This document provides an overview of major bacterial pathogens, summarizing their characteristics, modes of transmission, associated diseases, diagnosis, prevention and treatment options. It covers a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bordetella pertussis and others. For each pathogen, it highlights the bacteria's normal habitat, pathogenic effects, mechanisms of infection and important clinical details.
Medical microbiology is the study of causative agents of infectious diseases of humans and their reactions to such infections. In other words it deals with etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, specific treatment and control of infection (immunization).
Medical microbiology is the study of causative agents of infectious diseases of humans and their reactions to such infections. In other words it deals with etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, specific treatment and control of infection (immunization).
Microbiology essentially began with the development of the microscope. Although others may have seen microbes before him, it was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch draper whose hobby was lens grinding and making microscopes, who was the first to provide proper documentation of his observations.
Identification and Detection of Microorganism esraa alaa
Molecular detection of pathogens (molecular microbiology)
is a new, dynamic and progressive spinoff of classic microbiology. It plays an important role in those clinical situations when standard microbiology (relying on the successful cultivation of potential pathogens) produces suboptimal results or completely fails.
OR
Modern approach for identification and quantification of microorganisms (pathogens) in the diagnostics of infections or foodborne illness using molecular microbiology. Broadest range of available tests and tailor-made packages.
Microbiology essentially began with the development of the microscope. Although others may have seen microbes before him, it was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch draper whose hobby was lens grinding and making microscopes, who was the first to provide proper documentation of his observations.
Identification and Detection of Microorganism esraa alaa
Molecular detection of pathogens (molecular microbiology)
is a new, dynamic and progressive spinoff of classic microbiology. It plays an important role in those clinical situations when standard microbiology (relying on the successful cultivation of potential pathogens) produces suboptimal results or completely fails.
OR
Modern approach for identification and quantification of microorganisms (pathogens) in the diagnostics of infections or foodborne illness using molecular microbiology. Broadest range of available tests and tailor-made packages.
Diagnosis and Management of Acute Community Acquired Pneumonia - Professor Iv...WAidid
How do we diagnose acute CAP? What are the ways to treat patients with CAP? Professor Ivan Hung (Hong Kong) presents his answers in his 2015 Pneumonia Lectures.
Learn more on www.waidid.org
Capstone Senior Design - Rapid Detection of Foodborne Pathogens in PoultryKeshav Swarup
Georgia Tech MSE Capstone Engineering Design Course Project: Conceptualized a rapid, accurate foodborne pathogen detection system for the poultry industry
· Gained insight into engineering design process: key steps from concept to market
· Provided a solution to supplement FDA/FSIS standards based on food safety industry needs
· Applied Quality Function Deployment to optimize design parameters and satisfy customer needs
· Incorporated Design for X (Manufacturing, Sustainability and Affordability) principles
Presentation from the ECDC expert consultation on Whole Genome Sequencing organised by the European Centre of Disease Prevention and Control - Stockholm, 19 November 2015
To know what is Microbiology.
How much important of microbiology knowledge in our life.
Why need to know about Microbiology .
What type of diseases can occur in our body.
What is the role of Pharmaceutical Microbiology.
How can we prevent from the diseases.
Most medically important family of non–spore-forming gram-negative rods.
Most species are normal flora of the GI tract. Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia are not normal GI flora.
Major cause of nosocomial infections
Diseases include UTIs, gastroenteritis, septicemia, food poisoning, wound infections, peritonitis, pneumonia, and meningitis
The family exhibits four serological characteristics:
O (somatic) antigen-A cell wall antigen-LPS (heat stable), Used for serological grouping of Salmonella & Shigella.
K (envelope) antigen-Capsular antigen (heat labile)
H (flagellar) antigen-Flagellar antigen-protein (heat labile), Used to serotype Salmonella.
Vi antigen-Capsular antigen of Salmonella Typhi-polysaccharide (heat labile), Role in preventing phagocytosis, may mask O Ag, removed by heating.
