The document provides information about Science Prof Online (SPO), a free science education website that offers various educational resources like virtual classrooms, PowerPoints, articles and images. It details the types of materials available on SPO like practice questions, lecture slides, video tutorials and more. The document also provides guidance on how to access and use the PowerPoint slides available on SPO, such as downloading editable or non-editable versions. It concludes by crediting the chief creators of SPO and their contact information.
Origin of Word ‘Protein’, Bonds responsible for protein structure, DIFFERENT STRUCTURE OF A PROTEIN, SECONDARY STRUCTURE OF A PROTEIN, TERTIARY STRUCTURE OF A PROTEIN, PROPERTIES OF PROTEINS, Classification of proteins, Nutritional classification of protein, Function of proteins, CLINICAL ASPECT
Origin of Word ‘Protein’, Bonds responsible for protein structure, DIFFERENT STRUCTURE OF A PROTEIN, SECONDARY STRUCTURE OF A PROTEIN, TERTIARY STRUCTURE OF A PROTEIN, PROPERTIES OF PROTEINS, Classification of proteins, Nutritional classification of protein, Function of proteins, CLINICAL ASPECT
Basics of BioSafety
This lesson will define and present information on
methods used to provide biosafety in facilities
where potentially infectious agents are used.
These include:
Containment
Biological safety cabinets
Personal protection equipment
The facility as barrier
Secondary barriers
A bioreactor is an installation for the production of microorganisms outside their natural but inside an artificial environment. The prefix “photo” particularly describes the bio-reactor's property to cultivate phototrophic microorganisms, or organisms which grow on by utilizing light energy.
These organisms use the process of photosynthesis to build their own biomass from light and carbon dioxide. Members of this group are Plants, Mosses, Microalgae, Cyanobacteria and Purple Bacteria.
Photobioreactor or PBR, is the controlled supply of specific environmental conditions for respective species.
Photobioreactor allows much higher growth rates and purity levels than anywhere in natural or habitats similar to nature.
The function of the bioreactor is to provide a suitable environment in
which an organism can efficiently produce a target product—the target product might be.
Cell biomass
Metabolite
Bioconversion Product
The performance of any bioreactor depends on the following key factors:
Agitation rate
Oxygen transfer
pH
Temperature
There is no universal bioreactor.
The general requirements of the bioreactor are as follows:
The design and construction of bioreactors must keep sterility from the start point to end of the process.
Optimal mixing with low, uniform shear.
Adequate mass transfer, oxygen.
Clearly defined flow conditions.
Feeding substrate with prevention of under or overdosing.
Suspension of solids.
Gentle heat transfer.
Compliance with design requirements such as: ability to be sterilized; simple construction; simple measuring, control, regulating techniques; scale-up; flexibility; long term stability; compatibility with up- downstream processes; antifoaming measures.
This presentation is made for the students of B.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology. The presentation includes the details about archaea and the characteristics of archaea bacteria
Here is brief ppt on industrial production of amino acids - glutamine, lysine, tryptophan.
Please share your feedback and queries. Constructive criticism is appreciated.
Thank you
Scope of Industrial Microbiology and BiotechnologyDr. Pavan Kundur
Industrial microbiology defined as the study of the large-scale and profit motivated production of microorganisms or their products for direct use, or as inputs in the manufacture of other goods.
Application of Biological Assemblies in Nano BiotechnologyZohaib HUSSAIN
What are biological assemblies?
The biological assembly (also sometimes referred to as the biological unit) is the macromolecular assembly that has either been shown to be or is believed to be the functional form of the molecule. For example, the functional form of hemoglobin has four chains. Depending on the particular crystal structure, symmetry operations consisting of rotations, translations or their combinations may need to be performed in order to obtain the complete biological assembly.
Thus, a biological assembly may be built from:
• One copy of the asymmetric unit
• Multiple copies of the asymmetric unit
• A portion of the asymmetric unit
Describes the structural organisation of proteins with example and its determination, interrelationship b/w structure and function of proteins, also biologically important peptides is covered.
by Dr. N. Sivaranjani, MD
Amino acids are biologically important organic compounds composed of amine (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, though other elements are found in the side-chains of certain amino acids. About 500 amino acids are known and can be classified in many ways. They can be classified according to the core structural functional groups' locations as alpha- (α-), beta- (β-), gamma- (γ-) or delta- (δ-) amino acids; other categories relate to polarity, pH level, and side-chain group type (aliphatic, acyclic, aromatic, containing hydroxyl or sulfur, etc.). In the form of proteins, amino acids comprise the second-largest component (water is the largest) of human muscles, cells and other tissues.Outside proteins, amino acids perform critical roles in processes such as neurotransmitter transport and biosynthesis.
