4. Latent Herpes
• Replication at initial infection site
• Migration up neuron
• Latent in trigeminal nerve
• Replicates in nucleus of nerve cell
• Triggers: sunlight, hormones, stress, trauma,
fever
Karatitis is leading cause of blindness in the US
5. Herpes Simplex Virus
type 2
• Painful, itchy vesicles or ulcers
• MOT
• Oral, vaginal, anal sex
• 1 in 4 over 30 infected
• 50% asymptomatic
• Treatment
• Acyclovir shortens viral shedding
• Prevention
• Avoid contact
Know two treatments for herpes in general
6. Varicella Zoster Virus
• Chickenpox in children, shingles in adults
• MOT
• Respiratory route
• Prevention
• Chickenpox vaccine for children
• Zostavax against shingles in adults over 60
Maculopapular – raised red bumps
Chickenpox less dangerous before puberty
Can only get shingles after chickenpox
7.
8. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
• Congenital abnormalities: deafness, jaundice,
enlarged liver and spleen
• MOT
• Through placenta, breast milk
• Saliva in children
• Sexual in adults
Can also cause abortion
10. Epstein-Barr Virus
• Infectious mononucleosis
• 90% adults have antibodies
• Latent in B lymphocytes
• Burkitt’s lymphoma in Africa
• MOT
• Transmission in saliva
• Kissing disease
• Self-limiting: 2-3 weeks
14. HAV
• Asymptomatic, or fever, nausea, anorexia, vomiting,
jaundice, dark urine, pale feces
• Not chronic, no carriers, no permanent liver
damage, or cancer risk
• MOT
• Fecal-oral (oysters)
• Treatment
• Self-limiting
• Prevention
• HepA vaccine for foreign travel, personal hygiene
15. HBV
•MOT
• Blood and bodily fluids
• 10% become chronic carriers, liver cancer risk
•Treatment
• α interferon
•Prevention
• IgG
• HepB vaccine
16. HCV
•MOT
• Blood and body fluids
• 1.5% of U.S. population
• 75% become chronically infected
• Hepatocellular carcinoma
•Treatment
• α interferon
•Prevention
• No vaccine available
• Screen blood products (since 1992)
17. Human Papillomavirus
(HPV)
•Icosahedral, non-enveloped dsDNA
• Most common STD in the US (Over
80% by age 50)
• Warts (skin or genital)
• Predisposition to cervical cancer
•Prevention
• Safe sex
• Gardasil (2007) for ages 9-26
18. Influenza Virus
•Helical, enveloped, (-)ssRNA, segmented
• Influenza A, B and C
• Influenza A: Wild bird reservoir
• Shifts a lot
• Spanish flu of 1918: 50 million deaths world
wide
•MOT
•Droplet transmission
•Antigenic drift: Continuous, gradual process of
antigenic change
Orthomyxo virus
19. • Re-assortment via co-infection of two strains.
• High pandemic potential.
• Occurs approximately every 30 years.
Antigenic Shift
23. Measles (Rubeola)
•MOT
• Droplet infection, highly contagious
• Koplik's spots: red lesions with
white center in mouth, followed by
raised maculopapular rash
• Humans are only reservoir
•Self-limiting, life-long immunity
•MMR vaccine
24. Mumps virus
•MOT
• Droplet transmission
• Inflammation of salivary (parotid) glands
• Swelling of jaw and neck
• Enters blood, infects testes (sterility), ovaries
• Infection of testes is called
• Orcitis??
•Self-limiting: 1 week
•Prevention
• MMR vaccine
25. Respiratory Syncytial
Virus
•Pneumonia and bronchitis in infants
•MOT
• Droplets, hand-to-nose, hand-to-
mouth
•Treatment
• Oxygen, suction of mucus or
intubation if severe
• Usually self-limiting
•No vaccine
27. German Measles
(Rubella)
•Maculopapular rash starts on face
•Teratogenic effect
•Developmental malformations in fetus
•MOT
•Respiratory and transplacental
•Replication in nasopharynx and lymph nodes
•Prevention
•MMR vaccine
28. Variola
• Smallpox: complex, enveloped, dsDNA
• Respiratory droplet and fomites
• Global eradication 1977 (Somalia)
• Pustules, crust and scar
• Prevention
• Vaccine (military and research)
25-30% fatality
2 weeks before effects
Eradicated because:
-Human only reservoir
-Ring vaccination
29. Smallpox
• CFR 30-80%
• Vaccination in India and China
1000 BCE
• 1700s leading cause of death in
Europe
• Bioterrorism agent
• 1796 Jenner vaccine
32. Rabies
Replication at site of inoculation
Enters and replicates in the CNS
Spreads to brain
2 weeks to 18 months after bite
Symptoms of disease = 100% death
Treatment
Post exposure prophylaxis
Prevention
Vaccinate animals
33. Rabies
Negri body (site of virus replication)
Inclusion inside cytoplasm of neuron
Diagnostic finding in brain tissue
Only shown after death through
biopsy
35. Canines remain the most important reservoir
world wide (Latin America, Africa, and Asia)
Vaccination of cats and dogs in the US keeps
number low
Bats too
37. Poliomyelitis
Fecal-oral (humans only)
Replicates in intestine then spreads to CNS
Destroys motor neurons in brain: muscle
paralysis
In brain stem: respiratory paralysis and death
Flaccid paralysis, especially lower limbs,
asymmetrical, muscle wasting.
