Antimalarial medications or simply antimalarials are a type of antiparasitic chemical agent, often naturally derived, that can be used to treat or to prevent malaria,
Cinchona bark
Artemisia
Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in IndiaJegan Nadar
This PPT covers Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in India, This includes pharmacognosy of chirata, shatavari, kalmeg, tinospora also known as guduchi, punarnava, karela, guggul, brahmi, neem, tulsi and amla
Laxatives are drugs that relieve constipation by losing stools or inducing a bowel movement.
Some laxatives are also used before bowel procedures or examination.
Laxatives come as pills, capsules, liquids, foods, gums, and suppositories.
Drugs are Aloe, Rhubarb, Castor oil, Isabgol, Senna.
Antimalarial medications or simply antimalarials are a type of antiparasitic chemical agent, often naturally derived, that can be used to treat or to prevent malaria,
Cinchona bark
Artemisia
Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in IndiaJegan Nadar
This PPT covers Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in India, This includes pharmacognosy of chirata, shatavari, kalmeg, tinospora also known as guduchi, punarnava, karela, guggul, brahmi, neem, tulsi and amla
Laxatives are drugs that relieve constipation by losing stools or inducing a bowel movement.
Some laxatives are also used before bowel procedures or examination.
Laxatives come as pills, capsules, liquids, foods, gums, and suppositories.
Drugs are Aloe, Rhubarb, Castor oil, Isabgol, Senna.
Rheumatism is characterized by increased level of uric acid in blood , recurrent attacks of inflammation of joints due to deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the cartilage & tendons
The drugs used to relieve or used in the treatment of rheumatism.
Colchicum consists of dried ripe seeds and corms of Colchi-cum autumnale Linn., belonging to family Liliaceae
They are used mainly in the treatment of gout and rheumatic complaints,
Definition:
● Astringents are a group of substance that cause the contraction of tissues and also dries the body secretions.
Examples:
1. Myrobalan
2. Black catechu
3. Pale catechu
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(c) Carbohydrates: Acacia,
Vitamins can be soluble in fat or water, that effect allows classifying them on liposoluble or water-soluble.
In the first classification are the vitamins A, D, E and K. Due to the ease of their solution in body fat they stored and need not consume daily.
In the water-soluble group are B Complex and Vitamin C that can not be stored since they´re easily removed by body fluids and should be consumed daily preferably, with some exceptions.
useful for D>Pharm as per PCI syllabus
The human body does not synthesize vitamins and should be acquired by the daily intake of food, the lack of any of them can cause various diseases.
Cardiotonic are drugs used to increase the efficiency and improve the contraction of the heart muscle,
Digitalis is an example of a cardio-active or cardiotonic drug, in other words a steroid which has the ability to exert a specific and powerful action on the cardiac muscle in animals, and has been used in the treatment of heart conditions ever since its discovery in 1775.
The term "traditional medicine" refers to ways of protecting and restoring health that existed before the arrival of modern medicine. As the term implies, these approaches to health belong to the traditions of each country, and have been handed down from generation to generation. Traditional systems in general have had to meet the needs of the local communities for many centuries as a primary health care system.
Rheumatism is characterized by increased level of uric acid in blood , recurrent attacks of inflammation of joints due to deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the cartilage & tendons
The drugs used to relieve or used in the treatment of rheumatism.
Colchicum consists of dried ripe seeds and corms of Colchi-cum autumnale Linn., belonging to family Liliaceae
They are used mainly in the treatment of gout and rheumatic complaints,
Definition:
● Astringents are a group of substance that cause the contraction of tissues and also dries the body secretions.
Examples:
1. Myrobalan
2. Black catechu
3. Pale catechu
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(c) Carbohydrates: Acacia,
Vitamins can be soluble in fat or water, that effect allows classifying them on liposoluble or water-soluble.
In the first classification are the vitamins A, D, E and K. Due to the ease of their solution in body fat they stored and need not consume daily.
