The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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al-salam alykom ..
this lecture starts with basic definitions in genetic , also talk about DNA & RNA ( structures , types , similarities and differences ) .
it talks about bacterial DNA ( chromosome structure / plamids structure and functions / transponon types )
later , discusses about central dogma / gene expression starting from genetic code/codons , then DNA replication , trancription and finally translation
prepared by Sumia Abdalsalam Alfitoury / Libya
Viruses that infect and parsitized bacteria is known as bacteriophage.
It was discovered by Frederick.W.Twort in Great Britian (1915) and Felix d’ Herelle in France(1917).
D’ Herelle coined the term bacteriophage meaning ‘bacterial eater’ to describe the agent’s bacteriocidal activity. He observed lysis of a broth culture of a dysentry bacillus.
It is defined simply as a technique to efficiently and stably introduce foreign genes into the genome of target cells.
The insertion of unrelated, therapeutic genetic information in the form of DNA into target cells
al-salam alykom ..
this lecture starts with basic definitions in genetic , also talk about DNA & RNA ( structures , types , similarities and differences ) .
it talks about bacterial DNA ( chromosome structure / plamids structure and functions / transponon types )
later , discusses about central dogma / gene expression starting from genetic code/codons , then DNA replication , trancription and finally translation
prepared by Sumia Abdalsalam Alfitoury / Libya
Viruses that infect and parsitized bacteria is known as bacteriophage.
It was discovered by Frederick.W.Twort in Great Britian (1915) and Felix d’ Herelle in France(1917).
D’ Herelle coined the term bacteriophage meaning ‘bacterial eater’ to describe the agent’s bacteriocidal activity. He observed lysis of a broth culture of a dysentry bacillus.
It is defined simply as a technique to efficiently and stably introduce foreign genes into the genome of target cells.
The insertion of unrelated, therapeutic genetic information in the form of DNA into target cells
genetics is a study of heredity, by studying microbial genetics, which is the most basic, one can extrapolate it to complex genetic studies of complex biological systems. effect of mutagens on genes is eye opening
DNA cloning is a technique for reproducing DNA fragments.
It can be achieved by two different approaches:
▪ cell based
▪ using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
a vector is required to carry the DNA fragment of interest into the host cell.
1a- What are three ways that bacteria can exchange genetic informati.pdfeyelineoptics
1a- What are three ways that bacteria can exchange genetic information? How are these similar
and how are they different? How can they be used to map bacterial genomes?
b) Explain how genes in phages are mapped. (This is different from the above question)
Solution
Ques-1: What are three ways that bacteria can exchange genetic information? How are these
similar and how are they different? How can they be used to map bacterial genomes?
Answer:
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer is the transfer of genes between two
organisms that are phylogenetically unrelated but can readily exchange genes by conjugation or
transduction or transformation. HGT commonly occurs in prokaryotes and it plays a key role in
their evolution. HGT accelerates evolution.
Horizontal gene transfer: 1. conjugation, 2. transformation; 3. transduction
Similarities & differences:
Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genomes by between bacteria by the routes that does
not involve parent-offspring transmission. Conjugation, transduction and transformation are the
three mechanism of horizontal gene transfer.
In the above case, it has clearly illustrated that the conditions, which can successfully prevents
transduction and abolish transfer of chromosomal DNA from one bacterial cell to another by
generalized transduction with P22 bacteriophage. Initially recipient cell- surface receptors are
important for the attachment of the bacteriophage (P22) and finally spikes of phage enable
bacterial membrane to lyse finally incorporate phage genome into the bacterial cell for
integration. Therefore, for efficient transduction, presence of recipient cell- surface receptors is
essential in the culture otherwise, bacteria exert resistant effects to the phages.
Transformation type of gene transfer occurs between bacteria. The genes released by dead
bacteria can be transferred to the live bacteria, and get integrated into its genome, which results
in genetic recombination of the host.
Transduction is also involving the genetic material transfer, but this needs bacteriophage as
media. The bacteriophage infects the bacteria in lytic cycle and releases the new virions, the
capsids of some of these virions carry the bacterial DNA fragments into the new host bacteria,
followed by genetic recombination of the host bacteria.
Conjugation: It is the transfer of genetic material from cell to cell by means of direct contact or a
bridge like structure. Bacterial conjugation needs the conjugation tube for genome transfer, both
transduction and transformation does not need this.
Mapping the genome -mechanisms
F factor is mainly pertaining to a class of conjugate plasmids, which meticulously originated to
control sexual functions in prokaryotes via fertility inhibition. The origin of F-factor is mainly
with most common functional segments such as gene traJ, Ori, OriC. The structure of this F
factor contains OriT for origin of transfer and acts as a starting point for gene transmission.
Chromosomal Variations, Continuous and Discontinuous Variations, Genotypic & ...Muhammad Mubashir Ali
Chromosomal Variations, Continuous and Discontinuous Variations, Genotypic & Phenotypic Variations. Hardy-Weinberg law of random mating, Recombination technology
It also explains the main points for a variation.
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
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--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
3. Bacterial Genetics
“Acquiring genes through gene transfer provides
new genetic information to microorganisms,
which may allow them to survive changing
environments.”
“The major source of variation within a bacterial
species is mutation.”