Two different vaccines that were used, Salk and Sabin
Salk – Dead, intravenous, used in the US
Sabin “OPV” – Oral, intenuated, used in third world countries, more risky
In the picornavirus family
38. Polio
1952 outbreak with 60,000 cases (3,000 deaths
in the U.S. alone), mostly Children
Vaccine in 1955, eliminated from US in 1979
600,000 survivors in U.S.
1920s
FDR - president
Iron lung
Getting polio back then wasn’t so bad, bad hygiene meant kids got it, and it was just a
gastrointestinal bug, now with better hygiene they are getting it older and older, and it’s
much worse.
39.
40. Rotavirus
Most common cause of gastroenteritis in
children
600,000 world wide die (children under 5)
50,000 hospitalized/year in U.S.
MOT
Fecal/oral
Prevention
2006 Rota Teq
41. Norwalk Virus
Icosahedral, ssRNA, naked
Outbreaks of gastroenteritis in schools, camps and
cruise ships
Very contagious: ID50 of 10 virions
50% of all food-borne outbreaks
Can survive wide temp ranges and up to 10ppm (parts/mil)
chlorine
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
MOT
Fecal-oral
Self-limiting 12-24 hours
Two bucket disease
42. Viruses that cause colds
(200 types)
Adenovirus
Coronavirus (also causative agent of SARS)
Rhinovirus (most common cause)
Droplet and hand transmission
Mild upper respiratory symptoms
Self-limiting (can last up to two weeks)
43. Progression of a runny
nose
Clear mucus: to clear the virus from nose
and sinus
White or yellow: white blood cells due to
immune response
Green: bacteria that are NF come back
44. Arboviruses
Arthropod-borne viruses (mainly mosquito)
Life cycle is typically bird-mosquito-bird
Certain conditions lead to spillover into humans
Eastern Equine Encephalitis
West Nile virus
St. Louis Encephalitis
45. Encephalitis
Fever, headache, nausea, vomiting
Confusion, stupor, coma
WNV: most asymptomatic or recover
SLE and EEE high mortality rate and morbidity
No human vaccine
Prevention is mosquito control
46.
47. Dengue
A leading cause of death in the tropics
100 million infected annually
Four serotypes: no cross protection
Worse off after getting one kind of serotype then getting
another kind
No vaccine
Break bone fever
Joint pain
Dengue hemorrhagic fever
48. Yellow Fever
• Flavivirus, +strand RNA virus
• Two cycles of YF
• Yellowing of skin, bleeding
• from nose eyes and mouth
• Historical impacts
• U.S. epidemics
• Haiti
• Panama canal
49. Ebola
- strand RNA virus belonging to family Filoviridae
Severe, often fatal disease – hemorrhagic fever
Sporadic outbreaks since 1976
CFR (Case Fatality Rate): 90%
Natural reservoir: fruit bat
Many cultural barriers exist to prevention of spread
Burial rituals
Reuse of needles
Rural conditions with inadequate supplies
50. Hantavirus
- strand RNA virus, segmented,
Family: Bunyaviridae
Rodent urine and droppings
Headache, fever, shortness of breath, non-
productive cough
Hanta virus is a distant cousin of Ebola virus,
but is found worldwide. The virus is spread by
human contact with rodent waste.
Dangerous respiratory illness develops.
Effective treatment is not yet available and
over 50% of cases end in fatality
51. HIV
Lentivirus, Retrovirus, ssRNA, envelope
Reverse transcriptase
Glycoprotein spikes attach to CD4 receptors
on helper T cells and some macrophages
Body fluids, and blood. Sex, needles,
transplacental, breast milk
Active and latent infection
Secondary infection: T cells are debilitated
HIV can hide in T cells and go undetected.