this class is in brief for under graduate examination and understanding purpose

1. Dr. RAGHU PRASADA M S
MBBS,MD
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF PHARMACOLOGY
SSIMS & RC.

2. Natural
Plants-
Animal
Micro organisms
Mineral
SYNTHETIC
The quality control is
better, the process is
easier cheaper. The
chemical structure of
prototype drug can be
modified
EX-aspirin, paracetamol,
Phenytoin, Amphetamine

3. Source Plant Drug Use
Leaf Digitalis Digoxin CHF
Bark Cinchona Quinine Malaria
Fruit Opium Morphine Analgesic
Seed Eserin Anticho Myasthenia.Gravis
linestrase

4. Example Trade Name Classification
Chinchona Bark Quinidine Antiarrhythmic,
Malaria
Purple Foxglove Digitalis Cardiotonic
Poppy Plant Paregoric, Antidiarrheal,
(Opium) Morphine,  Analgesic,
Codeine  Antitussive

5. Important Pharmacological active principles in plants
are:
1)Alkaloids
2)Glycosides
3)Oils
4)Resins
5)Gums
6)Tannins
PLANT SOURCE

6. Nitrogenous hetrocyclic bases.
Insoluble in water.
Form salts with acids, which are soluble in water.
Ex: Drug Plant
Atropine Atropa belladona
Quinine Cinchona bark
ALKALOIDS

7. Drug Plant
Morphine Papavaram somniferum(Poppy)
Reserpine Rauwolfia serpentina
Nicotine Tobaco leaves
Alkaloids names usually end with “ine”.
ALKALOIDS

8.  These are combinations of sugar with other organic
structures.
O  Glycoside
O  Glucoside
O aminoglycoside
Sugar portion governors the pharmacokinetic
characteristic of glycoside.
Sugar Non sugar
.
Glycosides
Glucose Non sugar
Aminosugar Non sugar

9. On hydrolysis with mineral acids all glycoside split up
into sugar and non sugar residues.
Ex: Cardiac glycosides Digitoxin, Digoxin are obtained
from Fox glove leaves (Digitalis purpurea).
Glycosides

10. Generally 3 types of oils are used for medical purposes.
i) Essential oils (Volatile oils)
ii) Fixed oils.
iii) Mineral oils

11. Obtained from leaves or flower petals by steam
distillation.
Terpene derivative so these have aroma
Steam volatile
No food value (caloric)
Do not from soaps with alkaloids
They do not rancid (Foul smell) on prolong stay

12. Uses:-
Carminatives:- For expulsion of gas from stomach. Ex:-
Ginger, eucalyptus oil. (act as irritant to gastric
mucosa)
Antiseptic:- Mouth washes.
Flavouring agents:- Peppermint oil
Pain relieving agents:- Clove oil for toothache
Acts as counter irritant
Essential oils (volatile oils)

13. Ground nut oil, coconut oil, olive oil,
caster oil (purgative)
Obtained by solvent extraction of crushed seeds.
Saturated from Animal
Unsaturated from Plant
Non volatile, have caloric value
Form soaps with alkaloids
Become rancid on prolong stay

14. Mostly petroleum products
Obtained by dry distillation of wood.
Have no calorific value and do not become rancid on
prolonged use
Ex:- Liquid paraffin (hydrocarbon derived from
petroleum)
Uses:-Lubricant laxative for promote defecation.

15. These are polymers of volatile oils and insoluble in
water.
Ex: Benzoin
Use:
Used as inhalational in common cold
Treatment in cough

16. Secretary products of plants
These are dispersible in water and form adhesive
mucilaginous colloids
Ex:- Gum acacia
Uses:-
Emulsifying or suspending agents.

17. Non nitrogenous phenolic derivatives from plant.
Soluble in water.
Ex:- Astringents (precipitate surface proteins)

18. Obtained from animal
Drug Animal
Heparin  Leech
Insulin Pork pancreas
Thyroxin Thyroid
Vit. B12 Liver extract
Cod liver oil
Anti toxic sera

19.  Animals
Example drug
Pancreas of Cow, Insulin; regular, Antidiabetic
Pancreas of pork Hormone
Stomach of Cow, Pepsin Digestive
Hormone
Thyroid Gland Thyroid, USP Hormone
Of Animals

20. Bacterial, Fungi, Moulds imp source of many life
saving drugs.
These obtained from MO and used to kill
Microorganisms.
Drug Microorganism
Penicillin Penicilium notatum
Chloramphenicol Streptomyces venezuelace
Griseofluvin Pencillin grisofullivum
Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus
Neomycin Streptomyces fradiae

21. Use in pharmacotherapy
Mineral Use
Ferrous sulfate(FeSo4) Anaemia
Magnesium sulfate(MgSo4) Purgative
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHco3) Antacid
Aluminum Hydroxide Antacid

22. Example Trade Name Classification
Magnesium Milk of Magnesia Antacid, Laxative
Zinc Zinc Oxide Oint. Sunscreen, Skin
Protectant
Gold Auranofin Anti-inflammatory;
Used in
Rheumatoid Arthritis

23. Presently majority of drugs are obtained synthetically
Some of drugs which are earlier obtained from plant
today synthesized in lab.
Advantage
Quality can be controlled
Process is easier and cheaper
More potent and safer
Large scale production

24. Example Trade Name Classification
Meperidine Demerol Analgesic
Diphenoxylate Lomotil Antidiarrheal
Co-Trimoxazole Septra Anti-Infective
Sulfonamide;
Used in the
treatment of
UTI’s

25. These are mainly obtained by changing the chemical
structure of natural obtaining drugs.
Ex: Atropine bromide
Penicillin substrates.( by changing –R side chain)

26. HCG(Human Chorionic
Gonadotropin)  Pregnant women
Menotrophin  Post Menopausal women urine
Regular insulin  Human
Urokinase  Human kidney cells
GHRH(Growth Hormone
Releasing Hormone)  Human

27. Relatively new methodology involves the blending of
discoveries from molecular biology, rDNA technology,
DNA alteration, Gene splicing, immuno pharmacology.
Ex:-Hepatitis-B
Insulin (Human insulin of rDNA techniques)