The drugs which used relieving pain in the stomach and intestine is Known as carminative.
The carminatives are prescribed in indigestion, gastric discomfort and loss of appetite.
The gastrointestinal regulators are the agents which regularize the activity of G.I tract and include
bitter stomach,
anti-emetics
and appetizers.
*coriander
*black pepper
*fennel
*caraway
*cardamom
*nutmeg
*asafoetida
Antimalarial medications or simply antimalarials are a type of antiparasitic chemical agent, often naturally derived, that can be used to treat or to prevent malaria,
Cinchona bark
Artemisia
Rheumatism is characterized by increased level of uric acid in blood , recurrent attacks of inflammation of joints due to deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the cartilage & tendons
The drugs used to relieve or used in the treatment of rheumatism.
Colchicum consists of dried ripe seeds and corms of Colchi-cum autumnale Linn., belonging to family Liliaceae
They are used mainly in the treatment of gout and rheumatic complaints,
The aim of presentation is to provide information related to pharmacy Act, 1948.
Introduction
Definition
Pharmacy Council of India
State pharmacy Council
Registration of pharmacists
Offences and penalties
Vitamins can be soluble in fat or water, that effect allows classifying them on liposoluble or water-soluble.
In the first classification are the vitamins A, D, E and K. Due to the ease of their solution in body fat they stored and need not consume daily.
In the water-soluble group are B Complex and Vitamin C that can not be stored since they´re easily removed by body fluids and should be consumed daily preferably, with some exceptions.
useful for D>Pharm as per PCI syllabus
The human body does not synthesize vitamins and should be acquired by the daily intake of food, the lack of any of them can cause various diseases.
The drugs which used relieving pain in the stomach and intestine is Known as carminative.
The carminatives are prescribed in indigestion, gastric discomfort and loss of appetite.
The gastrointestinal regulators are the agents which regularize the activity of G.I tract and include
bitter stomach,
anti-emetics
and appetizers.
*coriander
*black pepper
*fennel
*caraway
*cardamom
*nutmeg
*asafoetida
Antimalarial medications or simply antimalarials are a type of antiparasitic chemical agent, often naturally derived, that can be used to treat or to prevent malaria,
Cinchona bark
Artemisia
Rheumatism is characterized by increased level of uric acid in blood , recurrent attacks of inflammation of joints due to deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the cartilage & tendons
The drugs used to relieve or used in the treatment of rheumatism.
Colchicum consists of dried ripe seeds and corms of Colchi-cum autumnale Linn., belonging to family Liliaceae
They are used mainly in the treatment of gout and rheumatic complaints,
The aim of presentation is to provide information related to pharmacy Act, 1948.
Introduction
Definition
Pharmacy Council of India
State pharmacy Council
Registration of pharmacists
Offences and penalties
Vitamins can be soluble in fat or water, that effect allows classifying them on liposoluble or water-soluble.
In the first classification are the vitamins A, D, E and K. Due to the ease of their solution in body fat they stored and need not consume daily.
In the water-soluble group are B Complex and Vitamin C that can not be stored since they´re easily removed by body fluids and should be consumed daily preferably, with some exceptions.
useful for D>Pharm as per PCI syllabus
The human body does not synthesize vitamins and should be acquired by the daily intake of food, the lack of any of them can cause various diseases.
Introduction
Pharmacy & therapeutic committee (PTC)
Hospital formulary
Infection control committee
In these days of modern medicine, a large number of drugs are available for the treatment of a disease.
Considering the complexities surrounding their effective use, it is necessary for the hospital to establish a system to bring the best medicinal agents to the attention of the medical staff and help them in proper selection of therapeutic substances.
In order to ensure proper rationality in the use of drugs a “PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTIC COMMITTEE” need to be organized and constituted in a hospital.
It is an advisory group of medical staff and the administration of hospital on matters related to the therapeutic use of drugs.
FUNCTIONS
To advise the medical staff on usage of drugs.
To develop and compile formulary of drugs accepted for use in the hospital.
To plan/establish suitable educational programs.
To review adverse drug reactions.
To make recommendations concerning drugs to be stocked in hospital patient care areas.
To advise the pharmacy in the implementation of effective drug distribution and control procedures.
HOSPITAL FORMULARY
Hospital Formulary is defined as a list of drugs used in the hospital.
