Turmeric consists of the dried rhizome of Curcuma longa and contains curcumin, which is responsible for turmeric's bright yellow color and pharmacological effects. Curcumin has anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-protozoal, and anti-viral effects. It may help treat digestion issues, circulation problems, cough, menstrual problems, and skin disorders. Turmeric is also used for diabetes, arthritis, anemia, wounds, and more when applied locally or taken internally.

1. ANTI-VIRAL AND ANTI-HIV DRUGS
By: A.M. Naseefa
JSSCP , MYSORE

2. TURMERIC
BOTANICAL SOURCE: Turmeric consists of the dried rhizome of Curcuma longa
belonging to the family Zingiberaceae.
Geographical sorce: the drug is cultivated in tropical Asia and Africa especially in
India, west pakistan,
Common Name: Termeric (english, Haldi (Hindi), Halad (Marathi),Haridra, Aushadhi,
Gouri, and Kanchani in Sanskrit.
Chemical Constituents: Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a polyphenol compound
responsible for the bright yellow color of turmeric, is believed to be the principal
pharmacological agent. It is prepared from the roots of Curcuma longa.
In addition to curcumin, turmeric contains the curcuminoids atlantone,
bisdemethoxycurcumin, demethoxycurcumin, diaryl heptanoids, and tumerone.
Turmeric also contains sesquiterpenoids and the constituent ar-tumerone. Other
constituents include sugars, resins, proteins, vitamins, and minerals (including iron
and potassium).
AZEEZ. MYMOONA. NASEEFA. JSSCP ,MYSORE

3. Anti-bacterial effect: both curcumin and oil fraction suppress growth of several
bacteria like Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus etc . The ethyl acetate
extract of Curcuma longa L. has demonstrated a higher antibacterial activity than
the methanol extract or water extract . Curcumin also prevents growth of H.pylori.
Anti-fungal effect: Ether and Chloroform extracts and oil of Curcuma longa have
antifungal effect. Turmeric oil is also active against Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus
parasiticus, Fusarium moniliforme,and Penicillium digitatum.
Anti-protozoan activity: ethanol extracts of rhizomes has anti-Entamoeba histolytica
activity. anti-Plasmodium falciparum and anti-Leishmania are the major effects of
curcumin.
Anti-viral effect: Curcumin also have antiviral activity. It acts as an efficient inhibitor of
Epstien-Barr virus (EBV). It also shows anti-HIV activity by inhibiting the HIV-1
integrase needed for viral replication. It also inhibits UV light induced HIV gene
expression. Thus curcumin and its analogues may have the potential for novel drug
development against HIV.
AZEEZ. MYMOONA. NASEEFA. JSSCP ,MYSORE

4. Uses of Turmeric:
 In digestion, poor circulation, cough, amenorrhea, pharyngitis
toothache, chest pain, blood urine, hemorrhage, skin disorders, diabetes,
arthritis, anemia, wounds.
 Turmeric applied locally to relieve inflammation and pain.
 Turmeric acts on the imbalanced processes of digestion, metabolism
and nutrition (Jatarangi Level) and restores the normal function of the
gastro intestinal system.
 It is also considered to have excellent natural antibiotic and
antibacterial actions. It not only purifies the blood (Rakta dhatu shuddhi),
but also warms it and stimulates formation of new blood tissue (Rakta
dhatu vardhaka).
AZEEZ. MYMOONA. NASEEFA. JSSCP ,MYSORE

5. TURMERIC
AZEEZ. MYMOONA. NASEEFA. JSSCP ,MYSORE

6. Tulsi
BOTANICAL SOURCE: it consists of the leaves of Ocimum sanctum
belonging to the family Labiatae.
Common name: Holy basil, Tulsi (Hindi, Tamil, Telugu), Trittavu
(Malayalam), Tulshi(Marathi).
Varieties of Tulsi
Krishna Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum)
Rama Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum),
Vana Tulsi (Ocimum gratissimum)
Chemical Constituents: Leaves contain 0.7% volatile oil. Volatile oil
contains about 71% eugenol and 20% methyl eugenol. The oil
contains carvacrol and sesquiterpene hydrocarbon caryophyllene.
A variety of biologically active compounds have been isolated from
the leaves including ursolic acid, apigenin and luteolin.
AZEEZ. MYMOONA. NASEEFA. JSSCP ,MYSORE

