This document provides an overview of resins and resin combinations. It defines resins as solid or semi-solid amorphous products derived mostly from plants. Resins can occur alone or in combination with other plant metabolites like volatile oils, gums, or oils and gums. The document discusses the properties, types, occurrence, extraction and identification of resins. It provides examples of specific resins and their constituents and uses, including cannabis, capsicum, myrrh, asafoetida, balsam of tolu, balsam of peru, benzoin, turmeric and ginger.

1. DRUGS
CONTAINING
RESIN
&
RESIN
COMBINATIONSPresented By
Miss. VANDANA JANGHEL
M.PHARMA
(PHARMACOGNOSY)
Siddhi Vinayaka Institute of Technology and Sciences, Bilaspur, C.G.

2. CONTENT
Introduction
Properties of resin
Types of resin
Occurrence and distribution
 Extraction and isolation of resin
Cannabis
Capsicum
Myrrh
Asafoetida
Balsam Of Tolu
Balsam Of Peru
Benzoin
Turmeric
Ginger
Podophyllum

3. “Resins are solid or semi-solid, amorphous
products of complex chemical nature derived
from natural living sources mostly from the plant
Origin”.
These are amorphous mixtures of essential oils, oxygenated products of terpenes
and carboxylic acids
Resins are secondary metabolites produced by higher plants and are nothing but
oxidative products of terpenes
Obtained as exudates from plants and considered as end product of metabolism.
Resins and related resinous products are produced in plants during normal
growth or secreted as a result of injury to the plants.
They are usually formed in schizogenous or schizolysigenous cavities or ducts.
They are end product of metabolism.
DEFINITION:

4. Are usually found in homogenous combination with other
plant metabolites and hence, collectively known as resin
combinations
Resins are often associated with
volatile oils (oleoresins),
with gums (gum-resins) or
with oil and gum (oleo-gum-resins).
Resins may also be combined in a glycosidal manner with
sugars.

5. Complex mixtures of several compounds however isoprene (C5H8) units are the
fundamental building blocks of all true resins.
 Hard, Brittle, amorphous
Non-crystallizable translucent masses
Insoluble in water, heavier than water but frequently soluble in ethanol, volatile oils,
fixed oils, chloral hydrate and non-polar organic solvents (benzene, n-hexane and
petroleum ether
Soften and melt on heating, yield clear, adhesive fluids
Burns with smoky flames on ignition
Having a specific gravity that ranges from 0.9-1.25

6. Chemically, resins are complex mixtures of resin acids, resin
alcohols(resinols), resinotannols (resinotannols), esters, and
resenes.
Resins do not contain nitrogen elements (Non nitrogenous
compounds).
Many resins (Acidic resins), when boiled with alkalis yield soaps.

8. Resins are generally distributed in plants and rarely in the insects (e.g. Shellac)
They are present in the ducts or cavities known as schizolysigenous duct
DISTRIBUTION

10. Usually occur in different
secretory zones or
structures.
Examples:
Resin cells: Ginger
Schizogenous ducts or
cavities: Pine wood
Glandular hairs: Cannabis
OCCURENCE

12. 1. On the basis of their formation
A. Physiological resins – these
are formed as a normal
product of metabolism without
making injury to the plants
B. Pathological Resins – formed
as a result of wound, injury or
abnormal circumstances
(benzoin, colophony,
balsams, aloe resin etc.)

13. 2. Classification according to predominating chemical constituents
D. Resin Phenol :
E. Resenes
A. Acid Resin:
Contain a Large proportion of oxyacids.
Here the resins occur along with their acids.
Examples –
Colophony – Abietic acid
Sandrac - Sandracolic acid
Myrrh - Commiphoric acid
Copaiba - Copaivic acid
A. Acid Resin
B. Ester Resin
C. Resin Alcohols

14. B. Ester Resin:
This group contains esters as the chief constituents of the
resins-
Examples -
 Benzoin and Storax ,
 Benzoin contains benzyl benzoate,
 Storax contains cinnamyl cinnamate
C. Resin Alcohols:
Occur in free state or in combined state as alcohol.
Examples –
Balsam of peru with perru resino tannol
Guaiaccum resin with guaic resinol

15. 3. On the basis of occurrence with other secondary metabolites
A. Oleoresins
B. Gum resins
C. Oleo-gum resins
D. Glycoresins –
E. Balsams
A. Oleoresins – naturally occurring mixtures of a volatile oil
and a resin
Example : Copaiba, Ginger, Turpentine
B. Gum resins – resin associated with gum
Example : colophony, cannabis
C. Oleo-gum resins – Oleo resin occur in mixtures with gums
and these mixtures are called gum-oleo resins.
Example : Asafoetida, Myrrh