Formulary system is method whereby the medical staff of an institution, working through the PTC, evaluates, appraises, and selects from among the numerous available drug entities & drug products those that considered most useful in patient care.
adulteration in herbal crude drug.
Adulteration is the act of making food or drugs of poor quality by adding some other substances to them. Consumer movement aims to protect and help customers from adulteration.
Intentional Adulteration- When substances that resemble the ingredients of the food are added to it in order to increase its weight and profit. ...
Incidental Adulteration- Incidental adulteration happens as a result of carelessness when handling food.
"Pharmaceutical aids are the drugs or substances which have no or little pharmacological.but they are essentially used in the preparation of pharmaceutical dosage form
These are the pharmacological agent which when administered externally , bring loss of all five modalities of sensation with reversible loss of consciousness.
Light
Sound
Taste
Temperature/
Pressure
5. Smell
Diethyl Ether :
Physical Properties :
Colourless ,volatile liq. With pungent odour.
Boil at 350 C , vapor irritant.
Exposed in air , moisture or light , it get convert to ether peroxide and acetic aldehyde , which is irritant in nature
Highly explosive.
Stored in umber colour glass bottle covered with black paper.
10-15 % in inspired air is sufficient for induction of anaesthesia which can be maintained but 4-5 % concentration.
Pharmacological Action
Only a major portion of ether is oxidized in the body and is eliminated through the lungs .
The miscibility of drug with body fluid requires large amount of drug for induction of anesthesia and induction is slow.
Ether irritate the respiratory track and enhance the mucosal secretion.
Drug may causes laryngospasm ,Ether is also known to increase heart rate, blood pressure and blood sugar. It also causes peripheral vasodilation . Ether depresses myocardial contractility.
Advt / Therapeutic effect :
Safest agent in wide margine , also unexperienced hand.
90 mg/100 ml blood Indused anaesthesia
190 mg/100 ml bloodCauses respiratory Track
Not only safe anaesthetics but good analgesic also.
It does not interfere with uterine contractility.
Does not have any effect on liver , kidney , and heat.
No special or complicated apparatus if required.
Eeconomical agent .
Definition:
● Astringents are a group of substance that cause the contraction of tissues and also dries the body secretions.
Examples:
1. Myrobalan
2. Black catechu
3. Pale catechu
CARMINATIVES AND GI REGULATORS
Definition:
Carminatives are soothing drugs which act by relieving stomach and intestinal pain.
An agent that prevents or relieves flatulence (gas in the gastrointestinal tract).
Used in indigestion, Gastric discomfort and loss of appetite.
Examples:
1. Coriander
2. Fennel
3. Cardamom
4. Ginger
5. Clove
6. Black Pepper
7. Asafoetida
8. Nutmeg
9. Cinnamon
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Cardiotonic are drugs used to increase the efficiency and improve the contraction of the heart muscle,
Digitalis is an example of a cardio-active or cardiotonic drug, in other words a steroid which has the ability to exert a specific and powerful action on the cardiac muscle in animals, and has been used in the treatment of heart conditions ever since its discovery in 1775.
Herbal formulation shall mean a dosage form consisting of one or more herbs in specified quantities to provide specific nutritional, cosmetic benefits, or other benefits meant for use to diagnose treat, mitigate diseases of human beings or animals.
Herbal preparations are obtained by subjecting herbal substances to treatments such as extraction, distillation, expression, fractionation, purification, concentration or fermentation.
These include comminuted or powdered herbal substances, tinctures, extracts, essential oils, expressed juices and processed exudates.
Herbal cosmetic is defined as “ the beauty products, which possess desirable physiological activities such as skin healing, smoothening, appearance enhancing properties with the help of herbal ingredients.”
almond oil
olive oil
rosemarry oil
sandalwood oil
general pharmacology is information about drug abd human body mechanism . it shows about route of administration . pharmacological terminologies ADME of bady and their factors. bioavilability of drugs and related factor . general principle of drug action on body . After that descriptioun about mechanism of drug action . factor modifying drug action and dur interaction.
Enzymes are protentious substances that catalyze or increase the rate of chemical reactions in a living organism.
It acts as a catalyst for specific reactions and converts the specific substrate into a specific product.
The biological processes that occur within all living organisms are chemical reactions, and most are regulated by enzymes.