In the water-soluble group are B Complex and Vitamin C that can not be stored since they´re easily removed by body fluids and should be consumed daily preferably, with some exceptions.
useful for D>Pharm as per PCI syllabus
The human body does not synthesize vitamins and should be acquired by the daily intake of food, the lack of any of them can cause various diseases.
Cardiotonic are drugs used to increase the efficiency and improve the contraction of the heart muscle,
Digitalis is an example of a cardio-active or cardiotonic drug, in other words a steroid which has the ability to exert a specific and powerful action on the cardiac muscle in animals, and has been used in the treatment of heart conditions ever since its discovery in 1775.
The term "traditional medicine" refers to ways of protecting and restoring health that existed before the arrival of modern medicine. As the term implies, these approaches to health belong to the traditions of each country, and have been handed down from generation to generation. Traditional systems in general have had to meet the needs of the local communities for many centuries as a primary health care system.
Resins and their types with balsams etcরেজা তানজিল
In polymer chemistry and materials science, resin is a solid or highly viscous substance of plant or synthetic origin that is typically convertible into polymers. Resins are usually mixtures of organic compounds. Plants secrete resins for their protective benefits in response to injury.
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is medicinally powerful herb. Cloves are also known as Clovos, Lavang, Laung. In india, cloves are grown in Nilgiries, Tensaki Hills of Tamil Nadu state, Kottayam and Kollam district of kerala. It holds several phytochemicals. Major phytochemicals includes Eugenol, Eugenyl acetate and Beta-caryophyllene. Clove contains essential oils in its buds, leaves, stem and fruits. Clove owns major pharmacological activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antibacterial, antipyretic and analgesic, etc.
Minor common disorders of the respiratory system can often be successfully treated with phytotherapy and it can be helpful as a supportive measure in more serious diseases, such as bronchitis, emphysema, and pneumonia. For severe infections, antibiotic therapy may be needed and although, most antibiotics are natural products. However, for colds and flu-like virus infections, decongestants (e.g., menthol and eucalyptus), broncholytics, and expectorants (including ipecacuanha, thyme, and senega), demulcents (e.g. mallow), antibacterials and antivirals (e.g. elderflower, pelargonium), and immune system
modulators (e.g. echinacea) are popular and effective.
There are many different types of drugs that work on the CNS,
EPHEDRA, BELLADONA, TEA LEAVES
COFFEE SEEDS
COCA LEAVES
HYOSCYAMUS
AND THEIR PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY
Herbal formulation shall mean a dosage form consisting of one or more herbs in specified quantities to provide specific nutritional, cosmetic benefits, or other benefits meant for use to diagnose treat, mitigate diseases of human beings or animals.
Herbal preparations are obtained by subjecting herbal substances to treatments such as extraction, distillation, expression, fractionation, purification, concentration or fermentation.
These include comminuted or powdered herbal substances, tinctures, extracts, essential oils, expressed juices and processed exudates.
Herbal cosmetic is defined as “ the beauty products, which possess desirable physiological activities such as skin healing, smoothening, appearance enhancing properties with the help of herbal ingredients.”
almond oil
olive oil
rosemarry oil
sandalwood oil
Fibers are elongated thick walled cells with pointed ends, cell walls of which may consist of cellulose and may or may not contain lignin
Plant fibers
Jute
Flax
Cotton
Banana
Hemp
Animal fiber
Silk
wool
Minerals
Glass
Asbestos
Surgical dressings are the materials used alone or in combination for protection and healing of wound
e.g. cotton, wool, rayon
Official requirements of surgical dressings are as;
They should be sterilized before use
They should be stored in dry-ventilated place at temperature not exceeding 250c
They should not be dyed unless mentioned in the monograph
There should not be any loose threads fibres-ends in dressings
They should be used with permitted prescribed concentrations only.
Sutures
Sutures are threads used for stiching the tissues like skin, muscles by using needle.
