The document discusses several topics related to animal survival: 1) The need for food is addressed through the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food and the role of enzymes and digestion. 2) Reproduction is explained through sexual reproduction and the male and female sex organs and cells. Fertilization and development of the embryo are also covered. 3) Responding to the environment discusses how animals are adapted to changes in factors like light, humidity, and chemicals. Rhythmic behaviors related to day/night cycles and seasons are presented.

1. ANIMAL SURVIVAL The need for food Reproduction Responding to the environment Water and Waste

2. Digestion Sub Topic A – THE NEED FOR FOOD

3. The breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small soluble food molecules

5. The Digestive System mouth salivary glands gullet / oesophagus diaphragm tongue stomach pancreas rectum anus gall bladder small intestine colon appendix liver

6. salivary glands stomach - pancreas rectum gall bladder small intestine colon Sources of Digestive Juices produce salivary amylase starch maltose produces bile emulsifies fats acidic Pepsin Protein peptides stores faeces reabsorbs water Produces amylases proteases lipase maltose glucose Protein + peptides amino acids Fats fatty acids + glycerol

10. SUB TOPIC B - REPRODUCTION

12. The sex cells All animals produce special sex cells To reproduce Male sex cells are ? Female sex cells are ? sperm eggs When they join,its called FERTILISATION

21. Fertilisation.. The sperm meets the egg in the FALLOPIAN TUBE

23. How are we fertilised?

24. .. The Egg sets off .. the ball of cells dividing all the way to the womb..

25. Fertilisation

26. Cell division

31. The Embryo develops… ..and develops into a baby.After about 9 months…

32. The Baby is Born Ouch !!

35. All land animals need to conserve water . This is because the external environment is usually drier than the internal environment of the animal’s body. Thus, water will tend to diffuse away from the body. There is also a need to excrete waste products such as urea, which is dissolved in water . This creates a problem! In mammals, the kidneys are responsible for both excretion of urea and osmoregulation (the control of body fluid concentration). So, the kidney must balance the need to excrete with the need to conserve water, in other words it must produce a small volume of highly concentrated urine. SUB TOPIC C – WATER AND WASTE

37. The kidneys are the main organs which a mammal uses to adjust its water content They do this by controlling the volume Of URINE produced This is controlled by a substance called ADH (Anti Diuretic Hormone) The BRAIN detects any changes in the Water concentration of the BLOOD HAVE A LOOK AT HOW IT DOES THIS IN THE NEXT FEW SLIDES

41. Water content of the blood normal Water content of the blood HIGH Water content of the blood LOW Too much water drunk Too much salt or sweating Brain produces More ADH Urine output LOW Brain produces Less ADH Urine output HIGH High volume of water reabsorbed by kidney Low volume of water reabsorbed by kidney (small volume of Concentrated urine) (large volume of dilute urine)

43. Kidney and bladder position Blood is brought to the kidney in the RENAL ARTERY and taken away by the RENAL VEIN

45. Cross section

50. Filtration & reabsorption Useful substances such as *Glucose *Some salts *Water Are REABSORBED into the blood As the filtrate passes through the TUBULE. the blood capillaries are closely wrapped round the tubules The WASTE consisting of UREA, some SALT, and WATER is Collected by the collecting duct, taken to the URETERS and then to The BLADDER

62. How do changes in the environment affect animals ? All animals have to react to changes in their environment if they are to survive SUB TOPIC D–Responding to the Environment

70. Some animals like tortoises, hedgehogs and bears, cannot store food to keep them warm. Instead they go to sleep in a warm sheltered place, such as under a pile of old leaves or inside an old tree trunk. This is called hibernation.

71. Cockroaches have a daily activity cycle controlled by the darkness