16. D. Glycoresins (Glucoresin) – resins in combination with
sugar compounds via Glycosidal linkages
Example : Jalap, Podophyllum
E. Balsams – Balsams are resinous mixtures that contain
cinnamic acid / benzoic acid, or both, or esters of these
acids.(either free or combined)
Example : Benzoin, Peru balsam, Tolu balsam, Styrax which
contain a high proportion of aromatic balsamic acids

17. By extracting the drug with alcohol and precipitating resins present in
concentrated extract by addition of large proportion of water (e.g. Jalap, Ipomea,
Podophyllum, Capsicum Ginger) etc.
By distillation for separation of oils (e.g. Copaiba, Colophony)
By heating the plant parts (e.g. Guacum)
As plant exudates my making incision (e.g. Myrrh, Asafoetida, Balsams)
By collecting fossil resins (e.g. Copal, Kauri)
By processing the incrustations* (e.g. Shellac)
In some exceptionally rare instances, the resin occurs as a result of sucking the
juice of the plants by scale insects and converting the sucked juice into the
resinous substance that ultimately covers the insect itself and twigs of the plant
(e.g. Laccifer lacca)
ISOLATION OF RESINS

21. EXTRACTION OR ISOLATION Methods
Method – A
Powdered drug
1. Extract the resin with alcohol
2. Filter
3. Concentrate
Concentrate extract an excess of water, shake
Resins get precipitate
Method – B
Powdered drug containing oleo-resin, percolate the powdered drug with non-
polar solvent (e.g. acetone, chloroform)

22. IDENTIFICATION TEST
Three types:
1.Physical test
Such as solubility, taste, odor and examination of powder under the
microscope
2.Chemical test – For the identification of resins
Acid value
Saponification value
Iodine value
3.Specific chemical test –
For specific constituents such as Cinnamic acid, Benzoic acid in Benzoin, Tolu
balsam and Peru Balsam

23. CHEMICAL TESTS
IDENTIFICATI
ON TEST
REAGENTS
USED
POSITIVE
RESULT
COMPOUNDS
POSITIVE FOR
THE TEST
HCl TEST HCl Formation of pink
color
Presence of resins
FeCl3 TEST Fecl3 Greenish blue
color
Presence of resins
Combined
Umbelliferone
Test
(Specific test for
Asafoetida)
HCl + conc.
NH4OH
Nitric acid
Sulfuric acid
Washed with
water
Blue
fluorescence
Green color
Red color
Violet
Umbelliferone
Copper Acetate
test
Petroleum ether Emerald green Abietic acid

24. IDENTIFICATI
ON TEST
REAGENTS
USED
POSITIVE
RESULT
COMPOUNDS
POSITIVE FOR
THE TEST
Test for Aspidium
(Oleoresin)
Diluted alcohol
sol’n + FeCl3
GREEN color Filmarone,
flavaspidinol,
flavaspidic acid
Test for Myrrh
(Oleo-gum-resin)
Ether + HNO3
Br2 vapor
PURPLISH
VIOLET
VIOLET
Commiphoric
acid
Test for Benzoin
(Balsam)
Sumatra benzoin:
KMnO4
Petroleum ether
solution + H2SO4
 faint odor of
Benzaldehyde
 REDDISH
BROWN color
Cinnamic acid
CHEMICAL TESTS

25. IDENTIFICATI
ON TEST
REAGENTS
USED
POSITIVE
RESULT
COMPOUNDS
POSITIVE FOR
THE TEST
Siam benzoin:
Alc Ext +
Alcoholic FeCl3
Petroleum ether
solution +
H2SO4
 GREEN color
 PURPLE-RED
color
Coniferyl
benzoate-tannins
Test for Balsam
of Tolu
FeCl3
KMnO4
 GREEN color
 Odor of
Benzaldehyde
Cinnamic and
benzoic acids
(resinotannol)
Cinnamic acid
CHEMICAL TESTS

26. PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATION
Resins are local irritant and hence act as local cathartics (e.g. Jalap
and Ipomea)
As anti cancer (Podophyllum)
In bronchial asthma (e.g. Cannabis)
Used externally as mild antiseptic in the form of tinctures (Benzoin),
ointment and plasters (Turpentine and Colophony)
Used in the preparation of emulsion and sustained released
formulations

27. Synonym – Indian hemp, Ganja, Marijuana
Biological source –
It consists of dried flowering tops of the cultivated female plant s of Cannabis
sativa
Family - Cannabinaceae

28. CONSTITUENTS:
15-20% of resin, which contain major active principle 1,3,4 Tetra hydro
cannabinol (Commonly known as Δ THC). Other constituents include:
Cannabinol
Cannabidiol
Cannabidiolic acid etc.
USES:
Though it is a drug of abuse, medicinal marijuana is used as
 Sedative
 Hypnotic (Induce sleep)
 Narcotic analgesic
 Antibacterial agent
 It has psychotropic properties due to 1,3,4 Tetra hydro cannabinol.