7. Antimicrobial effects: Essential oil of Tulsi have antibacterial,antifungal and
antiviral properties.It inhibites the growthof E coli, B.anthracis,
M.tuberculosis etc. It's antitubercular activity is one-tenth the potency of
streptomycin and one-fourth that of isoniazid.
Antimalarial effects: Essential oil of Tulsi has been reported to possess 100%
larvicidal activity against the Culex mosquitoes. Trials have shown excellent
antimalarial activity of Tulsi. It's extracts have marked incecticidal activity
against mosquitoes.It's repellant action lasts for about two hours
Antiallergic and Immunomodulator effects: Essential oil of Tulsi was found
to have anti-allergic properties. When administered to laboratory animals,
the compound was found to inhibit mast cell degranulation and histamine
release in the presence of allergen. These studies reveal the potential role
of Ocimum sanctum extracts in the management of immunological disorders
including allergies and asthma.
AZEEZ. MYMOONA. NASEEFA. JSSCP ,MYSORE

8. Uses:
 Tulsi has very potent germicidal, fungicidal, anti-bacterial and anti-
biotic properties that are great for resolving fevers.,
 Tulsi reduces blood glucose levels. Thus it is useful for diabetics.
 Tulsi reduces total cholesterol levels. Thus it is useful for heart
disease patients.Tulsi also reduces blood pressure.
 Tulsi is useful in the treatment of respiratory system disorders. A
decoction of the leaves, with honey and ginger is an effective
remedy for bronchitis, asthma, influenza, cough and cold.
AZEEZ. MYMOONA. NASEEFA. JSSCP ,MYSORE

9. Tulsi
AZEEZ. MYMOONA. NASEEFA. JSSCP ,MYSORE

10. Neem
BOTANICAL SOURCE: it consists of dried leaves of Azadirachta indica
belong to the family Meliaceae.
Geographical sorce: India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
Typically growing in tropical and semi-tropical regions. Neem trees now also
grow in islands in the southern part of Iran.
AZEEZ. MYMOONA. NASEEFA. JSSCP ,MYSORE

11. Chemical Constituents:
There are many active compounds found in the neem tree. The most common ones are:
Azadirachtin: Provides repellant, anti-hormonal and anti-feedant properties
Nimbin: Provides anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, antihistamine and antifungal properties
Nimbidin: Provides antibacterial, anti-ulcer, analgesic, anti-arrhythmic and antifungal
properties
Nimbidol: Provides anti-tubercular, anti-protozoan and antipyretic properties
Sodium nimbinate: Provides diuretic, spermicidal and anti-arthritic properties
Gedunin: Provides vasodilator, anti-malaria and antifungal properties
Salannin: Provides repellant properties
Quercetin: Provides anti-protozoal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.
Neem seed oil contains the major concentrations of theses active compounds alongwith many
fatty acids like oleic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, etc.. Lesser amounts of these
active compounds are also found in neem leaves and bark.
AZEEZ. MYMOONA. NASEEFA. JSSCP ,MYSORE

12. Antibacterial activity: Oil from the leaves, seed and bark possesses a wide spectrum
of antibacterial action against Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms,
including M. tuberculosis and streptomycin resistant strains. In vitro, it inhibits
Vibrio cholerae Klebsiella pneumoniae, M. tuberculosis and M. pyogenes.
Antimicrobial effects of neem extract have been demonstrated against
Streptococcus mutans and S. faecalis.
Antiviral activity: Aqueous leaf extract offers antiviral activity against Vaccinia virus,
Chikungunya and measles virus.
Antimalarial effects: Gedunin has been reported as the antimalarial agent of
Azadirachta indica. Researchers have found that azadirachtin and selected semi-
synthetic derivatives block the development of the motile male malarial gamete in
vitro.
Antimicrobial effect: NIM-76, a spermicidal fraction obtained from neem oil, may
directly inactivate a virus versus preventing viral replication, as it did not inhibit
viral multiplication once the infection was present. NIM-76 stimulated cellular
mediated immunity and lymphocyte proliferation, which may contribute to its
antimicrobial effects.
AZEEZ. MYMOONA. NASEEFA. JSSCP ,MYSORE

