Genetics b
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The document discusses several topics related to DNA and genetics including: - DNA was established as the genetic material through Griffith's experiments showing transfer of virulence in pneumococcus bacteria (transformation). - The genetic code corresponds to DNA base sequences specifying amino acid sequences in polypeptides. Codons and the wobble property are discussed. - Mutations can be spontaneous or induced by mutagens and cause changes in biochemistry and phenotypes of cells. Different types of mutations like point mutations and frameshifts are described. - Methods for selecting, detecting, and isolating mutants in microbial genetics experiments are outlined. - Bacterial plasmids, conjugation, curing of plasmids, and antibiotic resistance factors are
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Bacterial genetics
This document discusses genetic recombination in bacteria through natural mechanisms such as transformation, transduction, and conjugation. It also discusses plasmids and transposons, which are extra-chromosomal genetic elements that can transfer antibiotic resistance or virulence genes between bacteria. Plasmids are circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently and be transferred between bacteria. Transposons are segments of DNA that can move within chromosomes or between plasmids and chromosomes.
Plasmids & Nucleoid
Joshua Lederberg was an American molecular biologist who first introduced the term "plasmid" in 1952 and won the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology at age 33 for his work in genetics. Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that naturally exist in bacterial cells and some eukaryotes. They often carry genes that provide advantages to bacteria like antibiotic resistance. Plasmids are useful in research because they are easy to isolate, manipulate, and replicate in bacteria. The nucleoid refers to the region in a prokaryotic cell that contains its chromosomal DNA and is more compact than the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
3 heredity and variation of bacteria
Bacterial heredity and variation can occur through several mechanisms. Genetic variation arises from mutations in bacterial chromosomes and genetic elements like plasmids, bacteriophages, and transposable elements. Gene transfer and recombination can also introduce variation as bacteria can undergo transformation, conjugation, and transduction to exchange genetic material. This allows bacteria to evolve new traits like antibiotic resistance or changes in virulence over multiple generations.
Bacterial geneticsfull ppt
This document provides an overview of bacterial genetics principles including:
- Bacterial DNA is located in the nucleoid and can be found in the chromosome or extrachromosomal plasmids.
- DNA replication and transcription/translation processes allow for heredity and variation in bacteria.
- Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms like transformation, transduction, conjugation, and transposition allow bacteria to acquire new genes.
- Plasmids, insertion sequences, and composite transposons are genetic elements that can move DNA within and between bacteria.
- Genetic engineering techniques like recombinant DNA technology are used to artificially modify bacterial genomes.
DESIGN OF PLASMID VECTOR & PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC VECTORS
Plasmid vectors are circular, self-replicating DNA molecules that are commonly used to clone DNA fragments in bacteria. The document discusses the key features of plasmid vectors including their origin of replication, selectable marker genes, and cloning sites. It also describes different types of plasmids such as F-plasmids, R-plasmids, and Ti-plasmids. Common plasmid vectors used in genetic engineering like pUC19, pBR322, and Ti-plasmids are also outlined. Finally, the applications of plasmids in genetic engineering for cloning genes and mass producing proteins are briefly mentioned.
PLASMID AND ITS IMPORTANCE mod.pptx
Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA elements found in bacteria that can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. They play an important role in horizontal gene transfer between bacteria by allowing bacterial populations to acquire beneficial traits. Plasmids are also useful genetic engineering tools as they can be used to clone DNA fragments and produce recombinant proteins. Plasmid DNA vaccines utilize purified plasmid vectors encoding antigen genes to induce immune responses against the encoded antigen.
Lec13. plasmid and episom
Genetic engineering uses enzymes to cut and join DNA strands, allowing scientists to insert specific genes from one organism into another. Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that naturally occur in bacteria and can contain genes. Plasmids can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome and can carry genes that provide bacteria with useful traits like antibiotic resistance. Scientists use plasmids to move genes between organisms by inserting the gene of interest into a plasmid and introducing this into the host organism.
Microbial genetics mutation
This document discusses several genetic elements and processes in bacteria, including:
1) Genetic elements like plasmids that can carry antibiotic resistance or aid in catabolism.
2) Mechanisms of genetic variation like mutation, transduction via bacteriophage, and recombination through conjugation.
3) Details are provided on specific types of mutations like base substitutions and frameshifts, as well as methods of selection.
PROF. N.B. BANARASE
Genetic recombination is the process by which bacteria exchange genetic material. It occurs through transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Transformation involves the uptake of naked DNA by bacteria. Transduction involves the transfer of DNA between bacteria by bacteriophages. Conjugation involves the transfer of DNA through direct contact between "male" and "female" bacteria through plasmids. These processes increase genetic diversity and allow for the spread of traits like antibiotic resistance.
Plasmid
On the basis of need of specific content of any topic, i prepared a slides of plasmid for needy students. I'm also a student that's why i know how useful a proper presentation for us.
In this presentation, i try to cover some basic knowledge regarding to plasmid. If you like this ppt than please let me know, it gives me a motivation. If you need other topics ppt then write a topic name on comment section. THANK YOU
Molecular study of Bacteria in relation to heredity and variation
The document discusses heredity and variation in bacteria through molecular studies. It covers various genetic elements in bacteria like the chromosome, plasmids, bacteriophages, and transposable elements. It also describes different types of mutations that cause genetic variation, and mechanisms of gene transfer between bacteria like transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Fluctuation tests demonstrated that variation in bacteria is due to pre-existing mutations rather than environmental changes.
Similar to Genetics b (20)
DESIGN OF PLASMID VECTOR & PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC VECTORS
DESIGN OF PLASMID VECTOR & PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC VECTORS
Molecular study of Bacteria in relation to heredity and variation
Molecular study of Bacteria in relation to heredity and variation
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Introduction structure
This document provides an overview of microbiology concepts including:
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Growth a
The document discusses microbial growth and factors that influence bacterial growth rates. It describes the bacterial growth curve, which consists of lag, exponential, stationary and death phases. The exponential phase is characterized by continuous cell division at maximum rates. Temperature, pH, oxygen levels and water activity are some of the key physical and chemical factors that affect microbial growth rates.
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The document discusses various methods for controlling microorganisms, including physical methods like heat, filtration, and radiation, as well as chemical agents. It provides definitions for key terms like sterilization, disinfection, and sanitization. For physical heat methods, it describes moist heat sterilization techniques like boiling, autoclaving, pasteurization, and ultrahigh-temperature processing. It also covers factors that influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents and calculations using D-values and z-values to determine sterilization times.
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Nutrition
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- 1. DNA as the Genetic Material The early work of Fred Griffith in 1928 on the transfer of virulence in the pathogen S. pneumoniae set the stage for DNA research.
- 56. Transformation
- 68. Hfr Conjugation
- 101. Altered Porin
- 103. Pumps