Gymnosperms & angiosperms
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Gymnosperms are vascular plants that produce seeds in cones or hard berries without flowers or fruits. They are divided into four main groups - conifers, cycads, gingkos, and gnetophytes. Conifers, the largest group, are mostly evergreen trees that shelter their seeds in important cones. Angiosperms are vascular plants defined by their production of flowers and fruits containing seeds, with bees often helping transfer pollen between plants as part of their life cycle.
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Angiosperms and gymnosperms
There are two main types of seed plants - gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms reproduce using cones instead of flowers and include cycads, ginkgos, conifers, and gnetophytes. Angiosperms are the largest group of plants and reproduce using flowers containing sepals, petals, stamens, and a pistil. Pollination occurs when pollen from the stamen sticks to the stigma on the pistil, and fertilization happens when the pollen joins with an ovule in the ovary. Seeds then develop inside the ovary and are dispersed in different ways depending on the plant.
Monocots and dicots
This document compares the key differences between monocots and dicots. It begins by explaining that flowering plants are divided into two classes: monocots and dicots. The main differences discussed are that monocots have vascular bundles that are scattered in the stem cross-section, while dicots have vascular bundles arranged in a ring. Examples of monocots include palms, grasses, orchids and onions, while dicots include oaks, roses, mustards, cacti and sunflowers. Images are also provided showing the different vascular bundle arrangements in a monocot and dicot plant.
Angiosperms (flowering plants) PowerPoint Presentation
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Angiosperms
Angiosperms are flowering plants that evolved around 125-100 million years ago. They are the largest group of plants, making up approximately 80% of all known living plant species. Angiosperms have flowers and fruits and characteristics like roots, stems, leaves, xylem, and phloem. They are divided into two classes - monocots which have one cotyledon, and dicots which have two. Angiosperms occupy nearly every habitat on Earth with some exceptions. They are economically important as sources of food, fibers, medicines and more.
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This document discusses asexual reproduction in plants, which is the formation of new individuals from a single parent's cells and does not allow for genetic variation. It describes several methods of asexual reproduction including vegetative reproduction through bulbs, underground stems, runners, and leaves. It also discusses artificial propagation techniques like stem cuttings, grafting, layering, and plant tissue culture which can be used to reproduce plants without seeds.
Flowering plants
This document discusses the key characteristics of flowering plants. Flowering plants, or angiosperms, are defined as plants that produce flowers. They are divided into two main classes - monocots and dicots - based on whether they have one cotyledon or two. Monocots have a single cotyledon while dicots have two. Flowering plants are also distinguished by their production of flowers, which contain male or female reproductive parts, and their production of fruits, which enclose the seeds.
Primary Plant Body (Root, Stem and Leaves)
This document provides an outline and objectives for a lesson on vascular plants from Botany 103. It will cover overview of vascular plants and their organs, plant growth and development, plant embryology, plant growing seasons, and the specific organs of roots, stems, and leaves. The lesson objectives are for learners to define key terms, identify plant organs, describe plant structures and embryonic development, and understand the general functions of roots, stems, and leaves. The document then provides details on each of these topics in the given lesson outline.
Life cycle of flowering plants
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Angiosperms and gymnosperms
There are two main types of seed plants - gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms reproduce using cones instead of flowers and include cycads, ginkgos, conifers, and gnetophytes. Angiosperms are the largest group of plants and reproduce using flowers containing sepals, petals, stamens, and a pistil. Pollination occurs when pollen from the stamen sticks to the stigma on the pistil, and fertilization happens when the pollen joins with an ovule in the ovary. Seeds then develop inside the ovary and are dispersed in different ways depending on the plant.
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Angiosperms (flowering plants) PowerPoint Presentation
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Angiosperms
Angiosperms are flowering plants that evolved around 125-100 million years ago. They are the largest group of plants, making up approximately 80% of all known living plant species. Angiosperms have flowers and fruits and characteristics like roots, stems, leaves, xylem, and phloem. They are divided into two classes - monocots which have one cotyledon, and dicots which have two. Angiosperms occupy nearly every habitat on Earth with some exceptions. They are economically important as sources of food, fibers, medicines and more.
Asexual reproduction in plants
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Flowering plants
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reproduction in flowering plants
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Plant reproduction
Flowering plants have evolved various reproductive structures and processes to facilitate reproduction. Flowers produce male pollen and female ovules that are necessary for fertilization. Key flower parts include sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains between flower stamens to carpels. This leads to fertilization within the ovule and formation of seeds. Seeds contain embryos and food reserves to allow for dispersal and germination into new plants under suitable conditions of water, oxygen, and temperature. Seed dispersal mechanisms include wind, animals, water, and mechanical forces. Germination begins with water uptake and radicle emergence from the seed.
