This document provides an overview of microbial cells and their structures. It discusses the three domains of life and classifies microbes into archaea, bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, multicellular parasites, and viruses. It describes the structures of prokaryotic cells including their shapes, cell walls, flagella, pili, and plasma membranes. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are compared in terms of their cell wall structures. The roles of important cell structures like capsules, cell walls, and plasmids are also summarized.
This presentation highlights some important facts about biotechnology in relationship to plants. it lay emphasis on some factors associated with biotechnology, the importance of it and the negative impact as well.
This presentation highlights some important facts about biotechnology in relationship to plants. it lay emphasis on some factors associated with biotechnology, the importance of it and the negative impact as well.
Economic importance of bacteria
#Economic importance of bacteria
#Bacteria : economically important as these microorganisms are used by humans for many purposes.
#Beneficial uses of bacteria
#Genetic engineering :
#Biotechnology :
#Food processing :
#Bioremediation
#Industry importance of bacteria
#Fiber industry:
#Medicine (probiotics)
#Agriculture importance
Xanthomonas-Different types of Quorum sensing in Bacteria, QS in Xanthomonas,and mechanisms of pathogenesis, Chemotaxis mechanisms, Tests to find out QS.
All plant growth hormone like auxins cytokinin IBA ethylene and all hormone that are used in agriculture and horticulture purpose and useful for agriculture students for presentation purpose
Plant viruses are transmitted from plant to plant in a number of ways.
Transmission of viruses by vegetative propagation.
Mechanical transmission of viruses through sap.
Transmission of viruses by seed.
Transmission of viruses by Pollen.
Transmission of viruses by dodder.
Transmission by vectors.
This presentation gives detailed explanation about the anatomical structure and function of bacteria, classification and morphology are also discussed.
The presentation was part of introduction to microbiology course at university of somalia (uniso) based in Mogadishu , the capital city of Somalia.
I am very proud to share the world with this presentation, thanks for everyone who come across to it.
Economic importance of bacteria
#Economic importance of bacteria
#Bacteria : economically important as these microorganisms are used by humans for many purposes.
#Beneficial uses of bacteria
#Genetic engineering :
#Biotechnology :
#Food processing :
#Bioremediation
#Industry importance of bacteria
#Fiber industry:
#Medicine (probiotics)
#Agriculture importance
Xanthomonas-Different types of Quorum sensing in Bacteria, QS in Xanthomonas,and mechanisms of pathogenesis, Chemotaxis mechanisms, Tests to find out QS.
All plant growth hormone like auxins cytokinin IBA ethylene and all hormone that are used in agriculture and horticulture purpose and useful for agriculture students for presentation purpose
Plant viruses are transmitted from plant to plant in a number of ways.
Transmission of viruses by vegetative propagation.
Mechanical transmission of viruses through sap.
Transmission of viruses by seed.
Transmission of viruses by Pollen.
Transmission of viruses by dodder.
Transmission by vectors.
This presentation gives detailed explanation about the anatomical structure and function of bacteria, classification and morphology are also discussed.
The presentation was part of introduction to microbiology course at university of somalia (uniso) based in Mogadishu , the capital city of Somalia.
I am very proud to share the world with this presentation, thanks for everyone who come across to it.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. Microbes/Microorganisms?
