social pharmacy d-pharm 1st year by Pragati K. Mahajan
Lec-2-Pharmacognosy.pptx
1. Pharmacognosy
Morphology of different parts of
medicinal plants
Dr. Rand Shahin
References:
Prof. Madiha AminHassan
Prof. Talal Abu rujai
Dr. Jamila Dibbas
2.
3. A flowering plant
Epidermis: The epidermis consists of a
single layer of cells covering the whole
plant. Epidermal cells show great
variety in form, giving characteristic
patterns when seen in surface view
(straight, wavy, beaded,… walls.
4. Plant tissues
• A tissue is an aggregation of cells of common
source, structure and function in intimate union
• Classification of plant tissues:
• Tissues may be classified into
A. Simple plant tissue
• Those composed of one kind of cell only. E.g.
parenchyma and collenchyma.
B. Complex plant tissue
• Those made up of two or more kinds of cells. E.g.
xylem and phloem.
5. A) Leaves
• •Aloe الصبار
: ) ) Aloe vera
• Family: Xanthorroeaceae
The juice of Aloes contained in the large
pericyclic cells of the leaves. When the leaf
base is cut, the juice flows out and collected
Aloe is recommended for the treatment of
atonic constipation and suppressed
menstruation.
6. Aloe vera
• Active constituents:
• Anthranoids : Anthrones (up to 30%), mainly the C-
glycosides aloins A and B (= barbaloin, isobarbaloin, other
glycosides.
• Small quantities of aloe-emodin.
• Chromones Major constituents are aloesin
• Dosage
• Dried juice 50–200 mg or equivalent three times daily.
• Use of aloes as a laxative in self-treatment of constipation
for more than two weeks is not recommended.
• contra-indicates its use in individuals with haemorrhoids
and existing kidney disease
8. A) Leaves
Tea (Black/Green) الشاي
•Camellia sinensis F. Theaceae.
Green tea and black tea, although derived
from the leaves of the same plant, have
different concentrations of the active
constituents.
•black tea-fully fermented leaves that are
roasted (40mg caffeine/cup).
•green tea-steamed, dried, non fermented
leaves (20mg/cup).
The immediate processing of harvested leaves
used for green tea limits enzymatic changes,
whereas leaves used for black tea are
fermented before preparation, triggering the
enzymatic process. Thus, green tea contains
higher concentrations of the active catechin
constituents compared to black tea.
10. A) Leaves
Tea (Black/Green) الشاي
Camellia sinensis F. Theaceae.
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
• BLACK TEA: Claimed to Protect against
ischemic heart disease.
• GREEN TEA: Antioxidant capacity;
decreases serum concentrations of total
cholesterol, triglyceride
• Standardized Preparations: Activate
thermogenesis and fat oxidation.
• Black and green tea: Increase plasma
antioxidant capacity;
• Active constituents:
1. Polyphenols (Tannins: Catechins)
epicatechin, epigallocatechin
2. Alkaloids purine group
(Xanthine derivatives):
1) Caffeine 2-4% – CNS stimulant.
2) Theophylline – bronchodilator.
3) Theobromine – diuretic.
3. Inorganic Ions: fluoride
(130-160 mg/kg), potassium,
aluminum
4. Other Ingredients:
flavonoids, caffeic acid
derivatives
11.
12. 12
Tannins
• Are astringent and bitter-tasting plant polyphenols
that bind and precipitate proteins
• The term tannin refers to the source of tannins used
in tanning animal hides into leather.
• However, the term is widely applied to any large
polyphenolic compound containing sufficient
hydroxyls and other suitable groups (such as
carboxyls) to form strong complexes with proteins
and other macromolecules. Tannins have molecular
weights ranging from 500 to over 3000.
14. 14
Biosynthesis of Tannins:
• Tannins belong to the phenolics class.
• All phenolic compounds (primary and secondary)
are, in one way or another, formed via the shikimic
acid pathway, also known as the phenylpropanoid
pathway.
• The same pathway leads to the formation of other
phenolics such as isoflavones, coumarins, lignins
and aromatic aminoacids (tryptophan,
phenylalanine and tyrosine).
18. Second Semester / 2007 Advanced
Phytotherapy
18
Benzoic acid
derivatives
Caffeic acid and other
phenylpropanoids
Coumarins
Lignin precursors
19. 19
Tannins: chemical structure
• Tannins are one of the many types of secondary
compounds found in plants
• Characteristics of tannins
• Oligomeric compounds with multiple structure units
with free phenolic groups,
• Molecular weight ranging from 500 to >20,000,
• Soluble in water, with exception of some high
molecular weight structures,
• Ability to bind proteins and form insoluble or soluble
tannin-protein complexes.