Two types of sutures;
Absorbable sutures: these are absorbed in the body
E.g catgut, kangaroo tendon and some synthetic polymers
Non-absorbable sutures: these are not absorbed by skin.
E.g silk, nylon
Requirements of sutures;
They must be sterile and cause no irritation
They should be stored in dry place
They are intended for one use.
A diuretic is any substance that increases production of urine.
Sometimes called water pills, help rid your body of salt (sodium) and water.
Gokharu
Synonym: Puncture vine, devil’s thorn, Caltrops fruit.
B.S.: Gokhru is the dried ripe seeds of Tribulus terrestris Linn., Family: Zygophyllaceae.
Morphological characters:
Color: fruits are yellowish in colour
Odor: odorless
Taste: slightly bitter
Shape: globose, 1.2 cm in diameter containing five woody, densely hairy, spiny cocci
Size: 1-1.5cm in diameter and 8.5mm thick
Chemical Constituents
consist of steroidal saponins as the major constituents.which are;
terestrosins A, B, C, D and E,.
F-gitonin and gitonin.
Certain other steroidal such as terestroside F, tribulosin, trillin, gracillin, dioscin
Therapeutic uses
The fruit has cooling, anti inflammatory, antiarthritic, diuretic, tonic, properties.
It is used in building immune system, in painful micturition, calculus affections and impotency.
Improves and prolongs the duration of erection
It exerts a stimulating effect on reproductary organs.
Punarnava
Synonym: rakta punarnava, hog-weed
B.S.: freh dried herb of Boerhhavia diffusa
Family: Nyctagineacea.
Morphological characters:
Color: green on upper surface,
Odor: odorless
Taste: slightly bitter
Shape: ovate
Size: 25-30mm long
Therapeutic uses
In the treatment of urogenital disorders
In the renal diseases
Fever, cough, dysponea and bronchial complaints
The term "Nutraceutical" was coined by combining the terms "Nutrition" and "Pharmaceutical" in 1989 by Dr. Stephen De Felice.
Definition Of Nutraceuticals...
A nutraceutical is any substance considered as a food, or its part which, in addition to its normal which, in addition to its normal nutritional value provides health benefits including the prevention of disease or promotion of health.
Antioxidants are substance that can prevent or minimize cell damage caused by free radicals.
These are live microbial feed supplement which improves intestinal microbial balance when administered
E.g. lactobacilli such as L. acidophilus, gram +ve cocci such as enterococcus foecium etc.
A non- digestible food ingredient that stimulates the growth or activity of number of bacteria in colon.
what is TSM?
WHO defines traditional medicine as including diverse health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal, and/or mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises which can be used to maintain well-being, as well as to treat, diagnose or prevent illness.
TYPES OF TSM (AYUSH)
A-AYURVEDA
Y-YOGA & NATUROPATHY
U-UNANI
S-SIDDHA
H-HOMEOPATHY
Classification of Ayurvedic dosage form
POINTS TO BE INCLUDED
Definition, scope,
Technical definitions, common terminologies used in clinical
settings
Daily activities of clinical pharmacists
Ward round participation
Treatment Chart Review
Adverse drug reaction monitoring
Interprofessional collaboration
Introduction
Pharmacy & therapeutic committee (PTC)
Hospital formulary
Infection control committee
In these days of modern medicine, a large number of drugs are available for the treatment of a disease.
Considering the complexities surrounding their effective use, it is necessary for the hospital to establish a system to bring the best medicinal agents to the attention of the medical staff and help them in proper selection of therapeutic substances.
In order to ensure proper rationality in the use of drugs a “PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTIC COMMITTEE” need to be organized and constituted in a hospital.
It is an advisory group of medical staff and the administration of hospital on matters related to the therapeutic use of drugs.
FUNCTIONS
To advise the medical staff on usage of drugs.
To develop and compile formulary of drugs accepted for use in the hospital.