Without enzymes, many of these reactions would not take place.
They are practically inactive at 0°C and beyond 65°C get denatured.
Crude drugs which contain enzymes are Papaya, Diastase, Yeast.
Factor like pH of the medium direct affects their action.
Substances that have little or no therapeutic value, but essentially used in the preparation of various pharmaceutical dosage form are called Pharmaceutical aids.
Source: Animals, Plants, minerals, synthetic.
They are not API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient).
Acidulants: It give sharp taste to food. Assist in the setting of gel and as a preservative. Eg- Tamarind, lemon juice, tomato.
Colouring agents: Caramel, turmeric, indigo, saffron.
Disintegrating agent: Starch, CMC.
Diluent: Cinnamon water, peppermint water, sesame oil.
Emulsifying agents: Acacia, Agar, Bentonite, Gelatin
Suspending agents: Acacia, Agar, Bentonite, Gelatin
Filter aid: Talc, Bentonite, Diatomite.
Flavoring agent: Cardamom, rose, lemon.
Lubricant: Talc, Cocoa
Introduction
Pharmacy & therapeutic committee (PTC)
Hospital formulary
Infection control committee
In these days of modern medicine, a large number of drugs are available for the treatment of a disease.
Considering the complexities surrounding their effective use, it is necessary for the hospital to establish a system to bring the best medicinal agents to the attention of the medical staff and help them in proper selection of therapeutic substances.
In order to ensure proper rationality in the use of drugs a “PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTIC COMMITTEE” need to be organized and constituted in a hospital.
It is an advisory group of medical staff and the administration of hospital on matters related to the therapeutic use of drugs.
FUNCTIONS
To advise the medical staff on usage of drugs.
To develop and compile formulary of drugs accepted for use in the hospital.
To plan/establish suitable educational programs.
To review adverse drug reactions.
To make recommendations concerning drugs to be stocked in hospital patient care areas.
To advise the pharmacy in the implementation of effective drug distribution and control procedures.
HOSPITAL FORMULARY
Hospital Formulary is defined as a list of drugs used in the hospital.
Formulary system is method whereby the medical staff of an institution, working through the PTC, evaluates, appraises, and selects from among the numerous available drug entities & drug products those that considered most useful in patient care.
adulteration in herbal crude drug.
Adulteration is the act of making food or drugs of poor quality by adding some other substances to them. Consumer movement aims to protect and help customers from adulteration.
Intentional Adulteration- When substances that resemble the ingredients of the food are added to it in order to increase its weight and profit. ...
Incidental Adulteration- Incidental adulteration happens as a result of carelessness when handling food.
"Pharmaceutical aids are the drugs or substances which have no or little pharmacological.but they are essentially used in the preparation of pharmaceutical dosage form
These are the pharmacological agent which when administered externally , bring loss of all five modalities of sensation with reversible loss of consciousness.
Light
Sound
Taste
Temperature/
Pressure
5. Smell
Diethyl Ether :
Physical Properties :
Colourless ,volatile liq. With pungent odour.
Boil at 350 C , vapor irritant.
Exposed in air , moisture or light , it get convert to ether peroxide and acetic aldehyde , which is irritant in nature
Highly explosive.
Stored in umber colour glass bottle covered with black paper.
10-15 % in inspired air is sufficient for induction of anaesthesia which can be maintained but 4-5 % concentration.
Pharmacological Action
Only a major portion of ether is oxidized in the body and is eliminated through the lungs .
The miscibility of drug with body fluid requires large amount of drug for induction of anesthesia and induction is slow.
Ether irritate the respiratory track and enhance the mucosal secretion.
Drug may causes laryngospasm ,Ether is also known to increase heart rate, blood pressure and blood sugar. It also causes peripheral vasodilation . Ether depresses myocardial contractility.
Advt / Therapeutic effect :
Safest agent in wide margine , also unexperienced hand.
90 mg/100 ml blood Indused anaesthesia
190 mg/100 ml bloodCauses respiratory Track
Not only safe anaesthetics but good analgesic also.
It does not interfere with uterine contractility.
Does not have any effect on liver , kidney , and heat.
No special or complicated apparatus if required.
Eeconomical agent .
Definition:
● Astringents are a group of substance that cause the contraction of tissues and also dries the body secretions.