Enterobacteriaceae are facultative anaerobes, ferment glucose. Positive nitrate and catalase, non-hemolytic. Except for Plesiomonas, they are oxidase negative.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
13. Scarlet Fever Rash caused by
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus epidemitis: normal flora (non pathogenic) on the
body that is opportunistic, can cause UTI’s.
14. Necrotizing Fasciitis due to
Streptococcus pyogenes
http://emedical-help.com/necrotizing-fasciitis-flesh-eating-disease/
Puerperal Sepsis: “Child Fever”
15. Diagnosis, Prevention, Treatment
Culture swabs from lesions
Beta-hemolytic on Blood Agar plates
Antibody titer
Proper hygiene during wound care
Prolonged treatment with penicillin (Rheumatic
fever patients)
Penicillin
Debridement of infected tissues
17. Streptococcus agalactiae/dysgalactiae (Group B)
Neonatal meningitis and sepsis
MOT and Pathology
Normal vaginal flora: Can colonize genital tract and cause
neonatal meningitis and sepsis
Prevention
Prophylactic Ampicillin (mother)
And Treatment
Penicillin (newborn)
18. Streptococcus mutans = facultative anaerobe
Dental caries (cavities)
• Metabolizes sugars to lactic acid decays enamel
• Excretes a sticky polysaccharide for adhesion to
surfaces and each other plaque
• Biofilm protects from extreme and changing
environment of the mouth
• Biofilm plaque best removed mechanically (floss)
• Oral Hygiene is important
• Treatment: Fill cavities
38. Enterobacteriaceae
• Large family of gram-negative rods
• Found primarily in colon
• Common features
• Facultative anaerobe, non-spore forming
39. Escherichia coli
• MOT & Pathology
• Normal Flora of human colon
• UTI (most common cause)
• Fecal-oral
• O157:H7 toxin: hemolytic-uremic syndrome
• Treatment
• Quinolones
• Self limiting
• Prevention
• Remove urinary catheters, ♀ wipe front to back,
water and food handling, handwashing
40. Salmonella enteritidis
• MOT & Pathology
• Fecal-oral (human and animal)
• Eggs and poultry
• Reptiles
• Treatment
• Self-limiting
• Rehydration therapy
• Prevention
• Public health
• Personal hygiene
41. Salmonella typhi
• MOT & Pathology
• Fecal-oral (human only)
• Typhoid fever
• Treatment
• Ciprofloxacin
• Prevention
• Personal hygiene
• Vaccine available (for travelers only)
42. Shigella dysenteriae
• MOT & Pathology
• Fecal-oral (human only)
• ID50 =10
• The four Fs: fingers, flies, food, and feces
• Treatment
• Rehydration/Ciprofloxacin
• Prevention
• Public health
• Personal hygiene
43. Campylobacter jejuni
• MOT & Pathology
• Fecal-oral (human and animal)
• Food or water contamination
• Treatment
• Ciprofloxacin
• Prevention
• Public health
• Personal hygiene
44. pH – Neutrophiles
& Acidophiles
As with temperature, bacteria have minimum, optimum and
maximum pH ranges.
Neutrophiles
• Protozoans and most bacteria have an optimum pH range of
6.5 to 7.5.
• pH range of human organs and tissues.
Acidophiles
• Most fungi & some bacteria grow best in acid niches.
• Example: Chemoautotrophic bacteria that live in mines and
in water that runs off from waste rock around mines.
• Obligate acidophiles have to live in an acidic environment.
• Acid-tolerant Microbes will survive in an acid environment, but
do not prefer that.
Images: HelicobacterPylori : Electron micrograph of H. pylori possessing multiple flagella.
Yutaka Tsutsumi, M.D. Professor Department of Pathology Fujita Health University School of
Medicine
Helicobacter
pylori
• Gram-negative, microaerophilic, and
acidophilic bacterium.
• Infects various areas of the stomach and
duodenum.
• Many cases of peptic ulcers, gastritis,
duodenitis, and perhaps some cancers are
caused by H. pylori infections.