Basics of BioSafety
This lesson will define and present information on
methods used to provide biosafety in facilities
where potentially infectious agents are used.
These include:
Containment
Biological safety cabinets
Personal protection equipment
The facility as barrier
Secondary barriers
A bioreactor is an installation for the production of microorganisms outside their natural but inside an artificial environment. The prefix “photo” particularly describes the bio-reactor's property to cultivate phototrophic microorganisms, or organisms which grow on by utilizing light energy.
These organisms use the process of photosynthesis to build their own biomass from light and carbon dioxide. Members of this group are Plants, Mosses, Microalgae, Cyanobacteria and Purple Bacteria.
Photobioreactor or PBR, is the controlled supply of specific environmental conditions for respective species.
Photobioreactor allows much higher growth rates and purity levels than anywhere in natural or habitats similar to nature.
The function of the bioreactor is to provide a suitable environment in
which an organism can efficiently produce a target product—the target product might be.
Cell biomass
Metabolite
Bioconversion Product
The performance of any bioreactor depends on the following key factors:
Agitation rate
Oxygen transfer
pH
Temperature
There is no universal bioreactor.
The general requirements of the bioreactor are as follows:
The design and construction of bioreactors must keep sterility from the start point to end of the process.
Optimal mixing with low, uniform shear.
Adequate mass transfer, oxygen.
Clearly defined flow conditions.
Feeding substrate with prevention of under or overdosing.
Suspension of solids.
Gentle heat transfer.
Compliance with design requirements such as: ability to be sterilized; simple construction; simple measuring, control, regulating techniques; scale-up; flexibility; long term stability; compatibility with up- downstream processes; antifoaming measures.
This presentation is made for the students of B.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology. The presentation includes the details about archaea and the characteristics of archaea bacteria
Here is brief ppt on industrial production of amino acids - glutamine, lysine, tryptophan.
Please share your feedback and queries. Constructive criticism is appreciated.
Thank you
Scope of Industrial Microbiology and BiotechnologyDr. Pavan Kundur
Industrial microbiology defined as the study of the large-scale and profit motivated production of microorganisms or their products for direct use, or as inputs in the manufacture of other goods.
Application of Biological Assemblies in Nano BiotechnologyZohaib HUSSAIN
What are biological assemblies?
The biological assembly (also sometimes referred to as the biological unit) is the macromolecular assembly that has either been shown to be or is believed to be the functional form of the molecule. For example, the functional form of hemoglobin has four chains. Depending on the particular crystal structure, symmetry operations consisting of rotations, translations or their combinations may need to be performed in order to obtain the complete biological assembly.
Thus, a biological assembly may be built from:
• One copy of the asymmetric unit
• Multiple copies of the asymmetric unit
• A portion of the asymmetric unit
Describes the structural organisation of proteins with example and its determination, interrelationship b/w structure and function of proteins, also biologically important peptides is covered.
by Dr. N. Sivaranjani, MD
Amino acids are biologically important organic compounds composed of amine (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, though other elements are found in the side-chains of certain amino acids. About 500 amino acids are known and can be classified in many ways. They can be classified according to the core structural functional groups' locations as alpha- (α-), beta- (β-), gamma- (γ-) or delta- (δ-) amino acids; other categories relate to polarity, pH level, and side-chain group type (aliphatic, acyclic, aromatic, containing hydroxyl or sulfur, etc.). In the form of proteins, amino acids comprise the second-largest component (water is the largest) of human muscles, cells and other tissues.Outside proteins, amino acids perform critical roles in processes such as neurotransmitter transport and biosynthesis.
This presentation was created by Ioanna Leontiou and it is intended as a creative and flexible tool for students on Biological sciences who focus on the chromosome segregation. It is created to facilitate students performing research projects in our lab (especially during Covid restrictions), but it is suitable for every student who wants to learn more about chromosomes and the molecular mechanism controlling chromosome segregation. The presentation includes a generic overview of the cell division, illustrates the chromosome structure and provides molecular details of the spindle assembly checkpoint, an important pathway that ensures high fedility of chromosome segregation through mitosis. It also includes an introduction to some of the molecular biology techniques used in a yeast lab and incoporates some fluorescent microscopy images/videos. At the end of the presentantion there is a list of open access scientific publications for further reading on the the molecular mechanism of spindle checkpoint and some links of some very interesting sites, which include a range of videos on laboratory molecular biology techniques, research talks and guided papers. The purpose of this presentantion is to create a piece of work that students could return to when needed. Diagramms and illustrations are also encouranged to be used by scientists, science communicators and educators.