20. Second Semester / 2007 Advanced
Phytotherapy
20
Tannins: chemical structure
• Tannins are usually subdivided into two
groups:
• Hydrolyzable tannins (HT)
• Proanthocyanidins (PA) (often called
Condensed Tannins)
• In addition to Complex Tannins and
PseudoTannnins.
21. 21
Hydrolysable tannins
• HTs are molecules with a polyol (generally D-glucose)
as a central core.
• The hydroxyl groups of these carbohydrates are
partially or totally esterified with phenolic groups like
gallic acid (-->gallotannins) or ellagic acid (-->
ellagitannins).
• HT are usually present in low amounts in plants.
• Some authors define two additional classes of
hydrolyzable tannins: taragallotannins(gallic acid and
quinic acid as the core) and caffetannins (caffeic acid
and quinic acid)
25. Second Semester / 2007 Advanced
Phytotherapy
25
Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins)
• PAs are more widely distributed than HTs.
• They are oligomers or polymers of flavonoid units
(i.e. flavan-3-ol) linked by carbon-carbon bonds not
susceptible to cleavage by hydrolysis.
• PAs are more often called condensed tannins due to
their condensed chemical structure. However, HTs
also undergo condensation reaction. The term,
condensed tannins, is therefore potentially
confusing.
26. A) Leaves
Sage.
• Salvia officinalis L. Family: (Labiatae/Lamiaceae)
Constituents
•Acids: Phenolic – caffeic, chlorogenic, and rosmarinic.
•Flavonoids.
•Tannins
•Volatile oil: 1–2.8%. Major components are α- and β-
thujones. Others include 1,8-cineole, borneol, camphor.
27. • Pharmacological Actions
1)Antispasmodic activity.
2) Anticholinesterase activity Early herbals claim
that sage enhances the memory. The
anticholinesterase activity of several Salvia species
have been investigated in the search for new drugs
for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
3) Antimicrobial and antiviral activity Antimicrobial
activity of the volatile oil has been attributed to the
thujone content.
31. A) Leaves: Examples
Leaves and herbs are collected at the flowering stage
Major
constituents
Main herbal use
Family
Binomial name
Arabic name
Common name
Mentioned
Mentioned before
Thaeaceae
Camellia sinensis
الشاي
Camellia
Volatile oil
(0.06–0.375%)
including:
monoterpenes
>60%.
Sedative, and
topically in herpes
simplex infections
Lamiaceae
(Labiatae)
Melissa officinalis
الترنجان أو المليسا
Lemon balm
Essential oils:
linalool,
methylchavicol
(eugenol),
camphor, methyl
cinnamate
1. Acts on the
digestive and
nervous systems,
easing stomach
cramps and
relieving nausea
and vomiting
2. relieving the sting
and swelling of
mosquito
Lamiaceae
(Labiatae)
Ocimum basilicum
الريحان
Basil or Sweet
basil
Volatile oils: 0.8–
2.6%. Phenols as
major
components (20–
80%) primarily
Thymol and
Carvacrol
Carminative,
Antispasmodic,
Antitussive
Expectorant
Lamiaceae
(Labiatae)
Thymus vulgaris
الزعتر
Garden Thyme
32.
33.
34.
35. A) Leaves: Examples
Major
constituents
Main herbal use
Family
Binomial name
Arabic name
Common name
Volatile oil: 1–2.8%.
Major components
are α- and β-
Thujones
carminative,
antispasmodic
Lamiaceae
(Labiatae)
Salvia officinalis
المريمية
Sage
1. Eliminating
flatulence
2. Curing or
preventing basic
intestinal infections
3. Soothing painful
stomach cramps or
spasms
increasing digestive
enzymes Calming
digestive system.
Improving appetite
Relieving nausea
Carminative.
Lamiaceae
(Labiatae)
Origanum majorana
المردقوش
Marjoram
(Oregano)
Volatile oil:
menthol,
menthone, 1,8-
cineole and
others
analgesic,,
antiseptic,
antigalactagogue,,
antispasmodic,
astringent,
carminative
Lamiaceae
(Labiatae)
Mentha piperita
النعناع
Mint (Mentha)
1. Flavonoids:
diosmetin,
diosmin
2. Volatile oil:
Thymoleptic يحسن
المزاج,
Carminative
Lamiaceae
(Labiatae)
Rosemary officinalis
الجبل إكليل
-
حصى
لبان
Rosemary
36. A) Leaves: Examples
Major
constituents
Main herbal use
Family
Binomial name
Arabic name
Common name
Lawsone, 2- hydroxy-
1:4 napthaquinone.