Examples:
1. Myrobalan
2. Black catechu
3. Pale catechu
CARMINATIVES AND GI REGULATORS
Definition:
Carminatives are soothing drugs which act by relieving stomach and intestinal pain.
An agent that prevents or relieves flatulence (gas in the gastrointestinal tract).
Used in indigestion, Gastric discomfort and loss of appetite.
Examples:
1. Coriander
2. Fennel
3. Cardamom
4. Ginger
5. Clove
6. Black Pepper
7. Asafoetida
8. Nutmeg
9. Cinnamon
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Cardiotonic are drugs used to increase the efficiency and improve the contraction of the heart muscle,
Digitalis is an example of a cardio-active or cardiotonic drug, in other words a steroid which has the ability to exert a specific and powerful action on the cardiac muscle in animals, and has been used in the treatment of heart conditions ever since its discovery in 1775.
Herbal formulation shall mean a dosage form consisting of one or more herbs in specified quantities to provide specific nutritional, cosmetic benefits, or other benefits meant for use to diagnose treat, mitigate diseases of human beings or animals.
Herbal preparations are obtained by subjecting herbal substances to treatments such as extraction, distillation, expression, fractionation, purification, concentration or fermentation.
These include comminuted or powdered herbal substances, tinctures, extracts, essential oils, expressed juices and processed exudates.
Herbal cosmetic is defined as “ the beauty products, which possess desirable physiological activities such as skin healing, smoothening, appearance enhancing properties with the help of herbal ingredients.”
almond oil
olive oil
rosemarry oil
sandalwood oil
general pharmacology is information about drug abd human body mechanism . it shows about route of administration . pharmacological terminologies ADME of bady and their factors. bioavilability of drugs and related factor . general principle of drug action on body . After that descriptioun about mechanism of drug action . factor modifying drug action and dur interaction.
Enzymes are protentious substances that catalyze or increase the rate of chemical reactions in a living organism.
It acts as a catalyst for specific reactions and converts the specific substrate into a specific product.
The biological processes that occur within all living organisms are chemical reactions, and most are regulated by enzymes.
Without enzymes, many of these reactions would not take place.
They are practically inactive at 0°C and beyond 65°C get denatured.
Crude drugs which contain enzymes are Papaya, Diastase, Yeast.
Factor like pH of the medium direct affects their action.
Substances that have little or no therapeutic value, but essentially used in the preparation of various pharmaceutical dosage form are called Pharmaceutical aids.
Source: Animals, Plants, minerals, synthetic.
They are not API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient).
Acidulants: It give sharp taste to food. Assist in the setting of gel and as a preservative. Eg- Tamarind, lemon juice, tomato.
Colouring agents: Caramel, turmeric, indigo, saffron.
Disintegrating agent: Starch, CMC.
Diluent: Cinnamon water, peppermint water, sesame oil.
Emulsifying agents: Acacia, Agar, Bentonite, Gelatin
Suspending agents: Acacia, Agar, Bentonite, Gelatin
Filter aid: Talc, Bentonite, Diatomite.
Flavoring agent: Cardamom, rose, lemon.
Lubricant: Talc, Cocoa
2. Recovery & Recycling
The Recovery & Recycling model makes production and
consumption systems in which everything that used to be
considered waste is revived for other uses.
LIPIDS-Digestion and absorption of Lipids.pptxABHIJIT BHOYAR
The digestion of lipids begins in the oral cavity through exposure to lingual lipases, which are secreted by glands in the tongue to begin the process of digesting triglycerides.
Fibers are elongated thick walled cells with pointed ends, cell walls of which may consist of cellulose and may or may not contain lignin
Plant fibers
Jute
Flax
Cotton
Banana
Hemp
Animal fiber
Silk
wool
Minerals
Glass
Asbestos
Surgical dressings are the materials used alone or in combination for protection and healing of wound
e.g. cotton, wool, rayon
Official requirements of surgical dressings are as;
They should be sterilized before use
They should be stored in dry-ventilated place at temperature not exceeding 250c
They should not be dyed unless mentioned in the monograph
There should not be any loose threads fibres-ends in dressings
They should be used with permitted prescribed concentrations only.
Sutures
Sutures are threads used for stiching the tissues like skin, muscles by using needle.