“In mutations, usually only a single gene changes
at any one time.”
“In contrast, gene transfer results in many genes
being transferred simultaneously, giving the
recipient cell much more additional genetic
information.”
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. Bacterial Genetics Overview
Most bacteria are haploid which means that there is
no such thing as dominance-recessive relationships
among bacterial alleles.
Bacteria don’t have sex in the animal/plant sense of
sex (i.e., mating followed by recombination of whole
genomes).
Instead, bacteria acquire DNA from other bacteria
through three distinct mechanisms:
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
This DNA may or may not then recombine into the
recipient’s genome.
We use phrases like “Lateral” or “Horizontal” Gene
Transfer to describe these sexual interactions.
Bacterial DNA is also subject to mutation, damage
(not the same thing as mutation), and natural
selection. www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. Mutation: Terms & Concepts
Wild Type refers to the microorganism as isolated
from the wild.
A mutated microorganism that has lost a metabolic
function, particularly an ability to synthesize a specific
growth factor, is called an Auxotroph.
The wild-type parent to an auxotroph is called a
Prototroph.
A Mutation is found in a gene; a mutant is an
organism harboring a Mutation.
We designate mutant phenotypes using three-letter
abbreviations; the phenotype of a tryptophan-requiring
auxotroph would be described as Trp-.
A bacterium that has mutated to resistance to an
antibiotic (or other substance) is given the superscript
“R”; thus, the phenotype ampicillin resistance is
indicated as AmpR.
Mutants can be spontaneous or induced by a
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Mutagen; an agent that causes DNA to mutate.
6. Types of Mutations
Base Substitution
Point mutation = single base is substituted.
Missense mutation = base change changes single
amino acid to different amino acid.
Nonsense mutation = base change changes single
amino acid to stop codon.
Null or Knockout mutation = mutation that totally
inactivates a gene.
Deletion or insertion mutation = change in number of
bases making up a gene.
Frameshift mutation = insertion or deletion of
something other than multiples of three bases.
Frameshifts typically radically change downstream
codons, generating stop codons, and typically
knocking out gene function.
Reversion mutation = mutated change back to that of
wild type. www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. Rates of Mutation
The mutation rate of different genes usually varies
between 10-4 and 10-12 mutations per cell division
(essentially equivalent to per cell).
10-4 = one in 10,000; 10-12 = one in one trillion.
To calculate the probability of two independent
mutations we multiple the two mutation rates.
Thus, if streptomycin resistance occurs at a rate of 10-6
mutations per cell division and the rate of mutation to
resistance to penicillin is 10-8 then the rate of mutation to
both antibiotics is 10-6 * 10-8 = 10-14 (note that the
exponents are added).
That is, we would have to have a population of onehundred trillion cells to have one double mutant, which
even for bacteria is a lot of cells.
This is the basis for Combination Therapy, e.g., the use
of more than one chemotherapeutic against
tuberculosis, HIV, cancer, etc.
The odds of sufficiently multiply resistant mutants drops
www.indiandentalacademy.com
with each new chemotherapeutic added to the mix.
11. Indirect Selection:
Isolation of ts
Mutants
This is one example of isolation of mutants carrying
conditionally lethal mutations found in essential genes.
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16. Artificial Competence
by Electroporation
Competence
denotes the
ability to take
up DNA naked
from the
environment.
Most bacteria
are not naturally
competent but
many can be
made artificially
so.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Artificially
induced
competence is
very important
to gene cloning.
21. F and Other Plasmids
F plasmids encode genes that allow both their
replication and transfer.
They are thus known as Self-Transmissible Plasmids.
There are other plasmids that can take advantage of
conjugation but don’t encode the the necessary
genes. These are non-self transmissible plasmids.
Transduction is also capable of transferring smaller
plasmids.
R plasmids are named not for their mode of
transmission but instead for the resistance genes that
they encode such as to antibiotics.
Some plasmids are present in bacteria in low copy
numbers (1 or 2/bacterium) whereas other plasmids
are present in high copy numbers (such 100s/bact.).
Plasmids, R and otherwise, can have very wide host
ranges allowing easy transfer of already evolved
genes between bacterial species.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. Transfer of non-R Virulence Factors
Genes that can make bacteria more virulent
(able to cause disease) are called Virulence
Factor genes.
Virulence factors include fimbriae that allow
attachment to host tissues, exotoxins, etc.
Virulence factor genes may be transferred by
transformation, transduction, or conjugation.
Virulence factor genes tend to congregate on
bacterial chromosomes in regions known as
Pathogenicity Islands.
New bacterial pathogens can emerge via the
uptake of entire pathogenicity islands transferred
intact from unrelated bacteria.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
24. Transfer Protection: R-M
Systems
Not all incoming DNA is necessarily good for the
receiving bacterium (i.e., DNA can be parasitic).
Bacteria employ Restriction Enzymes to protect
themselves from the foreign DNA.
Restriction enzymes recognize specific,
palindromic (same spelling backward and
forward) DNA sequences of 4 to 8 base pairs in
length that are known as Recognition
Sequences.
Bacteria also employ Modification Enzymes that
modify DNA to protect it from Restriction
Enzymes.
Together these are called RestrictionModification Systems.
Restriction enzymes are crucial components of
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genetic engineering.