Classification of plants
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Plant classification
The document summarizes key characteristics of the four main groups in the plant kingdom - bryophytes, pteridophytes, conifers, and angiosperms. Bryophytes include mosses and are small non-vascular plants that reproduce using spores and live in damp environments. Pteridophytes are vascular plants like ferns that can grow larger than bryophytes due to possessing tissues like xylem and phloem. Conifers are gymnosperms that bear naked seeds in cones, while angiosperms are flowering plants that produce fruits enclosing seeds.
Flower ppt
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Seed structure
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Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in Plants
Male and female gametes from plants unite during sexual reproduction to form a zygote, which develops into a new plant body. Sexually reproduced offspring have two parents and thus exhibit more variation than asexually reproduced offspring that have a single parent. Pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains containing male gametes from the anther to the stigma. It can occur through biotic vectors like insects or abiotically via wind or water. Self-pollination involves pollen transfer within a flower or between flowers on the same plant, while cross-pollination transfers pollen between plants. Asexual reproduction requires only one parent and can occur via vegetative propagation using plant structures like stems, leaves, and roots
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Vascular and Non Vascular Plants
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Flowers
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Reproduction in plants
Plants can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes within flowers. Flowers contain stamens which produce pollen, the male gamete, and pistils which contain ovules that develop into seeds after fertilization. Pollination is required to transfer pollen from the anther of a stamen to the stigma of a pistil and can occur through self or cross-pollination. Asexual reproduction allows plants to make copies of themselves without sex through vegetative structures like stolons, rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, and corms.
Asexual reproduction ppt
Reproduction enables the continuity of species through generations. Sexual reproduction involves two individuals while asexual reproduction involves a single individual. Unicellular organisms reproduce through cell division while multicellular organisms use specialized reproductive organs. Asexual reproduction methods include fission, fragmentation, budding, regeneration, vegetative propagation, and spore formation. Vegetative propagation uses plant parts like stems, leaves, and roots to generate new plants.
Plant adaptations
Plants have developed various structural and behavioral adaptations to survive in different environments. Structural adaptations include thorns for protection, brightly colored fruits to attract animals for reproduction, and waxy coatings to reduce water loss in dry climates. Behavioral adaptations comprise plants leaning toward sunlight, vines climbing trees, and desert flowers blooming only after rain. Adaptations are seen in plant roots that absorb water and nutrients, leaves that photosynthesize or reduce water loss, and seeds designed for wind or animal dispersal. These adaptations allow plants to thrive in environments like deserts, grasslands, forests, and bodies of water.
Plant characteristics
Plant characteristics include being made of cells with DNA, cell walls, and chloroplasts. They are multicellular producers that make their own food through photosynthesis. There are two main types of plants: nonvascular and vascular. Nonvascular plants like mosses and liverworts do not have roots, stems or leaves, lack vascular tissue, and reproduce through spores. Vascular plants contain vascular tissue to transport food and water, and some contain seeds while others reproduce through spores.
Seed plants
Seed plants have three key characteristics: they produce seeds, their sperm do not require water and are transported within pollen grains, and they are the most common plants on Earth. A seed forms after fertilization and contains three parts - the young plant, stored food, and a protective seed coat. Seed plants have advantages over seedless plants as their seeds can be dispersed farther. Gymnosperms and angiosperms are two major groups of seed plants. Gymnosperms produce conifer cones while angiosperms produce flowers and fruits. Both have adaptations that aid reproduction and dispersal.
Monocotyledons vs dicotyledons 9
1. Monocots and dicots are the two major groups of flowering plants that are distinguished based on several anatomical features.
2. Monocots have one cotyledon, parallel leaf veins, scattered vascular bundles, and flower parts in multiples of three. Dicots have two cotyledons, net-like leaf veins, vascular bundles arranged in a ring, and flower parts in multiples of four or five.
3. The key differences between monocots and dicots include their cotyledon number, leaf vein structure, vascular bundle positioning, and number of floral parts.
Plant anatomy presentation
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Reproduction in plants
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TYPES OF FLOWERS, FRUITS,DICOT AND MONOCOT SEEDS
Flower is a reproductive structure that contains either male or female organs or both. A flower contains several parts including sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil. There are different types of flowers including bisexual, unisexual, and neutral flowers. Seeds come from fruits and there are two main types - monocot seeds with one cotyledon and dicot seeds with two cotyledons. Monocot seeds have an embryo with one cotyledon called a scutellum and endosperm as the storage tissue. Dicot seeds have an embryo containing a primary axis and two cotyledons which act as storage organs.
