Cloning(human cloning) sreenivas.m final pptSreenivas vasu
cloning types in detail .... easy ppt for seminars....................................................................................................................................................................................
Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical individuals of an organism either naturally or artificially.
It is the process of taking genetic information from one living thing and creating identical copies of it. The copied material is called a clone.
Nature has been doing it for millions of years. For example, identical twins have almost identical DNA, and asexual reproduction in some plants and organisms can produce genetically identical offspring.
Cloning in biotechnology refers to the process of creating clones of organisms or copies of cells or DNA fragments (molecular cloning).
Cloning(human cloning) sreenivas.m final pptSreenivas vasu
cloning types in detail .... easy ppt for seminars....................................................................................................................................................................................
Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical individuals of an organism either naturally or artificially.
It is the process of taking genetic information from one living thing and creating identical copies of it. The copied material is called a clone.
Nature has been doing it for millions of years. For example, identical twins have almost identical DNA, and asexual reproduction in some plants and organisms can produce genetically identical offspring.
Cloning in biotechnology refers to the process of creating clones of organisms or copies of cells or DNA fragments (molecular cloning).
Cloning, types and challenges
What types of cloning have been successful?
What are the Three Types of Cloning?
Human Cloning: The Good and The Bad
Ethical Issues regarding Human Reproductive Cloning
Challenges
Global and Religious Views
Final Thought
This presentation contains various details from history of cloning to what one should expect in the future from cloning and also different cloning methods
Is Human Reproductive Cloning Morally Permissible?Gwynne Brunet
The subject of human reproductive cloning is a complicated one which contains many issues that need to be understood, and considered; before a course of action can be taken. In regards to cloning, any decision that will be agreed upon, in our distant future, will not be simply black and white, but instead it will be a colorful array of restrictions, rules, laws, supervision, and ethical standards. In this paper, I will evaluate the facts, and determine, through moral reasoning, whether human reproductive cloning is morally permissible.
Stem cells are the master builder cells
of the body.
There are two basic categories of stem
cells, embryonic and adult.
Stem cell research is the effort to give
nature a boost by harnessing the
regenerative power of stem cells and
getting them to treat a broader range of
conditions.
To Clone or not to Clone The Ethical Question Joseph Farnsw.docxturveycharlyn
To Clone or not to Clone: The Ethical Question
Joseph Farnsworth
A couple that had been married for only two years was in a terrible car accident. The
wife walked away with a few cuts and bruises. The husband, however was unconscious
when the paramedics arrived. He went into a coma shortly after arriving at the nearby
hospital. He came out of the coma but was never to be the same again. It turns out that
when he was in the accident he had severe head trauma, and would be a vegetable the rest
of his life. He could not take part in the reproduction of children. The wife is now
distraught because they will never have children together. She heard about the possibility
of cloning and believes that it is the only way that she will ever have children. Is it so?
Introduction
The ethics of human cloning has become a great issue in the past few years. The
advocates for both sides of the issue have many reasons to clone or not to clone. This is
an attempt to explore the pros and cons of human cloning and to provide enough
information of both sides of the arguments in order for the reader to make their own
informed decision on whether human cloning is ethical or not. Cloning will first be
defined. Then a brief explanation of why questions concerning cloning humans have
arisen will be presented. Some things cannot be known for sure unless it is tested, i.e.,
human cloning is allowed. Followed by that, a discussion of the facts and opinions that
support cloning will be presented and then the same against cloning. Please remember
that not all of this has proven true nor is able to be proven yet, but has simply been
argued as a scientific hypothesis. Finally, my own personal opinion will be stated.
Defining Human Cloning
When speaking of human cloning, what is meant? Different groups and organizations
define it differently. To use a specific definition, the American Medical Association
(AMA) defined cloning as “the production of genetically identical organisms via somatic
cell nuclear transfer. „Somatic cell nuclear transfer‟ refers to the process which the
nucleus of a somatic cell of an existing organism is transferred into an oocyte from which
the nucleus has been removed” (Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs 1). In other
words, cloning is the method of produce a baby that has the same genes as its parent.