29. SYNONYMS:
May Apple, Mandrake
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE: Dried rhizome and root Preparation of Podophyllum resin
Podophyllum peltatum Podophyllum emodi (Podophyllum hexandrum )
Family - Berberidaceae
Podophyllum resin is also called podophyllin.
Powdered mixture of resin is extracted by percolation with alcohol followed by
precipitation of concentrated percolate with acidified water.
Precipitated resin is washed twice with water.
Then dried and powdered.

30. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
Glycoresins
3.5-6% resin whose active principles are lignans. These include: The active
principle in podophyllin resin is known as podophyllotoxin(40%) in Indian
variety , alpha and β peltatins in the American podophyllum.
Podophyllotoxin
Alpha- peltatin
Beta- peltatin
It also contains Quercetin , Kaempferol, astragalin, essential oil
USES:
i. Possess purgative properties.
ii. Resin is antimitotic and caustic.
iii. As a bitter tonic.

31. SYNONYMS:
Capsicum
Chillies
Red pepper
Biological source –
It consists of the dried ripe fruits of Capsicum frutescens or Capsicum
annum or capsicum minimum
Family – Solanaceae

32. CONSTITUENTS:
•Capsaicin, extremely pungent principle
•Red coloring matter Capsanthin
•Volatile oils
•Fixed oils
•Carotenoids
•Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
USES:
i. Irritant and carminative
ii. Rubefacient
iii. As a nerve stimulant and condiment.
iv. As a source of vitamin- C.
v. As an appetizer.
vi. As a stomachic Used as a spice
vii. Externally used as counter- irritant in rheumatism

33. Synonyms: Ginger , Adrak , Zingiber, African Ginger
Biological Source –
It Consists Of The Rhizomes Of Zingiber Officinalae
Family – Zingiberaceae
Diagnostic Characters –
1. Odour – Pleasant Aromatic
2. Taste - Pungent

34. CONSTITUENTS:
Aroma is due to volatile oil whose principle constituents are 3
sesquiterpenes:
•Bisabolene
•Zingiberene
•Zingiberol
Pungency is due to ginger oleo resins which has 2 ketones:
•Zingerone
•Shogaol
•In addition it contains 50% starch.
USES:
i. As a flavoring agent.
ii. As a condiment.
iii. Aromatic stimulant and carminative.
iv. As stomachic.
v. Ginger oil is used in mouth washes, ginger beverages and
liquors.

35. Synonyms – Heeng, hing, hingu, Devil’s dung, Gum asafoetida
Biological source –
It is the oleo-gum-resin obtained by incising the living rhizomes and roots of
Ferula foetida, Ferula asafoetida
Family - Umbelliferae

36. Chemical constituents -
It contains 4-20% of volatile oil, 45-60% of resin and 20% of gum.
Volatile oil contains Pinene
Organic disulphide (isobutylpropenyl disulphide responsible for alliaceous odour)
Resin contains free asaresinotannaol and in combination with ferulic acid
Chemical tests -
1. Powder triturated with water – yellowish orange emulsion is produced.
2. Combined umbelliferone test –
Drug is boiled with hydrochloric acid for 5minutes .It is filtered and ammonia is added to
the filtrate – A blue fluorescence is produced .

37. 3. Drug is treated with few drops of 50% nitric acid – Green colour is produced
4. Drug is treated with few drops of sulphuric acid – red colour is produced
which changes to violet on washing with water.
USES –
tonic
i. As a carminative.
ii. As expectorant.
iii. As antispasmodic
iv. As a laxative
v. As nervine tonic

38. SYNONYMS:
Myrrh
Gum myrrh
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Commiphora molomol
Commiphora abyssinica
FAMILY:
Burseraceae
PART USED:
Oleo gum resin obtained from incisions made in the bark.