• However, many who are infected do not
show any symptoms.
• Helicobacter spp. only known
microorganisms to thrive in highly acidic
environment of stomach.
45. Helicobacter pylori
• MOT and Pathology
– Ingestion, produce
ammonia
– Gastric ulcer
– Carcinoma
• Treatment
– Antibiotics
• Prevention
– None
46. pH : Cholera (Alkalinophiles)
Alkilinophiles
• Can live in water as well as soil with pH’s around
11.5 (14 is max alkilinity)!
• Example: Vibrio cholera (Cholera) will grow
outside the body at a pH of 9.0.
• Infectious gastroenteritis caused by the bacterium
Vibrio cholerae.
• Transmission occurs through ingesting contaminated
water or food.
• Major reservoir for cholera long assumed to be
humans, but considerable evidence exists that aquatic
environments can serve as reservoirs of the bacteria.
• Gram-negative bacterium that produces cholera
Alkilinophiles
• Action on mucosal epithelium lining of the small
intestine responsible for the characteristic massive
diarrhea.
• One of the most rapidly fatal illnesses known.
Progresses from first liquid stool to shock in 4 to 12
hours, with death quickly following without rehydration
treatment.
47. Vibrio cholerae
• MOT and Pathology
– Fecal-oral
– Contaminated H2O
– Enterotoxin
– Watery stools
• Treatment
– Rehydration therapy
• Prevention
– Public health
– Personal hygiene
48. Vibrio parahemolyticus
• MOT and Pathology
– Lives in warm seawater
– Ingestion of raw/undercooked seafood
• Treatment
– Self limiting (three days)
• Prevention
– Proper refrigeration and cooking of seafood
49. Nosocomial Gram-negative Bacilli
Klebsiella pneumoniae: Pneumonia and UTI
Proteus vulgaris: UTI especially hospital acquired
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Burn sepsis and UTI and
more
Serratia marcescens: Burn sepsis
50. Klebsiella pneumoniae
• MOT & Pathology
– Respiratory tract and intestinal tract
– Droplet
– Catheter
• Treatment
– Antibiotics
• Prevention
– Prompt removal of urinary catheter
51. Proteus vulgaris
• MOT & Pathology
– Human colon
– Soil and H2O
– Highly motile, colonizes urethra, leads to
ascending infection
• Treatment/Prevention
– Antibiotics
– Prompt removal of catheters
60. Yersinia pestis
• Plague (black death)
• Killed one quarter of the population of Europe
in the middle ages
• Fleas transmit
• Bubos: inflammed
lymphnodes
• Droplet = pneumonic plague
61. Lyme disease
Causative agent:
Borrelia burgdorferi
• Reservoir: Deer
• Vector: Ticks
• First symptom:
Bull's-eye rash
• Second phase:
Irregular heartbeat,
encephalitis
• Third phase: Arthritis
62.
63. Obligate Intracellular Parasites
• Chlamydia trachomatis: NGU, pelvic
inflammatory disease (PID), eye infection
• Rickettsia rickettsii: Rocky mountain spotted
fever (RMSF)
• Rickettsia prowazeki: Typhus
• Lack ability to produce enough ATP to grow
independently
64. Chlamydia trachomatis
• Most common bacterial STI in USA
• Eye infection, fomites, birth canal
• PID
• Infertility
• Erythromycin
71. Mycobacterium leprae
• Leprosy
• Direct contact
• Nasal or skin secretions
• Replicates in skin
• Anesthesia, bone re-absorption
• Loss of digits or tip of nose
• Antibiotics
• Isolation of patients
72. Mycoplasma
• Smallest bacteria
• Lack cell wall
• Fluorescent stains to visualize
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae: walking pneumonia
– Droplet infection
– Common on campuses
– May be self-limiting or require antibiotics
73. Question
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus can be easily
differentiated in a lab by which of the following?
a) Cell shape
b) Gram stain reaction
c) Growth in high salt concentration
d) Ability to cause disease
e) Glucose fermentation