You take an egg and remove its nucleus, which contains the DNA/genes. Then you take
the DNA from an adult cell and insert it into the egg, either by fusing the adult cell with
the enucleated egg, or by a sophisticated nuclear transfer. You then stimulate the
reconstructed egg electrically or chemically and try to make it start to divide and become
an embryo. You then use the same process to implant the egg into a surrogate mother
that you would use with artificial insemination. (Eibert)
However, many groups have used a broader definition of cloni ...
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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3. • Cloning describes a number of different
processes that can be used to produce
genetically identical copies of a biological
entity.
• Clones are organisms that are exact
genetic copies. Every single bit of their
DNA is identical.
• Human Identical Twins are clones of each
other.
4. • Collectively refers to processes used to
create copies of DNA fragments.
• Animal cloning has been the su-bject of
scientific experiments for years, but
garnered little attention until the birth of
the first cloned mammal in 1996, a sheep
named Dolly.
5. • Since Dolly, several scientists have cloned other
animals, including cows and mice.
• No human cloning attempts have been made
because there have been many disadvantages
that involve the cloning of both humans and
animals.
11. • Natural Cloning
• In nature, twins form very early in development
when the embryo splits in two. Twinning
happens in the first days after egg and sperm
join, while the embryo is made of just a small
number of unspecialized cells. Each half of the
embryo continues dividing on its own, ultimately
developing into separate, complete individuals.
Since they developed from the same fertilized
egg, the resulting individuals are genetically
identical.
12. • Artificial Embryo Twinning
• Artificial embryo twinning is a relatively low-tech way to
make clones. As the name suggests, this technique mimics
the natural process that creates identical twins.
• Artificial embryo twinning uses the same approach, but
it is carried out in a Petri dish instead of inside the
mother. A very early embryo is separated into individual
cells, which are allowed to divide and develop for a short
time in the Petri dish. The embryos are then placed into a
surrogate mother, where they finish developing. Again,
since all the embryos came from the same fertilized egg,
they are genetically identical.
15. • Reproductive cloning
• Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
• Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), also
called nuclear transfer, uses a different
approach than artificial embryo twinning, but
it produces the same result: an exact genetic
copy, or clone, of an individual. This was the
method used to create Dolly the Sheep.
16. • What does SCNT mean? Let's take it apart
• Somatic cell
• A somatic cell is any cell in the body other
than sperm and egg, the two types of
reproductive cells. Reproductive cells are also
called germ cells. In mammals, every somatic
cell has two complete sets of chromosomes,
whereas the germ cells have only one
complete set.
17. • Nuclear:
• The nucleus is a compartment that holds the cell's DNA.
The DNA is divided into packages called chromosomes,
and it contains all the information needed to form an
organism. It's small differences in our DNA that make each
of us unique.
• Transfer:
• Isolate a somatic cell from an adult female Next they
remove the nucleus and all of its DNA from an egg cell.
Then we transfer the nucleus from the somatic cell to
the egg cell. After a couple of chemical tweaks, the egg
cell, with its new nucleus, will behave just like a freshly
fertilized egg. It is developed into an embryo, which was
implanted into a surrogate mother and carried to term.
18. • THERAPUETIC CLONING
• you may have heard about researchers cloning, or
identifying, genes that are responsible for various
medical conditions or traits. What's the difference?
• When scientists clone an organism, they are
making an exact genetic copy of the whole
organism.
• When scientists clone a gene, they isolate and
make exact copies of just one of an organism's
genes. Cloning a gene usually involves copying the
DNA sequence of that gene into a smaller, more
easily manipulated piece of DNA, such as a
plasmid. This process makes it easier to study the
function of the individual gene in the laboratory.
19.
20. • There will be an endless supply of animals
to clone, and we will never run out of food
from animals.
• The animal in which we intend to clone
will result perfectly the same as the
animal which has been cloned in every
way, the eyes, the nose, the ears, the
face, everything provided the environment
is same.
21. • Chance of curing certain diseases and
being able to breed ideal stock for
research and consumption.
• Cloning a extinct species to bring them
back, to clone organs to repair damaged
organs in people, and variety of other
medical advancements
23. • Disadvantages of cloning is the cost,
the technology being used for less
than honorable ways, and the
controversy that surrounds cloning.
• Losing gene diversity is another of
the disadvantages of cloning.