Astringent,
Antihaemorrhagic,
oxytocic ,
antifungal,
antibacterial.
Lythraceae
Lawsonia inermis
الحناء
Henna
1. Flavonoids: e.g.,
Eucalyptrin and
rutin.
2. Volatile oils:
Eucalyptol (cineole)
70–85%.
antiseptic,
febrifuge and
expectorant.
Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus globulus
الكافور
Eucalyptus
Essential oils : (0.8 to
3%) contains mostly
1,8-cineol
mild sedative,
cholagogue,
diaphoretic,
antiseptic,
antifungal
for dandruff
Lauraceae
Laurus nobilis
الغار
Bay Laurel Leaf
1. Flavonoids:
Glycosides of
apigenin, luteolin
(leaf only)).
2. Furanocoumarins
Bergapten and
oxypeucedanin as
major constituents.
3. Volatile oils
4. Vit A and C
1. Carminative
2.dyspepsia,
colic cystitis,
dysuria, Bronchitic
cough in the
elderly,
Dysmenorrhoea
(
الطمث عسر
)
Apiaceae
Petroselinum
crispum
البقدونس
Parsley leaves
39. Rosemary (حصالبان ، الجبل )اكليل
• A silvery evergreen shrub that originated in
the Mediterranean region and is now grown
worldwide.
• Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is known
both as a culinary and healing herb.
• Many of the current uses of this aromatic
plant have been handed down from ancient
times.
40. Rosemary
• Uses:
• Memory aid: The herb's enduring reputation as a
memory aid may in part be due to:
- Its high concentrations of health-promoting
antioxidants. These compounds help to protect the brain
and other parts of the body against unstable oxygen
molecules, called free radicals, which can damage cells
in the body.
- Rosemary may also sharpen memory by helping to
prevent the breakdown of neurotransmitter
acetylcholine.
41. • Topical uses:
- Rosemary oil, which is steam-distilled from the plant’s
pale blue flowers, may help soothe muscle sprains,
strains, and arthritic joints.
- The oil contains camphor, a skin irritant that can
increase blood circulation to the skin when applied
topically.
- The aromatic oil is frequently added to hair
preparations: one recent trial found that rosemary oil,
when combined with thyme, and lavender oils in a
neutral carrier oil (jojoba) may help to lessen a type of
hair loss called alopecia areata.
Rosemary
42. • Internal uses: Rosemary oil is one of the essential
oils recently made available in capsule form for
internal use.
- Herbalists often suggest capsules containing
rosemary oil along with the essential oils of
oregano and thyme for the treatment of yeast
(Candida) overgrowth in the intestines.
- This blend is used in part because of rosemary's
apparent antibacterial and antifungal properties.
Rosemary
43. A) Leaves: Examples
Major
constituents
Main herbal use
Family
Binomial name
Arabic name
Common name
1. triterpene
2.glycosides of
hederagenin:
hederacoside С
, hederacoside D
hederacoside В
phenolics
flavonoids,
coumarins
Expectorant
antitussive
Trarment of
chronic
infalmmatory
bronchial
diseases
Araliaceae
Hederae folium
اللبالب
Ivy
Hederae folium is used for the treatment of respiratory
tract diseases with intense mucous formation,
respiratory tract infections and in irritating cough which
stems from common cold. According to clinical
experiments, the effectiveness and tolerance of ivy
preparations is good. The major compounds responsible
for the biological activity are triterpene saponins. Ivy
leave extracts exhibit pasmolytic/antispasmodic, anti-
inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic, anthelmintic,
antitrypanosomial, antileishmanial, antitumor,
antimutagenic, moluscocidal, antioxidant and
antithrombin activities.
بالجهاز يتعلق ما كل عالج في جدا مهم اللبالب
الجهاز وامراض الصدر وامراض التنفسي
عند جدا سام اللبالب من نوع وهناك ، الهضمي
اما الحمراء االوراق ذات اللبالب وهو مالمسته
آمن فهو الخضراء االوراق ذات
.
45. • Explain the term, ‘Hay Fever’.