Two types of sutures;
Absorbable sutures: these are absorbed in the body
E.g catgut, kangaroo tendon and some synthetic polymers
Non-absorbable sutures: these are not absorbed by skin.
E.g silk, nylon
Requirements of sutures;
They must be sterile and cause no irritation
They should be stored in dry place
They are intended for one use.
A diuretic is any substance that increases production of urine.
Sometimes called water pills, help rid your body of salt (sodium) and water.
Gokharu
Synonym: Puncture vine, devil’s thorn, Caltrops fruit.
B.S.: Gokhru is the dried ripe seeds of Tribulus terrestris Linn., Family: Zygophyllaceae.
Morphological characters:
Color: fruits are yellowish in colour
Odor: odorless
Taste: slightly bitter
Shape: globose, 1.2 cm in diameter containing five woody, densely hairy, spiny cocci
Size: 1-1.5cm in diameter and 8.5mm thick
Chemical Constituents
consist of steroidal saponins as the major constituents.which are;
terestrosins A, B, C, D and E,.
F-gitonin and gitonin.
Certain other steroidal such as terestroside F, tribulosin, trillin, gracillin, dioscin
Therapeutic uses
The fruit has cooling, anti inflammatory, antiarthritic, diuretic, tonic, properties.
It is used in building immune system, in painful micturition, calculus affections and impotency.
Improves and prolongs the duration of erection
It exerts a stimulating effect on reproductary organs.
Punarnava
Synonym: rakta punarnava, hog-weed
B.S.: freh dried herb of Boerhhavia diffusa
Family: Nyctagineacea.
Morphological characters:
Color: green on upper surface,
Odor: odorless
Taste: slightly bitter
Shape: ovate
Size: 25-30mm long
Therapeutic uses
In the treatment of urogenital disorders
In the renal diseases
Fever, cough, dysponea and bronchial complaints
The term "Nutraceutical" was coined by combining the terms "Nutrition" and "Pharmaceutical" in 1989 by Dr. Stephen De Felice.
Definition Of Nutraceuticals...
A nutraceutical is any substance considered as a food, or its part which, in addition to its normal which, in addition to its normal nutritional value provides health benefits including the prevention of disease or promotion of health.
Antioxidants are substance that can prevent or minimize cell damage caused by free radicals.
These are live microbial feed supplement which improves intestinal microbial balance when administered
E.g. lactobacilli such as L. acidophilus, gram +ve cocci such as enterococcus foecium etc.
A non- digestible food ingredient that stimulates the growth or activity of number of bacteria in colon.
what is TSM?
WHO defines traditional medicine as including diverse health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal, and/or mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises which can be used to maintain well-being, as well as to treat, diagnose or prevent illness.
TYPES OF TSM (AYUSH)
A-AYURVEDA
Y-YOGA & NATUROPATHY
U-UNANI
S-SIDDHA
H-HOMEOPATHY
Classification of Ayurvedic dosage form
POINTS TO BE INCLUDED
Definition, scope,
Technical definitions, common terminologies used in clinical
settings
Daily activities of clinical pharmacists
Ward round participation
Treatment Chart Review
Adverse drug reaction monitoring
Interprofessional collaboration
The list of drugs guides to detect medications that require special precautions to reduce risk of errors
Precautions may include limiting access to certain drugs.
The list of drugs categorised into
High risk drugs
Emergency drugs
Schedule H1 drugs
NDPS drugs
Reserved antibiotics
High risk medications are drugs that have a heightened risk of causing significant patient harm when they are misused.
List of high risk drugs
Adrenaline 1mg/ml inj
Cobra antivenom inj
Dextrose 30% and 50% inj
Digoxin 0.5 mg inj
Dopamine 200mg/ 20ml inj
Heparin 5000unit/ml inj
Actrapid1000 unit/10ml inj
Morphine 10mg/ml inj
Noradrenaline inj
All high medication containers or loose vials/ampoules stored must be labelled as high risk medicines
Use TALL-man lettering to emphasize difference in medication name e.g. DOPamine abd DOButamine
Prescribing: do not use abbreviations when prescribing
Do not use trailing zero when prescribing e.g. 5.0mg can be mistaken as 50mg
Administration: the following particulars shall be checked before administration;
Patient’s name
Strength of medication
Dose
Route and expiry
Drug distribution is defined as, "Physical transfer of drugs from storage area in the hospital to the patient's bedside".