This presentation is licensed under a Creative Common Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0), unless otherwise stated on the specific slide.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Triangles of Neck and Clinical Correlation by Dr. RIG.pptx
Cell structure prokaryotes_vmc
1. About Science Prof Online
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Chief Creative Nerd
Science Prof Online
Online Education Resources, LLC
alicia@scienceprofonline.com
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Compound microscope objectives, T. Port
Tami Port, MS
Creator of Science Prof Online
Chief Executive Nerd
Science Prof Online
Online Education Resources, LLC
info@scienceprofonline.com
2. Prokaryotic Cell
Structure & Function
Image: Prokaryotic cell diagram: M. RuizFrom the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
3. Size of Living Things
1 m = 100 cm = 1,000mm = 1,000,000 µm = 1,000,000,000nm
1mm = 1000 µm = 1000000nm
1 µm = 1000nm
Click link for an
interactive
“Size of Microscopic Things”
animation on Cells Alive.
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
4. Prokaryote Genetics
_Nucleus_
• Region of cytoplasm where prokaryote’s genome is
located.
• Usually a singular, circular chromosome.
_Plasmid_
• Small extra piece of chromosome/genetic material.
• 5 - 100 genes
• Not critical to everyday functions.
• Can provide genetic information to promote:
- Antibiotic resistance
- Virulence factors
(molecules produced by pathogen that specifically influence
host's function to allow the pathogen to thrive)
- Promote conjugation
(transfer of genetic material between bacteria through cell-
to-cell contact)
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
5. Prokaryotes
_Cytoplasm_
• Also known as proto-plasm.
• Gel-like matrix of water, enzymes,
nutrients, wastes, and gases and
contains cell structures.
• Location of growth, metabolism, and
replication.
_Granules_
• Bacteria’s way of storing nutrients.
• Staining of some granules aids in
identification.
Image: Prokaryotic cell diagram: M.
Ruiz, Granules, Source Unknown From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
6. Prokaryotes
_Cytoskeleton_
Cellular "scaffolding" or
"skeleton" within the
cytoplasm.
Major advance in
prokaryotic cell biology in
the last decade has been
discovery of the
prokaryotic cytoskeleton.
Up until recently, thought
to be a feature only of
eukaryotic cells.
Image: Prokaryotic Cell: M. RuizFrom the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
7. Prokaryotes
_Ribosomes_
Found within cytoplasm or
attached to plasma membrane.
Composed of two subunits.
Cell may contain thousands .
Q: What do ribosomes do?
Animation: Ribosome translating protein
,Xvazquez; Ribosome Structure, VossmanFrom the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Click here for
animation of
ribosome building a
protein.
8. Separates the cell from its
environment.
Phospholipid molecules
oriented so that _hydrophilic_
water-loving heads directed
outward and _hydrophobic_
water-hating tails directed
inward.
Proteins embedded in two
layers of lipids (lipid bilayer).
Membrane is semi-permeable.
Q: What does that mean?
Image: Cell Membrane diagram, Dhatfield
Prokaryotes
Plasma Membrane
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
9. Peptidoglycan is a huge polymer of interlocking chains of
identical peptidoglycan monomers.
Provides rigid support while freely permeable to solutes.
Backbone of peptidoglycan molecule composed of two
derivatives of glucose:
- N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
- N-acetlymuramic acid (NAM)
NAG / NAM strands are
connected by inter-
peptide bridges.
Prokaryotes – Cell Wall
Image: Bonding structure peptidoglycan,
Mouagip; Other Image Source UnknownFrom the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
10. From the peptidoglycan inwards all bacteria are very similar. Going
further out, the bacterial world divides into two major classes (plus a
couple of odd types). These are:
Gram positive Gram negative
Prokaryotes - Cell Wall
Images: Staph, Gram Stain, SPO Microbiology
Images, T. Port; E coli, Y tambeFrom the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
11. Prokaryotes - Cell Wall
Gram-Positive & Gram-Negative
Images: Sources UnknownFrom the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
12. Prokaryotes - Glycocalyx
Some bacteria have an additional layer outside
of the cell wall called the glycocalyx.
This additional layer can come in one of two
forms:
1. Slime layer
- Glycoproteins loosely associated with the cell
wall.