DISADVANTAGES OF CLONING
24. • Another of the disadvantages of cloning is
that there are a lot of ethical
considerations that would cause most
people to protest. One of these ethical
concerns is that cloning is unnatural, and
considered “playing GOD.”
• Because of the risk taking involved in
cloning, it is a technology that many
experts say may be better left alone, at
least until it is better understood.
DISADVANTAGES OF CLONING
25.
26. • United Kingdom:
• On January 14, 2001 the British
government passed The Human
Fertilisation and Embryology (Research
Purposes)
• Regulations 2001 to amend the Human
Fertilisation and Embryology Act by
permitting to research around
• stem cells and cell nuclear
replacment,thus allowing therapeutic
cloning.
LEGAL ISSUES
27. • United Nations:
• On December 13, 2001, the United Nations General
Assembly began elaborating an international
convention against the reproductive cloning of
humans,A broad coalition of States, including
Spain, Italy, the Philippines, the United States,
Costa Rica and the Holy See sought to extend the
debate to ban all forms of human cloning, noting
that, in their view, therapeutic human cloning
violates human dignity.
• In March 2005 a non-binding United Nations
Declaration on Human Cloning, calling for the ban
of all forms of Human Cloning contrary to human
dignity, was adopted.
LEGAL ISSUES
28. • United States
• In 1998, 2001, 2004 and 2007, the United States
House of Representatives voted whether to ban all
human cloning, both reproductive and therapeutic.
• On March 10, 2010 a bill was introduced with a
section banning federal funding for human cloning.
• Such a law, if passed would not prevent research
from occurring in private institutions (such as
universities) that have both private and federal
funding.
• There are currently no federal laws in the United
States which ban cloning completely, and any such
laws would raise difficult Constitutional questions
similar to the issues raised by abortion.
LEGAL ISSUES
29. • INDIA
• The Department of Biotechnology of the
Ministry of Science and Technology has
adopted ethical policies on the human
genome,
• which have laid down inter alia India’s
position on cloning. The text, “Ethical Policies
on the Human Genome,
• Genetic Research and Services,” states that,
“as a principle, human cloning shall not be
permitted.”
LEGAL ISSUES
31. • Lenon’s Tooth:
• Here is a story for your "truth is stranger than fiction"
files: a Canadian dentist paid approximately $31,000 in
2011 for a tooth extracted from the late John Lennon.
Dr. Michael Zuk recently announced that he has sent
the tooth to a U.S. laboratory in hopes of having DNA
extracted and sequenced. His ultimate goal is to have
John Lennon cloned. Dr.Zuk has outlined his plans on
a website.
• It is unclear whether any DNA that is of sufficient
quality for sequencing remains in the tooth. The tooth
was rotten when it was removed in the 1960s. Lennon
gave the tooth to his housekeeper at the time, and her
son eventually put it up for auction.
• The media has covered the story as an amusing piece of
news. However, the articles have failed to cover the
two main ethical issues raised by the story. Firstly, is
John Lennon's privacy (and the privacy of his
descendants), violated by the DNA sequencing effort?
• The first ethical reason would be that John Lennon's
two sons share his genetic information and would
potentially be affected if the sequence is ever released
publically.
CASE STUDIES 1
32. • Lenon’s Tooth
• The second ethical concern raised by Dr.Zuk's efforts is whether
human cloning is acceptable. Based on his statements, Dr.Zuk
has undertaken this project in hopes of "bringing back" a musical
legend that died tragically before his time. To be clear, if John
Lennon were successfully cloned, the new John Lennon would
NOT be the same man we are all familiar with. The clone would
share DNA with the original but would not share any of the life
experiences that shaped his persona. Many human traits, both
physical and behavioral, are influenced to varying degrees by
the environment. As a comparison, identical twins are genetic
clones but typically differ in appearance, behavior, and the
diseases that affect them. This is particularly apparent in older
twins after years of different environmental influences.
• You may be surprised that the U.S. does NOT have any federal
laws banning human cloning!! YAY! We might just have another
John-the-legend-wait-for-it-dary-lenon ;) :D
CASE STUDIES 1
33. • DOLLY THE SHEEP
• Dolly the sheep, as the first mammal to be cloned from an adult
cell, is by far the world's most famous cloneIn 1996, cloning was
revolutionized when Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the
Roslin- Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland.