• Too small to see with the “naked” eye
• Beneficial
– Ecological: Recycle nutrients
• Bioremediation
– Industrial: Food, chemicals, drugs
• Fermented Foods
• Antibiotics
• Ethanol and other chemicals
• Enzymes – Cellulase, Peroxidase
• Destructive/Pathogenic
– FEW
3. Nomenclature
• Scientific Nomenclature
– System devised by Linnaeus
• Genus and species
– Both italicized or underlined
– Genus name Upper-case; species lower-case
– Name describes the organism
• Ex. Staphylococcus aureus
– Staphylococcus: cluster of spheres
– aureus: golden aura of colonies
– Name honors the scientist
• Ex. Escherichia coli
– Escherich: honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich
– coli- describes the habitat – the colon or the small intestine
4. Three Domains of Life
– Archaea
• prokaryotes
• Primarily extremophiles
• Not disease-causing
– Bacteria
• prokaryotes
– Eukarya
• Nucleated organisms
• Uni- or multi-cellular
• Fungi
• Protista
• Plants
• Animals
7. Archaea
• Prokaryotes
• No peptidoglycan in cell wall
• Habitat
– Extreme environments
• Methanogens (methane)
• Halophiles (salt)
• Thermophiles (heat)
• Not known to cause disease in humans
11. Algae
• Eukaryotes
• Cellulose cell walls
• Energy source
– Photosynthesis
• Produce molecular oxygen and organic
compounds
12. Viruses
• Neither eukaryote or prokaryote
• Acellular
• Obligate Intracellular Parasites
– Only replicate when present in living host cell
• Genetic Material
– Either DNA or RNA
• Structure
– Nucleocapsid
• Nucleic acid core
• Protein coat surrounds core
– Lipid Envelope
• Not always present
14. Conditions Results
Nutrient broth placed in flask,
heated, NOT sealed
Microbial growth
Nutrient broth placed in flask,
heated, then sealed
No microbial growth
Louis Pasteur
• 1861: Louis Pasteur demonstrated that
microorganisms are present in the air
15. Important Events in Microbiology
• Germ Theory of Disease
– Germs present in the air cause disease, spoil food
• Louis Pasteur’s work
– Cleaning with disinfectants decreases infection
• Joseph Lister’s work
• Vaccination
– Jenner
– Pasteur (small pox)
• Discovery of Antibiotics and Synthetic Drugs
– Fleming – Penicillin
– Sulfa drugs
16. The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy
• Chemotherapy
– Treatment with chemicals
• Treatment of infections
– Antibiotics
• Naturally synthesized
• bacteria and fungi
– Synthetic Drugs
• Artificially synthesized
• First Drugs: Sulfa drugs
17. A Fortunate Accident—Antibiotics
• 1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first
antibiotic
• Fleming observed that Penicillium fungus
made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S.
aureus
• 1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass
produced
19. Microbes in Human Welfare
• Microbial ecology:
– Bacteria recycle inorganic material
• carbon, sulfur, phosphorus
• Used by plants and animals
– Turns N to Nitrates and Nitrites so plants can use it
• Bioremediation:
– Bacteria degrade organic matter
• Sewage treatment
• Detoxify pollutants
– Oil and mercury spills
• Biotechnology
20. Biotechnology
• Recombinant DNA technology
– Taking parts of DNA and recombining it back into the DNA (E. coli produces purple
because it was engineered then recombined into the DNA to make it happen)
– Engineer viruses, bacteria and fungi
• Produce proteins
– Vaccines, enzymes, hormones
– Gene therapy
• Replace missing or defective genes in human cells
– Hemophilia
– Blindness
– Agriculture
• Genetically modified bacteria
– Protect crops from insects and freezing
21. Normal Microbiota/ Normal Flora
• Nomenclature
– Old: Normal Flora
• Because bacteria initially classified as plants
– New: Normal microbiota
• Microbes present on or in the human body
– prevent growth of pathogens
– produce growth factors, such as folic acid and
vitamin K
22. Biofilms
Complex aggregation of microbes
Microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into
masses
grow on rocks, pipes, teeth, and medical implants
Difficult to treat with antibiotics
23. Infectious Diseases
When a pathogen overcomes the host’s
resistance, disease results
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs): New
diseases and diseases increasing in incidence
1. Evolutionary
2. Increased human exposure in undergoing
ecological changes
3. Antimicrobial resistance
24. MRSA
• Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
• 1950s: Penicillin resistance developed
• 1980s: Methicillin resistance
• 1990s: MRSA resistance to vancomycin
reported
– VISA: Vancomycin-intermediate-resistant S. aureus
– VRSA: Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus
25. Figure 25.12
Escherichia coli O157:H7
• Toxin-producing
strain of E. coli
• First seen in 1982
• Leading cause of
diarrhea
worldwide
26. Figure 23.21
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
• Ebola virus
• Causes fever, hemorrhaging, and blood
clotting
• First identified near Ebola River, Congo
• Outbreaks every few years
28. Average size: 0.2–1.0 µm in diameter 2–8 µm
in length (10^-6 meters)
Most bacteria are monomorphic (single
shape)
What can alter shape?