• Inhalant plant allergens come in contact of
the nasal and buccal mucosa during
respiration. The symptom is restricted to the
nasal mucosa and manifested by sneezing,
lacrimation, itching and swelling of nose and
eyes. This condition is known as hay fever or
sinusitis.
46. Chamomile البابونج
• According to pharmacopoeia we have 2 types of
chamomile:
1. Roman chamomile: is used mainly in Europe,
Chamaemelum nobile
Family: (Asteraceae/Compositae).
• It has thin petals and intense at the center.
2. German chamomile: Matricaria chamomilla. Family:
Asteraceae/Compositae
it has wide petals and outspread from the center.
• Chamomoile contain a compound called matricin that
converts during distillation it to another compound called
Chamazulene( chama: from chamomile, azue: from blue
color ).
Roman German
47. Chamomile(German): البابونج
• Matricaria chamomilla. Family: Asteraceae/Compositae
• Part(s) Used : Flower head
Active constituents:
• Coumarins: Umbelliferone and its methyl ether, heniarin.
• Flavonoids: Apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, and rutin.
• Volatile oils: Pharmacopoeial standard not less than 4 mg/kg blue
oil. Main components are )˗(-α-bisabolol (up to 50%) and
chamazulene (blue) (1–15%).
• Other constituents: sesquiterpenes (e.g. matricarin and matricin).
• Chamazulene is formed from matricin during steam distillation of
the oil. It varies in yield depending on the origin and age of the
flowers.
48. Sesqueterpens are class of terpenes that
consist of three isoprene units (15 Carbons) ,
so we can get these compounds from many
types of plant tissues , specially Asteraceae
family plant tissue
Isoprene units
49. Chamomile(German): البابونج
• Matricine is a tricyclic sesquiterpenoidal compound
that contain furan ring, during distillation process the
furan lactone will be open due to high temperature
and convert it to carboxylate called chammazulene
carboxylic acid,also we remove a carbon atom in
carboxylate gp in matricin, by this we have bicyclic
structure contain 14 carbon , so chamazulene is not
naturally compound and not a sesquiterpens.
50. 50
• Coumarin and the other
members of the coumarin
family are benzo-α-pyrones,
while the other main members
of the benzopyrone group, the
flavonoids contain the γ-
pyrone group.
• Coumarins may also be found
in nature as glycosides.
51. Pharmacological activity of Chamomile
• All these compounds are responsible for the
pharmacological activity, so we use
chamomile as antispasmodic and carminative
(orally use) due to the activity of flavonoids,
while topical use as anti-inflammatory,
• also it's used in teething pain in pediatric,
antiseptic, it has hypnotic effect so help u to
sleep, also we use it as antacid.
52. Clove القرنفل
) )
Syzygium aromaticum
Family: Myrtaceae
• Part(s) Used: dried flower bud.
• Active Constituents:
• Clove bud: oil containing Eugenol (90%), Eugenyl
acetate , β-caryophyllene.
• • Other components like methylsalicylate,
methyleugenol and benzaldehyde.
• •Herbal Use
• Clove has been traditionally used as a
carminative, anti-emetic,
• toothache remedy and counter-irritant.
53. Clove القرنفل
) )
Syzygium aromaticum
Family: Myrtaceae
• The distinctive odour of the clove is due to the
presence of Eugenol
• It’s phenylpropene structure and there are
hydroxyl and methoxy groups ortho- to-each
other.
• The problem of this plant: it mustn’t be used with
any anti-coagulant drug, so the dentist must be
sure to use clove-free compounds if the patient
use anti-coagulant drug to prevent the bleeding.
55. B) Flowers: Examples
Major
constituents
Main herbal use
Family
Binomial name
Arabic
name
Common name
1. Coumarins:
Umbelliferone
2. Flavonoids:
Apigenin, luteolin,
quercetin, and rutin.
3. Volatile oils
1. carminative,
2. Antispasmodic
3. topically for
haemorrhoids
4. gastrointestinal
disturbance with
associated
nervous
irritability in
children.
Asteraceae
(Compositeae)
Matricaria
chamomilla
البابونج
German
Chamomile
oil containing
Eugenol (90%),
Eugenyl acetate , β-
Caryophyllene.
1. Toothache
Remedy
2. carminative.
3. anti-emetic
Myrtaceae
Eugenia
aromatica
القرنفل
Clove
Essential oils: (1-3%)
mainly
monoterpenes
linaloyl acetate (30-
55%), also linalool
(20-35%), β-
ocimene, cineole,
and camphor.