This involves two types of drug distribution. They are:
In-patient distribution
Out-patient distribution
The drug distribution to the in patient department can be carried out from the out patient dispensing area.
The pharmacists involved in dispensing the drugs for out patient can dispense drugs for in patients too.
The pharmacist employed for drug distribution to the in patient wards should be well skilled and qualified staff.
Out patient refers to the patients not occupying beds in hospital or in clinics, health centers and other places where out patients usually go for health care.
No medicaments should be issued without the prescription.
After the issue has been made the quantities supplied must be recorded.
In short form the out patient department was called as OPD.
CLASSIFICATION OF PATIENTS
EMERGENCY
TERTIARY CARE
PRIMARY CARE
AMBULATORY.
A hospital pharmacy is a department within a hospital that prepares, compounds, stocks and dispenses inpatient medications.
What is the role of hospital pharmacist?
Hospital pharmacists work in hospital pharmacy services belong to the MOH as well as the private sector. Pharmacists work in this field are responsible for dispensing of medications, quality testing, formulating and re-formulating dosage forms, monitoring and reporting drug safety, and preparing budges for medications.
They are radioactive substances or radioactive medications for diagnostic & therapeutic intervention
Radiopharmaceutical are medicinal formulations containing radioisotopes which are safe for organization in people for analysis or for treatment
Usually radiopharmaceuticals contain at least 2major components;
Radionuclide that provides the desired radiation characteristics &
Chemical compound with structural or chemical properties that determine the physiological behavior of radiopharmaceutical
nticancer drug, also called antineoplastic drug, any drug that is effective in the treatment of malignant, or cancerous, disease.
Vinca have been used to treat diabetes, high blood pressure and have been used as disinfectants and anti-cancer.
A drug that stimulates contraction of the myometrium. Oxytocics are used to induce labour, obstetric at term, to prevent or control postpartum or postabortion haemorrhage, and to assess foetal status in high risk pregnancies.
crude drug used is Ergot
ergot life cycle
1. over wintering stage
2. sexual reproduction
3. asexual reproduction
There are many different types of drugs that work on the CNS,
EPHEDRA, BELLADONA, TEA LEAVES
COFFEE SEEDS
COCA LEAVES
HYOSCYAMUS
AND THEIR PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY
Alkaloids are nitrogenous compounds of low molecular weight. They are mainly produced by plants and animals for defense. Examples of alkaloids include morphine, codeine, coniine, quinine, scopolamine, hyoscamine, atropine, caffeine, sangunarine, berberine, etc.
anthraquinone, coumarin, cyanogens (cyanohydrin), flavonoids, glucosinolates (or thioglycosides), phenols, steroidal, terpenoids, and saponins.
A type of chemical found in plants and in certain foods, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, wine, and tea.
Pharmacy and Therapeutics (P&T) is a committee at a hospital or a health insurance plan that decides which drugs will appear on that entity's drug formulary.
PTC includes not just pharmacists, but also physicians, nurses, administrators, risk and quality improvement managers etc. There are also sub-committees under the PTC, for example, drug review panels that focus on a particular specialty, reviewing the drug products and guidelines of this specialty.
mprove Medicine treatment in accordance with acceptable current practice within the limited available resources.
What is definition of poisoning?
Poisoning is injury or death due to swallowing, inhaling, touching or injecting various drugs, chemicals, venoms or gases. Many substances — such as drugs and carbon monoxide — are poisonous only in higher concentrations or dosages.
activated charcoal – sometimes used to treat someone who's been poisoned; the charcoal binds to the poison and stops it being further absorbed into the blood.
antidotes – these are substances that either prevent the poison from working or reverse its effects.
There are four major routes by which a chemical may enter the body:
Inhalation (breathing)
Skin (or eye) contact.
Swallowing (ingestion or eating)
Injection.
