The Chemistry Of The Cell

2 The Chemistry of the Cell Biology is the study of chemistry systems that happen to be alive! ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Importance of Carbon ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Fig. 2-1 Electron configuration of some biologically important atoms and molecules

Carbon-Containing Molecules Are Stable Energies of biologically important transitions, bonds, and wavelengths of electromagnetic radiations ,[object Object],[object Object]

The Carbon-carbon bonds are the fittest for the biological chemistry under solar radiation ,[object Object],[object Object],The relationship between energy (E) and wavelength (  ) for electromagnetic radiation

The diversity of carbon-containing molecules Simple hydrocarbon compounds Common functional groups found in biological molecules ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Stereoisomers of carbon-containing molecules Stereoisomers of biological molecules ,[object Object],An asymmetric carbon atom has four different substituents. Both L- and D-alanine present in nature but only L- type is present in proteins. D-glucose has four asymmetric carbon atom and has 2 4 or 16 kinds of possible stereoisomers.

The importance of water ,[object Object],[object Object],Hydrogen bonding between water molecules

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The solubilization of sodium chloride because water molecules form spheres of hydration More properties of water originated from its polarity

The importance of selectively permeable membranes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The properties of membranes A membrane is a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. Each layer is about 3-4 nm thick, with the hydrophobic tails facing each other in the middle. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The importance of synthesis by polymerization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Macromolecules are synthesized by stepwise polymerization of monomers The basic principles for the synthesis of macromolecules: 1. Macromolecules are synthesized by stepwise polymerization of similar or identical monomers 2. The addition of each monomeric units occurs with the removal of a H2O molecule -- condensation reaction 3. Momomeric units are activated 4. Activation usually involves coupling of monomers to carrier molecule 5. ATP (adenosine phosphate provides energy ) 6. Directionality of macromolecules

The importance of self-assembly The principle of self-assembly: the information required to specify the folding of macromolecules and their interactions to form more complicated structures with specific biological functions is inherent in the polymers themselves ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Heat Cool

Self-assembly of cellular structures ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The limits of self-assembly and advantages of hierarchical assembly ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Chemistry Of The Cell

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The Chemistry Of The Cell