To plan/establish suitable educational programs.
To review adverse drug reactions.
To make recommendations concerning drugs to be stocked in hospital patient care areas.
To advise the pharmacy in the implementation of effective drug distribution and control procedures.
HOSPITAL FORMULARY
Hospital Formulary is defined as a list of drugs used in the hospital.
Formulary system is method whereby the medical staff of an institution, working through the PTC, evaluates, appraises, and selects from among the numerous available drug entities & drug products those that considered most useful in patient care.
The list of drugs guides to detect medications that require special precautions to reduce risk of errors
Precautions may include limiting access to certain drugs.
The list of drugs categorised into
High risk drugs
Emergency drugs
Schedule H1 drugs
NDPS drugs
Reserved antibiotics
High risk medications are drugs that have a heightened risk of causing significant patient harm when they are misused.
List of high risk drugs
Adrenaline 1mg/ml inj
Cobra antivenom inj
Dextrose 30% and 50% inj
Digoxin 0.5 mg inj
Dopamine 200mg/ 20ml inj
Heparin 5000unit/ml inj
Actrapid1000 unit/10ml inj
Morphine 10mg/ml inj
Noradrenaline inj
All high medication containers or loose vials/ampoules stored must be labelled as high risk medicines
Use TALL-man lettering to emphasize difference in medication name e.g. DOPamine abd DOButamine
Prescribing: do not use abbreviations when prescribing
Do not use trailing zero when prescribing e.g. 5.0mg can be mistaken as 50mg
Administration: the following particulars shall be checked before administration;
Patient’s name
Strength of medication
Dose
Route and expiry
Drug distribution is defined as, "Physical transfer of drugs from storage area in the hospital to the patient's bedside".
This involves two types of drug distribution. They are:
In-patient distribution
Out-patient distribution
The drug distribution to the in patient department can be carried out from the out patient dispensing area.
The pharmacists involved in dispensing the drugs for out patient can dispense drugs for in patients too.
The pharmacist employed for drug distribution to the in patient wards should be well skilled and qualified staff.
Out patient refers to the patients not occupying beds in hospital or in clinics, health centers and other places where out patients usually go for health care.
No medicaments should be issued without the prescription.
After the issue has been made the quantities supplied must be recorded.
In short form the out patient department was called as OPD.
CLASSIFICATION OF PATIENTS
EMERGENCY
TERTIARY CARE
PRIMARY CARE
AMBULATORY.
A hospital pharmacy is a department within a hospital that prepares, compounds, stocks and dispenses inpatient medications.
What is the role of hospital pharmacist?
Hospital pharmacists work in hospital pharmacy services belong to the MOH as well as the private sector. Pharmacists work in this field are responsible for dispensing of medications, quality testing, formulating and re-formulating dosage forms, monitoring and reporting drug safety, and preparing budges for medications.
They are radioactive substances or radioactive medications for diagnostic & therapeutic intervention
Radiopharmaceutical are medicinal formulations containing radioisotopes which are safe for organization in people for analysis or for treatment
Usually radiopharmaceuticals contain at least 2major components;
Radionuclide that provides the desired radiation characteristics &
Chemical compound with structural or chemical properties that determine the physiological behavior of radiopharmaceutical
"Pharmaceutical aids are the drugs or substances which have no or little pharmacological.but they are essentially used in the preparation of pharmaceutical dosage form
nticancer drug, also called antineoplastic drug, any drug that is effective in the treatment of malignant, or cancerous, disease.
Vinca have been used to treat diabetes, high blood pressure and have been used as disinfectants and anti-cancer.
A drug that stimulates contraction of the myometrium. Oxytocics are used to induce labour, obstetric at term, to prevent or control postpartum or postabortion haemorrhage, and to assess foetal status in high risk pregnancies.
crude drug used is Ergot
ergot life cycle
1. over wintering stage
2. sexual reproduction
3. asexual reproduction
The drugs which used relieving pain in the stomach and intestine is Known as carminative.
