The document provides an overview of Earth science topics including the origin of the universe, solar system, and Earth. It discusses theories of how the universe and solar system formed, including the nebular hypothesis which proposes that the solar system condensed from a giant cloud of gas and dust. Key events included gravitational collapse of the solar nebula forming the Sun and planets condensing from the disk as it rotated and cooled.

14. How did it all begin???
The Origin of the Universe
and our Solar System

15.  Origin & Structure of the Earth
Universe & The Solar System– Earth & Earth
Systems
 Earth Materials & Processes
– Minerals & Rocks
– Exogenic Processes
– Endogenic Processes
– Deformation of Crust
– History of the Earth
EARTH SCIENCE

16. EARTH SCIENCE
 Natural Hazards, Mitigation, & Adaptation
– Geologic Processes & Hazards
– Hydrometeorological & Hazards
– Marine & Coastal Proesses & their
Effects.

17. FUN FACT

18. FACT OR BLUFF
THE UNIVERSE AS WE
CURRENTLY KNOW IT ALL
COMPRISES ALL SPACE AND
TIME AND ALL MATTER AND
ENERGY IN IT.

19. FACT OR BLUFF
THE UNIVERSE IS AT
LEAST 4.5-4.6 BILLION
YEARS OLD.

20. FACT OR BLUFF
ACCORDING TO CLAUDIUS
PTOLEMY, THE EARTH IS
THE CENTER OF THE SOLAR
SYSTEM.

21. FACT OR BLUFF
THE SUN IS THE CENTER OF
THE UNIVERSE

22. FACT OR BLUFF
EARTH IS THE ONLY PLANET
IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
WITH PROPERTIES
NECESSARY TO SUPPORT
LIFE.

23. IDEA

24. CONCEPTUALIZE

25. CONCEPTS
Cosmology - is the study of
the universe, including its
properties, structure and
evolution.

26. Introduction
 Universe  galaxy  solar system
 Universe: all of space, including all matter and
energy everywhere
 Galaxy: a clump of stars within a universe
 Solar System: one star and its surrounding
planets
 Star: matter that emits huge amounts of energy
 Planet: matter that revolves around a star

33. The Origin of the Universe
The Big Bang Theory
(Georges Lemaitre, 1927)
 “Time zero”  10 to 15
Billion years ago
 all matter was compacted into
a teeny tiny little ball
 little ball was extremely hot,
dense and under enormous
pressure
 small, dense ball expanded
rapidly hurling matter and
energy in all directions

34. http://rainbow.ldeo.columbia.edu/courses/v1001/7.html
First there was a hot ball of matter
tinier than an atom. This cooled
to 10 billion billion ◦C and grew.
Building a Universe

35. http://rainbow.ldeo.columbia.edu/courses/v1001/7.html
- A split second later there
was instantaneous filling of
space with all matter
=Inflation
-as the universe inflated it
was flooded with energy and
matter (gravity and
electricity)
Building a Universe

36. Building a Universe
 After 3 minutes, quarks started to join and form
atoms like hydrogen
 After 1,000,000 years gases began to curdle into
strands with dark holes in between
 After 300,000,000 years the strands clumped 
clouds  stars and galaxies
 We can still see the afterglow today! (think of a
piece of firewood after the fire is out)
 http://www.pbs.org/deepspace/timeline/index.html

39. The Evidence
 There is an abundance of light elements (hydrogen and helium) in
the universe.
 The universe cooled as it expanded so that today the Cosmic
Microwave Background (CMB) radiation corresponds to a
temperature of 2.7 K.
 As the galaxy moves away, the wavelength of light gets longer
and shifts to the red end of the visible spectrum. This is called
red-shift.

43. CREATIONIST THEORY
According to the Genesis of the Bible’s
Old testament, the creation of the
entire cosmos (universe) took place in
six days. The biblical creation story tells
that God created the universe.

44. CREATIONIST THEORY
7 DAYS OF CREATION
Day 1 - God created light and separated the
light from the darkness, calling light "day"
and darkness "night."
Day 2 - God created an expanse to separate
the waters and called it "sky."
Day 3 - God created the dry ground and
gathered the waters, calling the dry ground "land," and the
gathered waters "seas." On day three, God also created
vegetation (plants and trees)

45. CREATIONIST THEORY
Day 4 - God created the sun, moon, and the stars
to give light to the earth and to govern and
separate the day and the night. These would also
serve as signs to mark seasons, days, and years.
Day 5 - God created every living creature of the
seas and every winged bird, blessing them to
multiply and fill the waters and the sky with life

46. CREATIONIST THEORY
Day 6 - God created the animals to fill the earth.
On day six, God also created man and woman
(Adam and Eve) in his own image to commune
with him. He blessed them and gave them every
creature and the whole earth to rule over, care for,
and cultivate.
Day 7 - God had finished his work of
creation and so he rested on the seventh

47. STEADY STATE THEORY

48. STEADY STATE THEORY
infinite Universe Theory or Continuous Creation
*Proposed by Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, And Sir Fred
Hoyle
*The universe has no beginning or end.
*The universe is in the process of constant creation and the
matter is being continually replenished in one place and
being destroyed elsewhere.
*Believes that as galaxies move apart, new matter appears
between them and forms new galaxies.'
*As new galaxies form, old ones die, with the universe
always having the same density

50. ANY IDEAS?

51. ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

53. OVERVIEW

54. OVERVIEW

56. THEORIES

57. THEORIES

58. Origin of Our Solar System ~ 4.5
billion years ago
 Nebular Theory – our Solar System
formed from a giant, swirling cloud of gas
& dust.
 Solar nebula – name given to the cloud
of gas from which our own Solar System
formed
 The nebular theory holds that our Solar
System formed out of a nebula that
collapsed under its own gravity.

59. View of the Orion Nebula

60. Gravitational Collapse
 The solar nebular was initially somewhat spherical
and a few light years in diameter.
– very cold
– rotating slightly
 It was given a “push” by some event.
– perhaps the shock wave from a nearby supernova
 As the nebula shrank, gravity increased, causing
collapse.
 As the nebula “falls” inward, gravitational potential
energy is converted to heat.
– Conservation of Energy
 As the nebula’s radius decreases, it rotates faster
– Conservation of Angular Momentum

61. As the nebula
collapses, it heats
up, spins faster,
and flattens.

62. Orderly Motions in the
Solar System
 The Sun formed in the very center of the nebula.
– temperature & density were high enough for nuclear
fusion reactions to begin
 The planets formed in the rest of the disk.
 This would explain the following:
– all planets lie along one plane (in the disk)
– all planets orbit in one direction (the spin direction of the
disk)
– most planetary orbits are near circular (collisions in the
disk)

64. A summary
 A. solar nebula
 B. gravity causes contraction into rotating
disk
 C. Temp and pressure gets so high that
nuclear fusion occurs  sun
 D. Collisions between particles of dust and
gas occur  clumping
 E. These form planets

65. Formation of the
Inner Planets
 Small grains stick to one another via
electromagnetic force until they are massive
enough to attract via gravity to form...
planetesimals which will combine near the Sun
to form rocky planets!

67. Formation of Outer Planets

68. SUMMARY SLIDE

69. References:
•
https://omicspublishinggroup.wordpress.com/20
13/02/26/earth-science-climate-change/
• http://exploringspace.org/astronomy/proxima-
b-the-hunt-for-proximas-wobbler/
• www.kidsastronomy.com/nebulae.htm