Pharmaceutical care is a practice in which the practitioner takes responsibility for a patient's drug-related needs, and is held accountable for this commitment.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
2. VITAMINS
• Vitamins are organic chemical compounds which cannot be synthesized in the
body but are essential for normal metabolic functions
• General uses of vitamins a;
Food
supplement
• To prevent development of
deficiency state
Drugs • To treat vitamin deficiency condition
3. CLASSIFICATIONS
• Absorption from the
intestinal tract with that
of lipids and stored as
same fashion of fat
• A,D,E &K
Fat
soluble
• the degree to which
they dissolve in water is
variable. This property
influences the route of
absorption, their
excretion,
• C &B, folic acid, biotin
Water
soluble
4. COD LIVER OIL
• Biological Source: It is processed from fresh liver of cod
fish, Gadus morrhua and other species of Gadus, belonging
to family Gadidae
• Chemical Constituents:
• The cod liver oil contains glycerides esters of saturated
acids of linoleic, oleic, myristic, gadoleic, palmitic, and
other acids.
• The oil has vitamin A and vitamin D.
5. PREPARATION
1. Liver removed from cod fish
2. Liver cleaned to free from gall bladder
3. Liver heated in water at 80 c
4. The oil excludes and float on water top is
seperated and washed
5. The dehydrated oil is cooled to separate stearin
6. The suspended materials are removed by
centrifugation
6. USES
• Used as source of vitamin
• Treatment of rickets and tuberculosis
• Application of oil as ointment on wounds to speed up healing
process
• Omega-3-fatty acid in cod liver oil reduces imflamation of cells
• Prevent gastric ulcers
• Reduces cholesterol levels
7. SHARK LIVER OIL
• Biological Source: Shark liver oil is the fixed oil obtained
from the fresh and healthy livers of shark fish Hypoprion
brevirostris, belonging to family Carcharhinidae.
• Chemical Constituents
• The active principle of Shark liver oil is vitamin A which
varies from 15,000 to 30,000 I.U. per g of the oil
• It contains glycerides of saturated and unsaturated fatty
acids.
8. USES
1. Shark liver oil is used to treat xerophthalmia
(abnormal dryness of the surface of conjunctiva)
occurring due to deficiency of vitamin A.
2. he oil is nutritive and used as a tonic.
3. In the treatment of deficiency of vitamin A
10. ENZYMES
• Enzyms are the proteins which plays the role of
catalysing biochemical reaction
• They are;
• Colloidal in nature
• Thermolabile
• Highly specific in action
11. CLASSIFICATION
1. Hydrolases: for catalysis of hydrolytic reactions
2. Transferase: for transfer of chemical group from one
molecule to another
3. Oxido-reductase: catalysis of oxidation-reduction reaction
4. Lysases: catalyses addition of double bonds
5. Isomerases: responsible for intra molecular
rearrangement
12. PAPAYA
• Synonyms: Papayotin, papain
• Biological Source: Papain is the dried and purified latex of the green fruits and leaves
of Carica papaya L., belonging to family Caricaceae.
• Chemical Constituents
• The enzymes, papain, papayaproteinase, and chymopapain
• Papain contains several enzymes such as proteolytic enzymes peptidase I
• clotting enzyme similar to pectase
• The leaves possess dehydrocarpaines I and II, fatty acids, carpaine, pseudocarpaine, and
carotenoids.
13. USES
1. Used as protein digestant
2. for treatment of dyspepsia, intestinal and gastric disorders
3. In cheese manufacturing
4. Anti-inflammatory agent
5. Reliveing symptoms of episiotomy
14. DIASTASE
• Synonym: amylase
• Biological Source: It is an amylolytic enzymes present in the saliva
(salivary diastase or ptyalin and pancreatic diastase or amylopsin)
found in the digestive tract of animals and also in malt extract.
• Chemical constituents:
• Contains dextrin, maltose, traces of glucose and about 8% of
amylolytic enzyme diastase
15. USES
1. It is used as a digestant
2. used in the production of predigested starchy foods
3. Also for the conversion of starch to fermentable sugars in
fermentation.
4. Used in bulk producing laxatives
17. USES
1. Manufacturing of alcohol, wines & beer
2. Used in bread industries
3. Source of vitamin D
4. Good source of proteins
18. PANCREATIN
• Biological source: Pancreatin is a digestive enzyme extracted from the pancreas of certain
animals like hog, Sus scrofa (Suidae), or ox, Bos taurus (Bovidae) that is used to supplement
loss of or low digestive enzymes,
• Chemical constituents:
• Pancreatin is made up of the pancreatic enzymes trypsin, amylase, and lipase
• Use:
1. digestion of foods and routine cancer eradication.
2. help with food allergies, celiac disease, autoimmune disease, cancer, and weight loss.