Treatment of
anxiety
Lamiaceae
Lavendula
officinalis
الخزامى
Lavender
56.
57.
58. B) Flowers: Examples
Major constituents
Main herbal use
Family
Binomial name
Arabic
name
Common name
Aphrodisiac,
Antispasmodic
Iridaceae
Crocus sativus
الزعفران
Saffron
Fruit acids (15-
30%):
•Anthocyans
(intensive red)
•Flavonoids:
including
gossypetin
•Mucilages:
•Dried flowers
have a high
ascorbic acid
(vitamin C)
content.
diuretic and anti-
scorbutic عالج
االسقربوط
Flower extract has
been used in many
folk remedies for
liver disorders, high
blood pressure and
as aphrodisiac
Malvaceae
Hibiscus
sabdariffa
الكركديه
Hibiscus
1. Flavonoids:
Flavonol
(isorhamnetin,
quercetin
2. oils: Terpenoid
components
include
menthone,
1. Antispasmodi
2. mild
diaphoretic
3. anti-
inflammatory,
4. Anti-
haemorrhagic,
5. Emmenagogue
Asteraceae
Calendula
officinalis
أصفر أقحوان
Calendula
59. Saffron الزعفران
• Saffron Parts Used: stigma, also called style:(central part of a flower,
female sexual organ). Approximately 150,000 flowers are needed
for one kilogram of dried saffron; typically, one would need 2000
m2 field area per kg harvest.
• •Less expensive qualities include also the yellow stamina (male
sexual organ), which do not have any taste of their own.
60. Saffron الزعفران
• Medicinal uses
• •The stigmas of the plant are as an aphrodisiac,
antispasmodic, expectorant, for treatment of stomach
ailments, reducing stomachache and for relieving
tension.
• •In Persian traditional medicine, it is used for
depression.
• It is also used to treat insomnia and in the treatment of
the measles, dysentery, jaundice, cholera.
• •At low doses, it causes the stimulation of the
pregnant uterus
61. Active constituents of saffron
• •Crocus sativus stigmas reported that it possesses carotenoids:
crocetin (also called α‐crocetin), its glycosidic forms crocin.
• •The coloring components of saffron were crocins (is a yellow
glycoside), which are unusual water‐soluble carotenoids .
• •Anthocyanins, flavonoids, vitamins (especially riboflavin and
thiamine), Among the constituents of saffron extract, crocetin is
mainly responsible for its pharmacological activities
62. Artemisia cina الخرساني الشيح
• Artemisia cina BERG. Family: Asteraceae/Compositae.
• •Part Used: dried, unexpanded flower heads
• Active Constituents---The chief constituent of
Wormseed is a crystalline bitter principle, Santonin:
anthelmintic property of the drug.
• • Artemisia cina should be colleected in July and
August since Santonin attains its maximum at this
tome of the year
• • Artemisia cina also named as wormseed contains
another bitter principle, Artemisin, and a yellow
volatile oil cineol.
64. Artemisia cina الخرساني الشيح
• Herbal action and Uses
• Santonin acts as a direct poison to parasites, and is
used as a remedy for round-worms, which it rapidly
expels; it has also an effect on thread-worms to a
lesser degree, but has no action on tapeworms.
• •Dosage : Santonin lozenges, B.P.
• •As a rule, when a single dose is to be given, it should
be administered upon an empty stomach, and the
patient should refrain from eating for a short time
afterward. A purgative should precede and follow its
use.
65. Toxicity
• •Several cases are on record of fatal
poisoning by Santonin.
• •Santonin produces vision disturbances,
objects first appears blue then yellow, the
absorbed santonin renders urine intense
yellow if acidic, while purplish yellow if
alkaline.
68. Evening Primirose oil
• EPO is found in the plant's seeds, and is high in the
essential fatty acid gamma-linolenic acid (GLA).
Essential fatty acids, such as omega-6s found in EPO
and omega-3s found in fish oil, are used as building
blocks for a number of molecules in the body.
• Your body needs a balance of omega-6 and omega-3
fatty acids for good health.
• Today, EPO is used to relieve Premenestrual syndrome
(PMS) symptoms and some arthritis-related conditions,
although scientific evidence to support these uses is
lacking. The strongest evidence for EPO use is for
treating eczema.