Cell wall (membrane or wall)
Prokaryotic Cells: Shapes
31. Arrangements
• Pairs: diplococci, diplobacilli
• Clusters: staphylococci or staphylobacilli
• More than one plane of division
• Chains: streptococci, streptobacilli
• One plane of division
• Grows in strands
36. Bacterial Cell: Specific Roles
• Capsule: bacterial virulence
• Cell Wall or Flagella: bacterial identification
• Cell Wall: target for antimicrobial agents
• Plasmids: encode genes for production of
toxins
– Circular DNA that is independent to all the rest of
the chromosomal DNA. They are not needed for
the survival unless an it contains genetics that
help it in it’s outside living conditions
37. Glycocalyx
Outside cell wall
Usually sticky, “sugar coating” (glue)
Capsule: neatly organized
Slime layer: unorganized and loose
(EPS) Extracellular polysaccharide (glycocalyx in
general) allows cell to attach, chemical
composition varies by species
Capsules (negative stain [will not stain]) prevent
phagocytosis
Example: Streptococcus pneumoniae
39. Flagella
• Motility
– Propel bacteria (word to move is taxis [move to
light=phototaxis])
• Long filamentous appendages
– Three basic parts
• Filament (outermost region): globular protein
• Hook: different protein
• Basal body
• Anchored to cell wall and membrane by the
basal body
• Distribution
– No Flagella: ATRICHOUS
– Evenly distributed: PERITRICHOUS
– Polar: at one or both poles/ends
40. Figure 4.7 Arrangements of bacterial flagella.
Peritrichous Monotrichous and polar
Lophotrichous and polar Amphitrichous and polar
43. Motility
• The ability of an organism to move by itself
toward a favorable environment (taxis)
• Chemotaxis signals: oxygen, ribose and
galactose receptors
• Flagella proteins are H antigens
(e.g., E. coli O157:H7)
44. Axial Filaments
• Also called endoflagella
• In spirochetes
• Anchored at one end of a cell
• Rotation causes cell to move
• Treponema pallidum: syphilis
45. Figure 4.10a Axial filaments.
A photomicrograph of the spirochete
Leptospira, showing an axial filament
46. • Thinner than flagellum
• Attachment and DNA transfer
• Fimbriae allow attachment: involved in
forming biofilms
• What happens if fimbriae are absent (genetic
mutation)?
– Becomes less virilant, disallows attachment
Fimbriae and Pili
48. Fimbriae and Pili
• Pili
– Usually longer than fimbriae
– Gliding motility
– Twitching motility (like a worm)
49. The Cell Wall
• Major function: prevents osmotic lysis
• Maintains shape and point of anchorage for
basal bodies
• Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria)
• Gram positive and Gram negative
50. Peptidoglycan
• Major component of cell wall in bacteria
• Polymer of sugars and amino acids
– Form a mesh-like layer
– Each strand two sugars linked alternatively
• N-acetylglucosamine
• N-acetylmuramic acid
– peptide chain of three to five amino acids.
– peptide chain of one strand cross-linked to the peptide chain
of another strand forming the 3D mesh-like layer.
51. L-Ala, d-Glu-NH2 etc. are amino acids
This is the cell wall, the more ladders,
the thicker the wall is
52. • Thick peptidoglycan
• Teichoic acids
– makes the wall like
crosshairs + where – is
peptidoglycan and
| is teichoic acids
Gram-Positive
Cell Wall
Thin peptidoglycan
Outer membrane
Gram-Negative
Cell Wall
53. Plasma
membrane
Cell wall
Lipoteichoic
acid
Peptidoglycan
Wall teichoic acid
Protein
Gram-negative cell wall
Lipopolysaccharide
Outer membrane
Peptidoglycan
Plasma
membrane
Cell wall
Lipid A Porin protein
Phospholipid
Lipoprotein
Periplasm Protein
Lipid A
Core polysaccharide
O polysaccharide
Parts of the LPS
Core polysaccharide
O polysaccharide
Gram-positive cell wall
Figure 4.13b-c Bacterial cell walls.