13. Uses:
Some research suggests that taking 30-60 mg of neem bark extract twice
daily for 10 weeks seems to help heal stomach and intestinal ulcers.
• Fever.
• Upset stomach.
• Breathing conditions.
• Malaria.
• Worms.
• Head lice.
• Skin conditions and diseases.
• Heart disease.
• Diabetes.
• Birth control (contraception)
AZEEZ. MYMOONA. NASEEFA. JSSCP ,MYSORE

14. Papaya
BOTANICAL SOURCE: Papaya fruit and the enzyme papain are
obtained from Carica papaya belong to the family Cariaceae
Scientific Name(s): Carica papaya.
Family: Caricaceae
Common Name(s): Papaya , papaw , pawpaw , papaya , papayer ,
pepol .
Chemical Constituents: fruit’s pulp contains a caoutchouc like
substance, a soft yellow resin, fat, albuminoid, a digestive enzyme
called papain also called papayotin. It also contains sugar,
pectin,citric, tartaric and malic acids and dextrin.
AZEEZ. MYMOONA. NASEEFA. JSSCP ,MYSORE

15. Anthelmintic activity
Carica papaya contains proven anthelmintic chemical agents such as benzyl isothiocyanate and papain.
However, papain is unstable in the presence of digestive juices, which may account for its lack of efficacy
as an anthelmintic in clinical studies. Benzyl isothiocyanate is therefore considered to be the chief or sole
anthelmintic in papaya seed extracts.
Other antiparasitic/antiprotozoal activity
Animal data
C. papaya has documented activity against protozoa in addition to intestinal parasites in animal
models.These include antiamebic, antitrichomonal, antimalarial, and leishmanicidal properties.
Antimicrobial activity
Papaya may exert a proteolytic effect on bacteria resulting from the production of a coagulum that
immobilizes microorganisms and protects the host against bacterial infections. In addition, papaya may
improve the efficiency of phagocytic cells that destroy bacteria. Papaya also contains the alkaloid,
carpaine, which has antibacterial properties. In laboratory tests, extracts from skin, flesh, and seeds of
both ripe and unripe papaya showed in vitro antibacterial activity against several microorganisms,
including Bacillus cereus , Bacillus subtilis , Enterobacter cloacae , Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae ,
Proteus vulgaris , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Salmonella typhi , Shigella flexneri , and Staphylococcus
aureus . AZEEZ. MYMOONA. NASEEFA. JSSCP ,MYSORE

16. Uses:
papaya has a wide range of purported medicinal properties including antiseptic,
antimicrobial, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory,antihypertensive,
diuretic,antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, and contraceptive activity. there is some
evidence for use in healing decubitus ulcers and other wounds and in treating
intestinal worms in humans.
Cholesterol & Papaya- As it is a fruit that is rich in fiber it lowers blood cholesterol
levels. It contains enzymes that help prevent oxidization of cholesterol, which in
return helps to prevent heart-attacks.
Anti-ageing & Papaya- The antioxidants in papaya help in controlling premature
ageing. This quality of the papaya helps you to get a younger look.
AZEEZ. MYMOONA. NASEEFA. JSSCP ,MYSORE

17. Uses:
Intestinal Worms & Papaya- The seeds of papaya too possess
medicinal properties. They are very good in treating intestinal worms
in the body.
Constipation & Papaya- Papaya helps in preventing constipation and
aids in digestion. The enzyme papain is a digestive enzyme that
helps in natural digestion.
Colon & Papaya- Its juice helps in curing infections of the colon by
clearing the pus and mucus from it. You need to take it regularly to
heal quickly.
Weight Loss & Papaya- It is low in calories and high in nutritional
values. Hence, it is a good food for those who want to lose some
weight.
AZEEZ. MYMOONA. NASEEFA. JSSCP ,MYSORE

18. Papaya
AZEEZ. MYMOONA. NASEEFA. JSSCP ,MYSORE

19. REFERENCE:
 Textbook of Pharmacognosy sixteenth edition J.S.QADRY.
www.sigmaaldrich.com
www.power-of-turmeric.com/mechanism-of-action.html
ayurveda-foryou.com
www.drugs.com
AZEEZ. MYMOONA. NASEEFA. JSSCP ,MYSORE

20. AZEEZ. MYMOONA. NASEEFA. JSSCP ,MYSORE