69. Medicinal Uses and Indications
• EPO is used mostly to relieve the itchiness
caused by skin conditions, such as eczema and
dermatitis. It is also used to ease breast
tenderness from premenstrual syndrome
(PMS) or other causes, and to help manage
menopausal symptoms.
70. C) Seeds:
Main herbal
use
Family
Binomial name
Arabic name
Common name
Aphrodisiac
Carminative
lactagogue,
restorative,
tonic.
Emmenagogue
Leguminoseae
Trigonella foenum
الحلبة
Fenugreek
seeds
Asthma
Bronchitis
Cough
Diuretic
Ranunculaceae
Nigella sativa
أو السوداء الحبة
القزحة
Black seed or
black cumin(
Myristicaceae
Myristica fragrans
الطيب جوزة
Nutmegs
Treating burns
and bronchial
inflammation
Pedaliaceae
Sesamum indicum
السمسم
Sesame seeds
Strong Laxative
الخروع بذور
Castor seeds
Cruciferae
Brassica nigra
األسود الخردل
Black Mustard
Contains -
Omega – 3 fatty
acids
Linseeds
FLAX
71. Nutmegs الطيب جوزة
Myristica fragrans Myristicaceae
• Mace: الطيب جوزة لثمرة الداخلي الجدار تغطي التي الداخلية الرفيعة القشرة
• Nutmeg: usually used as complete fruit but the V.O. is obtained
from the seeds or kernel.
• The oil of the nutmeg is very expensive because the fruits need long
time to be
• mature and they are very light, so when the farmer cultures large
number of the plant trees he will have small weight of the fruits
(nutmeg)..
72.
73.
74. Nutmegs الطيب جوزة
Myristica fragrans Myristicaceae
• To have oil has similar odor to the nutmeg oil, they take the mace.
• In the US it’s used by prisoners as alternative to hallucinogenic
compounds, so it’s called prison opium because it gives the same
effect of the opium.
• The effect of nutmeg is similar to that of atropine, the only difference
between them is that atropine causes mydriasis but nutmeg causes
miosis الحدقي التوسع يقلل
• They study the ability of use nutmeg as flavouring agent due to the
presence of myristicine and elemicin.
75. Nigella sativa
• Medicinal Uses (Black Cumin) —
• This herb apparently may be even more important to the Muslims than to
the Christians and Jews.
• هللا رسول يقول
-
السأم إال داء كل من شفاء السوداء الحبة في إن وسلم عليه هللا صلى
.
اخرجه
البخاري
• According to an Arab proverb, “in the black seed is the medicine for every
disease except death.”
• Small wonder that the literature regards it as carminative, diaphoretic,
digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, excitant, lactagogue, laxative,
resolvent, stimulant, stomachic, and tonic.
79. - The main constituents of coriander oil are
linalool (70-80%), geranyl acetate (2-3%),
geraniol (1.6-2.6%), α-pinene (2-3%), and
camphor (5-6%).
- Linalool is the major component of the
hydrodistillate of the dried ripe seeds of
Coriandrum sativum L. purchased from the
market in Addis Ababa.
Coriander ()الكزبرة
80. D) Fruits:
• Matured and ripened ovaries. Holds and
protects the seeds until they mature.
81. Anise اليانسون
• Pimpinella anisum L. Family: Umbelliferae or
Apiaceae.
• The medicinal parts are the essential oil from
the ripe fruit and the dried fruit.
• •Active constituents:
• Volatile oil (2 to 6%): chief constituent trans-
anethole (94%),
• Coumarins
82. Anise اليانسون
• Herbal Uses:
• The drug is said to have an expectorant, mildly
spasmolytic and antibacterial effect based on
the essential oil.
• Common cold
• Cough/bronchitis
83. Anise اليانسون
• The main constituent is Anethole, it's a phenylpropene ,
para to it is a methoxy group , this compound is responsible
for the anise odor and many biological effects , a problem
is during storage a molecule of the anethole is combined to
another molecule of Anethole by the propene side chain to
form a dimeric compound , this dimmer binds to the
estrogen receptors (has estrogen-like receptors), so anyone
who takes estrogen like combination pills contraceptive
that contains estrogen in microgram with anise that's
improperly stored in high temperatures or for long periods ,
a competition between the dimmeric estrogen-like
compound with estrogen is responsible for the failure of
contraception when large amounts of the anise is used ,
and the treatment will be unsuccessful.
84. anise is available as oil or the anethole is added to the cough suppressants , it
reduces the trachea contractions and reduces irritation that causes the
cough.