The carminatives are prescribed in indigestion, gastric discomfort and loss of appetite.
The gastrointestinal regulators are the agents which regularize the activity of G.I tract and include
bitter stomach,
anti-emetics
and appetizers.
*coriander
*black pepper
*fennel
*caraway
*cardamom
*nutmeg
*asafoetida
Alkaloids are nitrogenous compounds of low molecular weight. They are mainly produced by plants and animals for defense. Examples of alkaloids include morphine, codeine, coniine, quinine, scopolamine, hyoscamine, atropine, caffeine, sangunarine, berberine, etc.
anthraquinone, coumarin, cyanogens (cyanohydrin), flavonoids, glucosinolates (or thioglycosides), phenols, steroidal, terpenoids, and saponins.
A type of chemical found in plants and in certain foods, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, wine, and tea.
Pharmacy and Therapeutics (P&T) is a committee at a hospital or a health insurance plan that decides which drugs will appear on that entity's drug formulary.
PTC includes not just pharmacists, but also physicians, nurses, administrators, risk and quality improvement managers etc. There are also sub-committees under the PTC, for example, drug review panels that focus on a particular specialty, reviewing the drug products and guidelines of this specialty.
mprove Medicine treatment in accordance with acceptable current practice within the limited available resources.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
5. The drug which are used to suppress cough or enhance removal
of sputum.
Anti Tussives
Vasaka
leaves
Tolu balsam
6. Synonyms:- Adhatada, adulsa
Biological source:- It consists of dried as well as fresh leaves of
the plant Adhatoda vasica
Family: Acanthaceae
Chemical Constituents:
1. Vasaka leaves contain quinazoline alkaloids such as vasicine,
vasicinone and 6-hydroxy vasicine.
2. It also contain volatile oil, betain and vasakine and Adhatoda
acid.
vasicine.
7. Therapeutic Uses:
1. The leaves of vasaka are used to treat cough, asthma, fever, tuberculosis, piles,
jaundice, bleeding gum.
2. It is also used as an expectorant.
3. It has ability of bronchodilator.
4. The extract of leaves, bark and flower is used to treat bronchial, asthmatic and
pulmonary affection.
5. It has anthelmintic property.
6. It has property of sedative, antispasmodic, anti- inflammatory, antidiabetic
7. It is used to treat leprosy, blood disorders, heart troubles, thirst, vomiting.
8. Its decoction has ability to treat cold and rheumatism
8. Synonyms: Tolu Balsam; Thomas balsam; opobalsam; resin
tolu; balsam of tolu
Biological Source: Tolu Balsam is obtained by incision of stem
of Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms., belonging to family
Leguminosae.
Morphological characters:
Color: yellowish-brown or brown,
odour :aromatic
Taste: aromatic vanilla like
It is insoluble in water and petroleum ether; soluble in alcohol,
benzene,
Chemical Constituents:
1. Tolu Balsam contains resin (80%)
2. Volatile oil (7.8%) – Benzyl benzoate;
3. Free organic acid – Cinnamic acid and Benzoic acid (8%)
4. It is also contains esters such as, benzyl cinnamate, vanillin,
styrene, eugenol, ferulic acid.
9. 1. To the alcoholic solution of tolu balsam, when a few drops
of ferric chloride are added, green colour appears due to the
presence of acidic group of benzoic acid and Cinnamic acid.
2. Mix 1 gm of balsam adds 5 ml of potassium permagnate and
boil, odour of bitter almond (due to formation of
benzaldehyde) is produced.
Chemical test
10. 1. Balsam of Tolu is used as an expectorant, stimulant, and
antiseptic.
2. It is an ingredient of cough mixtures and compound benzoin
tincture.
3. It is also used as a pleasant flavouring agent in medicinal
syrups, confectionery, chewing gums, and perfumery.