54. • Many layers (thick) of peptidoglycan
• Teichoic acids
– Alcohol and phosphate; negative charge
• May regulate movement of cations: cell
growth, preventing extensive wall break down
and possible cell lysis
• Polysaccharides provide antigenic variation =
identification
Gram-Positive Cell Walls
55. • Thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer
membrane
• Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (outer)
• LPS: evade phagocytosis and actions of
immunity, provide barrier to certain
antibiotics and enzymes
• Porins: proteins that form channels, selective
permeability
Gram-Negative Cell Wall
56. Gram-Negative Outer Membrane
LPS Composition:
Lipid A – functions as an endotoxin ,
responsible for symptoms associated with
gram - infections
Core Polysaccharide – attached to Lipid A,
provides stability
O Polysaccharide – functions as an antigen,
useful in identification
57. The Gram Stain Mechanism
• Crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell
• Gram-positive: Purple
– Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan
– CV-I crystals do not leave
• Gram-negative: Red
– Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves
holes in peptidoglycan
– CV-I washes out
58. • 2-ring basal body
– In the membrane
• Thick Peptidoglycan
• Purple Gram Stain
• Disrupted by
lysozyme (breaks the
bonds between
NAM’s and NAG’s
• Penicillin sensitive
• Exotoxins
Gram-Positive
Cell Wall
4-ring basal body
1 outer
1 wall
2 inner
Thin Peptidoglycan
Red Gram Stain
Outer Membrane
Tetracycline sensitive
Exo and Endotoxins
Gram-Negative
Cell Wall
59. Damage to the Cell Wall
• Exposure to digestive enzyme lysozyme,
destroys peptidoglycan (gram positive)
• Penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in
peptidoglycan (prevents formation of
functioning cell wall)
60. The Plasma Membrane
• Contains enzymes for metabolic reactions
• Most lack sterols, Mycoplasma is exception
• Disruption: membrane’s phospholipids =
antibiotics: polymyxins
61. Cytoplasm
• Contains nucleoid, ribosomes and inclusions
• 80% water and contains primarily proteins
(enzymes), carbs, lipids, inorganic ions and
many lower molecular weight compounds
62. The Nucleoid
• Bacterial chromosome: cell’s genetic information
• Not surround by a nuclear envelope
• Plasmids: not connected to main bacterial
chromosome but have very important functions
Antibiotic resistance
Tolerance to toxic metals
Production of toxins
Can be transferred from one bacterium to another
63. The Prokaryotic Ribosome
Protein synthesis
Consist of two subunits: protein and type of RNA
(rRNA)
Prokaryotic: 70S ribosomes
50S(subunit = protein plus two molecules of rRNA) + 30S
subunits (subunit = protein plus one molecule rRNA)
Antibiotics: inhibit protein synthesis. Examples: gentamicin
and streptomycin attach to 30S subunit and interfere with
protein synthesis
Erythromycin and chloramphenicol interfere with 50S
Why can these antibiotic drugs work without affecting host
cells? Host cells are made up of 80S ribosomes
64. Inclusions
• Located within cytoplasm
• Reserve deposits: environment is deficient
• Some are common to a wide variety of
bacteria
• May serve as a basis for identification
• Example: C. diphtheriae
65. Endospores
• Resting cells: when essential nutrients are
depleted
• Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals
• Bacillus, Clostridium; Gram positive
• Sporulation: endospore formation
• Germination: return to vegetative state
– Germination <-> Sporulation
Editor's Notes
Methanogens – produce methane as a waste product from respiration, Halophilis (salt loving) Dead Sea, Thermophilis – sulfurous water: Yellowstone These are not know to cause disease in humans.
Ecology – used in water pollution and toxic chemical disposal, bioremediation – toxins can be removed from ground Exxon Valdez . Also have bacterial enzymes in drain cleaners to remove clogs without adding harmful chemicals to the environment. Biotech – gene therapy and agriculture
Cause disease and often resistant to antibiotics
Evolution – Vibrio Cholerae (Haiti), Ecological – Venezuela deforestation and construction led to hemorrhagic virus. Antimicrobial – vancomycin resistant Staph into MRSA