structural unit
of chromosomes - chromatin fiber
E/M examination of intephase chromatin – ellipsoidal
beads
joined by linker DNA known as Nucleosomes.
22. Chromatin can be
differentiated into two
regions (during
interphase & early
prophase)
1. Euchromatin –
lightly staining
2. Heterochromatin –
densely staining
23. Euchromatin Heterochromatin
Lightly staining regions Darkly staining
Less tightly packed chromatin
fibers therefore non condensed
Tightly packed chromatin fibers
therefore condensed
Not visible – light microscope,
undergo regular changes in
morphology with cell division
Visible, remain highly
condensed in all stages
Genetically active regions Genetically inactive regions –
either they lack genes/ contain
genes that are not expressed
Replicates earlier during S
phase
Replicates later during S phase
GC rich AT rich
24. Function of chromosome
It controls the activities of cell
Information in the form of genes is
located on chromosomes
Control inheritance and metabolism
25. Functions
The nucleus is often compared to the
“command center,” as it controls all
functions of the cell.
It is important in regulating the actions of
the cells.
It plays an important part in creating the
cell’s proteins.
It is involved in important processes
dealing with DNA and other genetic
molecules.
26. DNA
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, contains the
information needed for the creation of proteins
(which include enzymes and hormones) and is
stored in the nucleus, as already said, in the form of
chromatin or chromosomes.
The nucleus is the site of DNA duplication, which
is needed for cell division (mitosis) and organism
reproduction and growth.
27. Proteins and Cell Regulation
The nucleus oversees cells’ functions and
regulatory mechanisms for keeping the cell
healthy and alive.
The nucleus controls growth of the cell through
the synthesis of structural proteins, energy and
nutrient metabolism.
The nucleus regulates the secretion of ribosomes,
which are made in the nucleolus and are the sites
of gene transcription.
28. • http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/onlinebio/nucleus_1.gif
• http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/nucleus.htm
• http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/nucleus.htm
• http://www.buzzle.com/articles/nucleus-function.html
• http://www.buzzle.com/articles/cell-nucleus-structure-and-functions.html
• http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/onlinebio/nucleus_1.gif
• http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-nucleoplasm.htm
• Campbell, Neil A., Lawrence G. Mitchell, and Jane B. Reece. Biology:
Concepts and Connections. San Francisco: Benjamin/Cummings, 2000.