• To produce Dolly, scientists used an mammary gland cell from a
six-year-old Finn Dorset white sheep. They had to find a way to
'reprogram' the mammary cells - to keep them alive but stop
them growing – which they achieved by altering the growth
medium (the ‘soup’ in which the cells were kept alive). Then
they injected the cell into an unfertilised egg cell which had
had its nucleus removed, and made the cells fuse by using
electrical pulses. The unfertilised egg cell came from a Scottish
Blackface ewe. When the research team had managed to fuse
the nucleus from the adult white sheep cell with the egg cell
from the black-faced sheep, they needed to make sure that the
resulting cell would develop into an embryo. They cultured it
for six or seven days to see if it divided and developed
normally, before implanting it into a surrogate mother, another
Scottish Blackface ewe. Dolly had a white face.
CASE STUDIES 2
34. • DOLLY THE SHEEP
• From 277 cell fusions, 29 early embryos developed and were
implanted into 13 surrogate mothers. But only one pregnancy
went to full term, and the 6.6 kg Finn Dorset lamb 6LLS (alias
Dolly) was born after 148 days.
CASE STUDIES 2
35. • What happened to Dolly?
• Dolly lived a pampered existence at the Roslin Institute. She
mated and produced normal offspring in the normal way,
showing that such cloned animals can reproduce. Born on 5 July
1996, she was euthanased on 14 February 2003, aged six and a
half. Sheep can live to age 11 or 12, but Dolly suffered
from arthritis in a hind leg joint and from sheep pulmonary
adenomatosis, a virus-induced lung tumour that is common
among sheep which are raised indoors.
• The DNA in the nucleus is wrapped up into chromosomes, which
shorten each time the cell replicates. This meant that Dolly’s
chromosomes were a little shorter than those of other sheep her
age and her early ageing may reflect that she was raised from
the nucleus of a 6-year old sheep. Dolly was also not entirely
identical to her genetic mother because the mitochondria, were
inherited from Dolly’s egg donor mother.
CASE STUDIES 2
36. • Why clone sheep?
• Dolly the sheep was produced at the Roslin Institute
as part of research into producing medicines in the
milk of farm animals. Researchers have managed to
transfer human genes that produce useful proteins
into sheep and cows, so that they can produce, for
instance, the blood clotting agent factor IX to treat
haemophilia or alpha-1-antitrypsin to treat cystic
fibrosis and other lung conditions.
CASE STUDIES 2
37. • Since Dolly
• Since 1996, when Dolly was born, other sheep have been
cloned from adult cells, as have cats, rabbits, horses and
donkeys, pigs, goats and cattle. In 2004 a mouse was
cloned using a nucleus from an olfactory neuron, showing
that the donor nucleus can come from a tissue of the body
that does not normally divide.
• Improvements in the technique have meant that the
cloning of animals is becoming cheaper and more reliable.
• The advances made through cloning animals have led to a
potential new therapy to prevent mitochondrial diseases
in humans being passed from mother to child. About 1 in
6000 people is born with faulty mitochondria, which can
result in diseases like muscular dystrophy. To prevent
this, genetic material from the embryo is extracted and
placed in an egg cell donated by another woman, which
contains functioning mitochondria. This is the same
process as used in cloning of embryonic cells of animals.
CASE STUDIES 2
38. • JUST IMAGINE !!
• Human cloning technology could be used to reverse heart attacks.
Scientists believe that they may be able to treat heart attack
victims by cloning their healthy heart cells and injecting them
into the areas of the heart that have been damaged.
• Infertility - infertile couples can have children
• Down's syndrome - those women at high risk for Down's syndrome
can avoid that risk by cloning
• Leukemia - we should be able to clone the bone marrow for
children and adults suffering from leukemia. This is expected to
be one of the first benefits to come from cloning technology.
• Cancer - we may learn how to switch cells on and off through
cloning and thus be able to cure cancer
Potential Benefits of Human Cloning
39. • Do you approve of human cloning ?
• Do you approve cloning of other animals ?
• Do you think it’s right to harvest organs and
tissue from clones ?
• If you had the option,would you want to clone
yourself ? Why ?
• Do you think the benefits outweigh the risks
with cloning humans ?