- Slime layer causes bacteria to adhere to solid
surfaces and helps prevent the cell from drying
out.
- Streptococcus
The slime layer of Gram+ Streptococcus mutans allows
it to accumulate on tooth enamel (yuck mouth and one
of the causes of cavities).
Other bacteria in the mouth become trapped in the
slime and form a biofilm & eventually a buildup of
plaque.
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
13. Prokaryotes - Glycocalyx
2. Capsule
• Polysaccharides firmly attached to
the cell wall.
• Capsules adhere to solid surfaces and
to nutrients in the environment.
• Adhesive power of capsules is a
major factor in the initiation of some
bacterial diseases.
• Capsule also protect bacteria from
being phagocytized by cells of the
hosts immune system.
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.comFrom the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
14. Prokaryotes - Endospores
Dormant, tough, non-reproductive
structure produced by small number
of bacteria.
Q: What is the function of
endospores?
Resistant to radiation, desiccation,
lysozyme, temperature, starvation,
and chemical disinfectants.
Endospores are commonly found in
soil and water, where they may
survive for very long periods of time.
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
15. Prokaryotes – Surface Appendages
Some prokaryotes have distinct
appendages that allow them to move
about or adhere to solid surfaces.
Consist of delicate stands of
proteins.
Flagella: Long, thin extensions that
allow some bacteria to move about
freely in aqueous environments.
Axial filaments (endoflagella): Wind
around bacteria, causing movement
in waves.
Images: Helicobacter pylori ; Axial filament, Source unknownFrom the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
16. Prokaryotes – Surface Appendages
Fimbriae: Most Gram-negative
bacteria have these short, fine
appendages surrounding the cell.
Gram+ bacteria don’t have.
No role in motility. Help bacteria
adhere to solid surfaces. Major
factor in virulence.
Pili:Tubes that are longer than
fimbriae, usually shorter than
flagella.
Common pili: Use for movement
Sex pili: use for conjugation
(singular = pilus) to transfer plasmids.
Images: E. coli fimbriae, Manu Forero; Bacterial conjugation, AdenosineFrom the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
17. Prokaryotes – Cell Shapes
Most bacteria are classifies according to shape:
1. Bacillus (pl. bacilli) = rod-shaped
2. Coccus (pl. cocci … sounds like cox-eye) = spherical
3. Spiral Shaped
a. Spirillum (pl. spirilla) = spiral with rigid cell wall,
flagella
b. spirochetes = spiral with flexible cell wall, axial
filament
There are many more shapes beyond these basic ones.
A few examples:
– Coccobacilli = elongated coccal form
– Filamentous = bacilli that occur in long threads
– Vibrios = short, slightly curved rods
– Fusiform = bacilli with tapered ends
Images: Basic bacterial shapes, Mariana Ruiz,
Other examples of bacterial shapes, FDA, Gov.From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
18. Prokaryotes – Arrangements of Cells
• Bacteria sometimes occur in groups,
rather than singly.
• Divide on one or more planes,
producing cells in:
- pairs (diplococci)
- chains (streptococci)
- packets (sarcinae)
- clusters (staphylococci).
• Size, shape and arrangement of cells
often first clues in identification of a
bacterium.
• Many “look-alikes”, so shape and
arrangement not enough for id of
genus and species.
Image: Bacterial shapes and cell
arrangements, Mariana Ruiz VillarrealFrom the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
19. Prokaryotes – Cell Shape & Arrangement
Images: A. Staph; B. E. coli, T. Port; C. Bacillus anthracis,
PHIL #2105; D. Streptococcus bacteria, PHIL #2110.
A B
C D
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
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Nucleoid
Plasmid
Cytoplasm
Granules
Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes
Hydrophilic
hydrophobic
Some materials can move across the membrane, others cannot.
positive
negative
Gram-positive
Peptidoglycan makes up as much as 90% of the thick, compact cell wall.
Gram-negative
More chemically complex and thinner.
Peptidoglycan only 5 – 20% of the cell wall.
Peptidoglycan not outermost layer, between the plasma membrane and the outer membrane.
Outer membrane is similar to the plasma membrane, but is less permeable and composed of lipopolysaccharides (LPS).
LPS is a harmful substance classified as an endotoxin,
The space between the cell wall and the plasma membrane is called the periplasm.
Slime layer
Capsule
Allow bacteria to survive in “suspended animation” when environmental conditions are not suitable. Kind of like a plant seed.. When conditions are right the endospore will ‘sprout’ a living bacterium.