- Mainly used as a flavoring agent in the pharmaceutical industry , especially
for indigestion products like Gaviscon® to provide a better taste for the
formula.
87. D) Fruits
Main herbal
use
Family
Binomial name
Arabic name
Common name
expectorant,
mildly
spasmolytic
Umbelliferae
Pimpinella
anisum
اليانسون
Anise
Carminative
properties
Umbelliferae
Foeniculum
vulgare
الشومر
FENNEL
improve
lactation in
nursing mothers
Umbelliferae
Carum carvi
الكراوية
Caraway
Carminative
Antimicrobial
Umbelliferae
Cuminum
cyminum
الكمون
Cumin
88. E) Barks
• Definition:
• Barks consists of all the tissues outside the cambium of
the stem or the root of the medicinal plant.
• Collection and Preparation:
• Barks are collected either from stems or roots by
making transverse and longitudinal incisions and
peeling the outer layers (layers outside the cambium).
• Barks are best collected in the spring (why?)
• They are sun-dried, and some barks are decorticated
(e.g. Cinnamon ).
89.
90. E) Barks اللحاء
Main herbal use
Family
Binomial name
Arabic
name
Common name
Quinine is
antimalarial.
Quinidine is
antiarrhythmic
and cardiac tonic
Rubiaceae
Cinchona succirubra
الكينا
الحمراء
Cinchona
May possess a
potentiating effect
on insulin
Lauraceae
Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Cinnamomum cassia
القرفة
Cinnamon
anti-inflammatory,
antirheumatic,
antipyretic,
analgesic
Salicaceae
S. alba
S. fragilis
الصفصاف
Willow
Externally for
external
hemorrhoids
Hamamelid
aceae
Hamamelis virginiana
الهمامليس
-
بندق
الساحرة
Witch Hazel
91. Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees (Lauraceae)
CASSIA, CASSIA BARK, CASSIA LIGNEA, CHINA JUNK CASSIA, CHINESE
CASSIA,
CHINESE CINNAMON, SAIGON CINNAMON
• Synonym — Cinnamomum cassia auct.
• In South China, it is grown in a moderately cool climate,
annual rainfall ca. 1200–1300 mm, elevation mostly 90–300
m, usually propagated by cutting but sometimes
• Chemistry (Cassia) —Here are a few of the more notable
chemicals found in cassia.
• Cincassiol-— Antiallergic.
• Cinnamaldehyde — Orally, cinnamaldehyde stimulates the
CNS at low doses and inhibits it at high doses
• Cinnamic-ACID also found in Cinnamomum verum.
• Trans-Cinnamaldehyde
92. • Herbal Use
• •Cinnamon is stated to possess
antispasmodic, carminative antimicrobial and
anthelmintic properties..
• •Cinnamon bark may possess a potentiating
effect on insulin (Khan et al., 1990), and can
be useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes;
as well as lowering triglyceride levels and
serum cholesterol (Jayaprakasha et al., 2002).
93. • Cinnamon is mainly used at winter because
it's carminative , antispasmodic , exerts a
warming effect due to it's vasodilatation
effect.
• - Contraindicated in the first trimester of
pregnancy because it can increase the risk of
abortion due to it's uterine stimulating effect.
• - Also used traditionally to induce
menstruation.
96. Witch Hazel ( (
الساحرة بندق
Hamamelis virginiana L. (Hamamelidaceae)
Leaves and barks
Active constituents:
• Tannins (catechins): Hamamelitannin
(hydrolysable), lesser amounts of condensed
tannins (bark): ( +)-catechin, proanthocyanidin.
•Flavonoids (leaf) Flavonols (e.g. kaempferol,
quercetin)
•Volatile oils : Hexen-2-ol, hexenol, α- and β-
ionones, eugenol, safrole and sesquiterpenes.
• Part(s) Used: Bark, leaf.
97. Witch Hazel ( (
الساحرة بندق
Hamamelis virginiana L. (Hamamelidaceae)
Leaves and barks
• Herbal Use
• •Witch hazel is stated to possess astringent, anti-
hemorrhagic and anti-inflammatory properties.
• •Traditionally, it has been used for diarrhea,
hemorrhoids, and externally for external
hemorrhoids, bruises and localized inflamed
swellings.
• •The German Commission E approved use for
minor skin injuries, local inflammation of skin and
mucous membranes, hemorrhoids and varicose
veins.