39. CONSTITUENTS:
•Odor of myrrh is due to presence of volatile oil
•Resin composed of:
•Resin acids (alpha, beta, and gamma-Commiphoric acids)
•Resenes
•Phenolic compounds, one of which yields protocatechuic acid and
pyrocatechin.
•Gum that forms mucilage and yield arabinose on hydrolysis.
USES:
i. Is a protective.
ii. As stimulant and stomachic
iii. In mouth washes as astringent

40. Peruvian balsam
SYNONYMS:
Peruvian balsam
Peru balsam
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Myroxylon pereirae
FAMILY:
Leguminosae
PART USED:
Balsam obtained from exposed wood of trees.
BALSAMS OF PERU

41. CONSTITUENTS:
Volatile oil, cinnamein which consists of:
•Benzyl cinnamate
•Benzyl benzoate
Resin esters composed of:
•Peruresinotannol
•Cinnamte
•Benzoate
In addition it also contains:
•Vanillin
•Free cinnamic acid
•Peruviol

42. USES:
i. Local protectant and Rubefacient
ii. As parasiticide in skin conditions
iii. As antiseptic and vulnerary
iv. Applied externally either alone, in
alcoholic solution or in the form of
ointment.

43. SYNONYMS:
Tolu balsam
Balsam of Tolu
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Myroxylon balsamum
FAMILY:
Leguminosae
PART USED:
Balsam obtained by incising the barks and sap
wood of tree of M. balsamum
PROPERTIES OF TOLU BALSAM
•Odor is agreeable aromatic resembling to that of vanilla.
•Taste is aromatic and slightly pungent.
TOLU BALSAM

44. CONSTITUENTS:
Esters, chiefly toluresinotannol cinnamte
Small amounts of:
Benzoate
Volatile oil, chiefly benzyl benzoate
Free cinnamic acid
Free benzoic acid
vanillin
USES:
 Pharmaceutical aid for benzoin tincture.
 As an expectorant
 Pleasant flavoring in medicinal syrups, confectionery, chewing
gums and perfumery.

45. Synonyms –
Gum benzoin, Luban, Loban, Sambrani, Lobana (Sumatra benzoin)
Biological source- Benzoin is the balsamic resin obtained from the
incised stem of Styrax benzoin(Sumatra benzoin) & Styrax tonkinensis
(Siam benzoin)
Family – Styraceae

46. Chemical constituents –
 It contains 23% of balsamic acids – Cinnamic acid and benzoic acid and esters
derived from them.
 It contains 70-80% resin consisting of triterpenoids, siaresinolic acid and suma
resinolic acid
 It also contains vanillin, sterol, phenyl propyl cinnamate responsible for the
aromatic smell.

47. Chemical tests –
1. Heat small amount of benzoin slowly in a dry test tube --- melts and evolves white fumes
is produced. Which on condensation form crystalline sublimate.
2. Benzoin heated with potassium permanganate solution --- odour of benzaldehyde
( Sumatra benzoin )
3. Benzoin is extracted with alcohol and to the extract add water --- milky white solution is
formed.
4. Digest benzoin with few drops of petroleum ether for 5 minutes . Pour 1ml of the etherial
solution in a porcelain dish containing 2-3 drops of con. Sulphuric acid and rotate the
dish --- reddish brown colour is produced ( Benzoin confirmed).

48. USES:
 Antiseptic, stimulant, expectorant and diuretic properties.
 Benzoin tincture is used as topical protectant.
 Benzoic acid and its salts are used as preservatives of food, drinks, fats,
pharmaceutic preparations etc.
 Medicinally, benzoic acid is used as antifungal agent.
 It is an ingredient in benzoic and salicylic acid ointment which is effective
in the treatment of athlete's foot.

49. Questions
1. Define resins and classify with examples.
2.Give the physical and chemical properties of resins.
3.Define resins and add a note on preparation of resins.
4.Give the diagnostic characters for Ginger and Podophyllum .
5.B.S/Family/A.C/Uses of Benzoin and Asafoetida
6.What is Cannabis? Give its active constituents and uses .

50. 7.Give the identification tests for Benzoin.
8.Give the source, diagnostic characters, active constituents and
uses of Capsicum .
9.Give the chemical tests for the identification of Asafoetida.
10.Give the source, active constituents and uses of Ginger and
Podophyllum
11.Explain with neat labeled diagram macroscopy of Ginger
rhizome.

51. 12.Write the chemical structure and uses for Cinnamic acid and
Zingiberene .
13.Differentiate by chemical tests Siam and Sumatra benzoin .
14.Write a note on Combined Umbelliferone test and its significances.
15.Write a note on chemical nature and method of manufacture of resins .
16.Compare the constituents of Ginger and Capsicum.

52. 17. What do you understand by the terms Resin, Balsams, Oleo-
resin, and glycol-resin?
18.Write the active constituents and uses of Benzoin .
19. Define balsams with examples .
20. Give the adulterants for Ginger and Cannabis.
21. Give the source and uses of a balsam drug.