This document provides an overview of e-paper technology. It discusses the history and construction of e-paper, including that it consists of microcapsules containing charged white and black particles. The document outlines different e-paper technologies such as gyricon, electrophoretic and electrowetting displays. It also covers the advantages of e-paper like low power consumption and paper-like readability. Applications are mentioned including e-books, electronic signs and newspapers. Finally, it suggests that e-paper may replace paper in many uses in the future.

1. SEMINAR ON
E-PAPER TECHNOLOGY
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2. Contents
 Introduction
 History
 Construction
 Technologies
 Highlights of E-ink
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Challenges
 Applications
 Conclusion
 References
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3. Introduction
 E paper is a revolutionary material that can be
used to make next generation electronic
displays.
 Also named as radio paper or smart paper.
 Portable , reusable storage and display
medium.
 E paper display is a display technology
designed to mimic the appearance of ordinary
ink on paper.
 Unlike conventional displays , e-paper reflects
light just like paper.
 Capable of holding text and images.
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4. Cont..
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PM
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 Has potential to be more comfortable to read.
 Today’s E displays have evolved to be more light
weight , efficient and clear.
 Yet the importance of paper has not diminished.
 It offers us a paperless world and relieves us from
carrying loads of paper.
 E-ink is a pioneering invention that combines all
the desired features of a modern E display.
 Paper would be perfect except for one obvious
thing: printed words cannot be changed.

5. History
 Two companies are working on this.
 One is at Cambridge in USA.
 The other is Xerox at Xerox's Palo Alto
Research centre.
 It was first developed in 1970’s by Nick
Sheridon at Xerox's Palo Alto Research
centre.
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6. Construction
 It has two different parts.
 Front plane.
 Back plane.
 The front plane consist of E-ink.
 The back plane consist of electronic circuits.
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7. Front panel
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• The front plane consist of E-ink.
• E-ink is made up of millions of tiny
microcapsules.
• Microcapsules have diameter of the order
of 100 microns.
• Each microcapsule contains positively
charged white particles and negatively
charged black particles suspended in a
clear fluid .

8. Back panel layout
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9. Technologies
 Gyricon.
 Electrophoretic.
 Electrowetting.
 Electrofluidic.
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10. Gyricon
 The first Gyricon developed in 1970 by
“Nick Sheridon” at Xerox Palo Alto
Research Centre.
 Consists of polyethylene spheres, which
is a JENUS particle.
 The polarity of the voltage applied to each
pair of electrodes then determine whether
the white or black side is face-up.
 It is based on a thin layer of transparent
flexible plastic containing a layer of tiny
plastic beads each encapsulated in oil
and it rotate freely.
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12. Electrophoretic
 It has titanium dioxide particles dispersed in
hydrocarbon oil.
 A dark colored dye is also added to the oil ,
along with surfactants and charging particles.
 It is placed between two parallel, conductive
plates.
 When the voltage is applied across them, the
particles will migrate electrophoeretically.
 When the particles at the front side of the
display, it appears white. 2:36:56 PM
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13. Basic scheme of an electronic
display
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14. Electrowetting
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 Electrtrowetting display is based on controlling the
shape of a confirm water/oil interface by an applied
voltage.
 With no voltage applied , the colored oil forms a flat
film between water and a hydrophobic(water repellent)
, insulating coating of an electrode , resulting in a
colored pixel.
 When a voltage is applied between the electrodes and
the water, the interfacial tension between the water
and the coating changes.
 As a result the stacked state is no longer stable,
causing the water to move the oil aside.
 Switching is fast, low-power, low-voltage technology,
reflectivity and contrast are better.

15. Electrofluidic
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 Electrofluidic displays are a variation of an
electrowetting displays.
 They place an aqueous pigment dispersion inside
a tiny reservoir.
 The reservoir comprises < 5-10% of the viewable
pixel area and therefore the pigment is
substantially hidden from view.
 Voltage is used to electromechanically pull the
pigment out of the reservoir and spread it as a film
directly behind the viewing substrate.
 Hence it takes on color and brightness similar to
that of conventional pigments on paper.

16. Requirements for E-paper
technologies
 Power
 Resolution
 Contrast Ratio
 Viewing angle
 Cost
 Refresh Time
 Reflectance (brightness)
 Flexible
 Light weight
 Power It should be Bi-Stable;
uses zero power to retain a still
image.
 Minimum of 150 dpi
 10:1
 More than 100 degrees,
preferable close to 180 degrees.
 Cheap, the price should be
almost comparable to paper.
 Less than 1 second
 Should be readable in sunlight,
reflectance should be more than
30%
 It should be bendable
 It should be almost as light
weighted as a paper-card.
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17. Comparision E paper and LCD
 Wide viewing angle
 Black on paper white
 Readable in sunlight
 Holds image without
power drain
 Plastic or glass
 Light Weight
 Thin (~1 mm)
 Best image only from
one position
 Gray on gray
 Can be difficult to see
 Required power to hold
images
 Glass only
 Power supply and glass
make LCDs relatively
heavy
 Thick (~7 mm)
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Electronic ink display Liquid cyrstal display

18. Highlights of E-ink
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 Superior look.
 Versatile.
 Low power.
 Scalable.

19. Advantages
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 Paper-like Readability
 Ultra low power consumption.
 Reduced eyestrain.
 Thin, light form factor.
 Twistable.
 Inexpensive.
 Simple manufacturing process.

20. Challenges
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 A method for encapsulation.
 An ink or active material to fill the
encapsulation.
 Electronics to activate the ink.

21. Disadvantages
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• Very low switching speed.
• Electrochemical complexity.
• Very low refresh rate.
• Imprint of an image may be visible after
refreshing parts of the screen. Imprints are
known ghost images.

22. An e-ink screen showing ghost
image
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23. Applications
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Electronic shelf label.
Electronic watch and clock.
E Books.
Smart card display
Electronic Newspaper
Mobile display
Computer monitor.

24. Future scenario
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 The Holy Grail of E-ink technology is a digital
book that can typeset itself and that readers
could leaf through just as if it was made of
regular paper.
 Once you have finished, you could
automatically replace it by wirelessly
downloading the latest book from a computer
database.
 Just as E ink could radically change the way
we read books , it could change the way you
recieve your daily newspapers.

25. Conclusion
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 Researches found that in just few years this
technology can replace paper in many
situations, leading us to think of a truly
paperless world.

26. References
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 www.wikipedia.com/e-papertechnology
 www.pedian.com/e-papertechnology
 www.wikid.com
 www.gulfnews.com

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Thank you!