98. • Herbal Indications
• •The German Commission E approved use for
minor skin injuries, local inflammation of skin and
mucous membranes, hemorrhoids and varicose
veins.
• •Witch hazel is stated to possess astringent, anti-
hemorrhagic and anti-inflammatory properties.
• •Traditionally, it has been used for diarrhea,
hemorrhoids, and externally for external
hemorrhoids, bruises and localized inflamed
swellings.
102. F) Roots & Rhizomes
Rhizome is horizontal stem growing under or sub soil
surface.
Family
Binomial name
Arabic name
Common name
Zingiberaceae.
Zingiber
officinale
الزنجبيل
Ginger root
Araliaceae
Panax ginseng
(Asian)
الجنسنغ
Ginseng root
Rubaceae
Rheum
officinale
الراوند
Rhubab
rhizome
103. Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
• from the rhizome
• Over 12 compounds with anti-
oxidant activities greater than
vitamin E
• anti-tumor
• anti-emetic (inhibits vomiting)
104. Ginseng
• The roots of the herbaceous plants Panax
ginseng (Araliaceae)
• Indogenous to China, Korea and Russia,
• Panax species have been widely used for the
treatment of a number of diseases, including
anaemia, diabetes, gastritis, insomnia, and
sexual impotence, and as a general restorative.
105.
106.
107.
108. • The dried and usually peeled root provides
white ginseng, whereas red ginseng is
obtained by steaming the root, this process
generating a reddish-brown caramel-like
colour.
• Ginseng is classified as an 'adaptogen', helping
the body to adapt to stress, improving energy
and concentration, and providing a
normalizing and restorative effect. It is also
widely promoted as an aphrodisiac.
109. • Long-term use of ginseng can lead to
symptoms similar to those of corticosteroid
poisoning, including hypertension,
nervousness and sleeplessness in some
subjects, yet hypotension and tranquillizing
effects in others.
110. • It contains a large number of triterpenoid
saponins based on the dammarane subgroup,
saponins that have been termed ginsenosides, or
panaxo-sides.
• These are derivatives of two main aglycones,
protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol, though
the aglycones liberated on acid hydrolysis are
panaxadiol and panaxatriol respectively.
111. Actions and Uses
• Ginseng has been found to:
- protect the body & nervous system from stress
- stimulate & increase metabolic function
- increase physical & mental efficiency
- lower blood pressure & glucose levels when they are
high, and raise them (blood pressure & glucose levels)
when they are low.
• The German Commission E approved ginseng as a tonic
for fortification in times of fatigue and debility or
declining capacity for work and concentration. Also
approved ginseng for use during convalescence.
112. G) Bulb
Bulb is a specialized underground organ
consisting outer scales of that are fleshy &
contains reserve food materials.
113. G) Bulbs
Main herbal
use
Family
Binomial name
Arabic name
Common name
Cardiac
glycosides:
Scillaren A and
proscillaridin A
(major
constituents
possess
digitalis-like
cardiotonic
properties.
Liliaceae
Urginea
maritima Linn
العنصل بصل
Squill
Alliaceae
Allium sativum
الثوم
Garlic
114. Squill (
العنصل بصل
)
•Origin: it is the dried, sliced bulbs of Urginea
maritima Linn. Family Liliaceae. •Active
• Constituents:
•Cardiac glycosides: Scillaren A and proscillaridin A
(major constituents); others include glucoscillaren
A, scillaridin A.
•Scillaren B represents a mixture of the squill
glycosides.
•Flavonoids : Apigenin, isovitexin, luteolin &
quercetin. Other constituents: Stigmasterol.
118. • Squill is stated to possess expectorant, cathartic,
emetic, cardioactive and diuretic properties.
• Traditionally, it has been used for chronic bronchitis,
asthma with bronchitis, whooping cough, and specifically
for chronic bronchitis with scanty sputum.
•The aglycone components of the cardiac glycoside
constituents possess digitalis-like cardiotonic properties.
•The squill has shown to have cardiac effects similar to
digoxin, including positive inotropic (increase the strength
of muscular contraction) and negative chronotropic
effects (decrease heart rate)
119. Constituents
• Crystalline glycoside, scillaren A.
• Mixture of glycosides Scillaren B,
Scillaren A.
• On enzyme hydrolysis with scillarenase
give Proscillaridin A and glucose.
• Under acid hydrolysis give scillaridin A
(Scillarenin) and Scillabiose (Scillabiose
consist of glucose and rhamnose).