Gymnosperms
Presentation on Gymnosperms. Prepared by Rahmat Alam Puniyali, Student of BS IV at Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan. Photos of related plants are taken by the creator at KIU (Karakoram International University) campus.
(Some of the pictures and diagrams are taken from the websites of their resembling organizations (The McGraw-Hill Companies))
Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms are seed plants that reproduce through cones and do not have flowers. They have woody stems and needles or scales instead of broad leaves. Their adaptations for life on land include woody growth for support, needles with less surface area for photosynthesis and water retention, and seeds that enclose embryos with stored food for greater survival. Their life cycle involves heterosporous male and female cones that produce pollen and ovules, with fertilization occurring through pollen tubes leading to the formation of seeds containing a sporophyte embryo.
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Parts of a flower
The document summarizes the parts of a flower and their roles in reproduction. It explains that flowers contain reproductive organs and are made up of four main parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils. The sepals protect the bud, petals attract pollinators, stamens produce pollen as the male part, and pistils receive pollen and contain ovaries to produce seeds as the female part. Pollination occurs through pollen transfer from the stamen to the pistil by wind, insects, or other animals. Fertilization happens when pollen grains fuse with egg cells in the ovary, developing into seeds and eventually fruit to protect and disperse the seeds.
reproduction in flowering plants
This document summarizes the process of reproduction in flowering plants. It describes the main parts of a flower including the petals, sepals, stamen and carpel. It then explains the structures of insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers and how they differ in attracting pollinators. The process of pollination, fertilization and seed dispersal are outlined, from the transfer of pollen grains to the growth of seeds away from the parent plant. Key terms such as self-pollination and cross-pollination are also defined.
Plant reproduction
Flowering plants have evolved various reproductive structures and processes to facilitate reproduction. Flowers produce male pollen and female ovules that are necessary for fertilization. Key flower parts include sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains between flower stamens to carpels. This leads to fertilization within the ovule and formation of seeds. Seeds contain embryos and food reserves to allow for dispersal and germination into new plants under suitable conditions of water, oxygen, and temperature. Seed dispersal mechanisms include wind, animals, water, and mechanical forces. Germination begins with water uptake and radicle emergence from the seed.
Classification of plants
The document classifies plants into two main categories: flowering plants and non-flowering plants. Non-flowering plants include mosses and ferns. Mosses do not have true roots or vascular tissues, reproduce via spores, and prefer damp environments. Ferns have roots, leaves, underground stems and vascular tissues, reproduce via spore-producing organs on their leaves, and prefer damp shady places. Flowering plants are further divided into gymnosperms like pine trees, which have needle-shaped leaves and bear naked seeds in cones, and angiosperms which have true flowers and fruits containing seeds. Angiosperms include monocots and dicots, distinguished by whether they have one or two seed leaves and
Plant classification
The document summarizes key characteristics of the four main groups in the plant kingdom - bryophytes, pteridophytes, conifers, and angiosperms. Bryophytes include mosses and are small non-vascular plants that reproduce using spores and live in damp environments. Pteridophytes are vascular plants like ferns that can grow larger than bryophytes due to possessing tissues like xylem and phloem. Conifers are gymnosperms that bear naked seeds in cones, while angiosperms are flowering plants that produce fruits enclosing seeds.
Flower ppt
This document summarizes the parts of a flower. It discusses that a flower has four main parts: the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. It describes each part in detail, including that the calyx and corolla are non-essential parts, while the androecium and gynoecium are essential reproductive parts. It also classifies flowers as complete or incomplete based on presence of parts, and discusses types of unisexual flowers.
Seed structure
A seed is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a protective seed coat that contains stored food. Seeds allow plants to maintain dormancy until conditions are suitable, protect the vulnerable young plant, provide food until photosynthesis is possible, and aid in plant dispersal. The main structures of a seed include the seed coat, hilum, embryo containing cotyledon, epicotyl/hypocotyl, plumule, and radicle. The seed coat protects the embryo while the cotyledon stores food and the epicotyl/hypocotyl and radicle form the basis of the stem and root.
Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in Plants
Male and female gametes from plants unite during sexual reproduction to form a zygote, which develops into a new plant body. Sexually reproduced offspring have two parents and thus exhibit more variation than asexually reproduced offspring that have a single parent. Pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains containing male gametes from the anther to the stigma. It can occur through biotic vectors like insects or abiotically via wind or water. Self-pollination involves pollen transfer within a flower or between flowers on the same plant, while cross-pollination transfers pollen between plants. Asexual reproduction requires only one parent and can occur via vegetative propagation using plant structures like stems, leaves, and roots
Leaf structure and function
This document discusses leaf structure and modifications in plants. It begins by describing the general form of leaves, including the blade and petiole. It then covers leaf types like compound and simple leaves. The document discusses leaf arrangement on stems, including opposite, spiral and whorled patterns. It also covers venation patterns and how they differ between monocots and dicots. The rest of the document details specialized leaf structures like tendrils, cotyledons, and modified leaves that carry out functions like photosynthesis, insect trapping, or defense.
Vascular and Non Vascular Plants
This document provides information about classifying plants into the vascular and non-vascular categories based on their internal structures. It explains that vascular plants have well-developed systems for transporting water and food through tissues like xylem and phloem, while non-vascular plants lack these structures and transport nutrients cell to cell only. Examples are given of vascular plants like trees and grasses that have true roots, stems, and leaves, as well as non-vascular plants like mosses that remain small without specialized transport systems.
Flowers
Flowers have distinct structures that allow for reproduction. A flower consists of a pedicel, bracts, receptacle, perianth, hypanthium, nectaries, androecium, and gynoecium. The androecium refers to the male organs or stamens, while the gynoecium refers to the female organs or carpels. Flowers can be complete or incomplete, perfect or imperfect, and plant sex can be hermaphroditic, monoecious, or dioecious.
Reproduction in plants
Plants can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes within flowers. Flowers contain stamens which produce pollen, the male gamete, and pistils which contain ovules that develop into seeds after fertilization. Pollination is required to transfer pollen from the anther of a stamen to the stigma of a pistil and can occur through self or cross-pollination. Asexual reproduction allows plants to make copies of themselves without sex through vegetative structures like stolons, rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, and corms.
Asexual reproduction ppt
Reproduction enables the continuity of species through generations. Sexual reproduction involves two individuals while asexual reproduction involves a single individual. Unicellular organisms reproduce through cell division while multicellular organisms use specialized reproductive organs. Asexual reproduction methods include fission, fragmentation, budding, regeneration, vegetative propagation, and spore formation. Vegetative propagation uses plant parts like stems, leaves, and roots to generate new plants.
Plant adaptations
Plants have developed various structural and behavioral adaptations to survive in different environments. Structural adaptations include thorns for protection, brightly colored fruits to attract animals for reproduction, and waxy coatings to reduce water loss in dry climates. Behavioral adaptations comprise plants leaning toward sunlight, vines climbing trees, and desert flowers blooming only after rain. Adaptations are seen in plant roots that absorb water and nutrients, leaves that photosynthesize or reduce water loss, and seeds designed for wind or animal dispersal. These adaptations allow plants to thrive in environments like deserts, grasslands, forests, and bodies of water.
Plant characteristics
Plant characteristics include being made of cells with DNA, cell walls, and chloroplasts. They are multicellular producers that make their own food through photosynthesis. There are two main types of plants: nonvascular and vascular. Nonvascular plants like mosses and liverworts do not have roots, stems or leaves, lack vascular tissue, and reproduce through spores. Vascular plants contain vascular tissue to transport food and water, and some contain seeds while others reproduce through spores.
Seed plants
Seed plants have three key characteristics: they produce seeds, their sperm do not require water and are transported within pollen grains, and they are the most common plants on Earth. A seed forms after fertilization and contains three parts - the young plant, stored food, and a protective seed coat. Seed plants have advantages over seedless plants as their seeds can be dispersed farther. Gymnosperms and angiosperms are two major groups of seed plants. Gymnosperms produce conifer cones while angiosperms produce flowers and fruits. Both have adaptations that aid reproduction and dispersal.
Monocotyledons vs dicotyledons 9
1. Monocots and dicots are the two major groups of flowering plants that are distinguished based on several anatomical features.
2. Monocots have one cotyledon, parallel leaf veins, scattered vascular bundles, and flower parts in multiples of three. Dicots have two cotyledons, net-like leaf veins, vascular bundles arranged in a ring, and flower parts in multiples of four or five.
3. The key differences between monocots and dicots include their cotyledon number, leaf vein structure, vascular bundle positioning, and number of floral parts.
Plant anatomy presentation
This document provides an overview of plant anatomy, focusing on the four basic plant parts - leaves, stems, roots, and flowers. It describes the structures and functions of each part in detail. For leaves, it outlines the tissues of the leaf including the epidermis, mesophyll layer, and vascular bundles. For stems, it discusses external structures, internal structures of monocots and dicots, and specialized stem types. It also defines the different types of roots and their internal and external parts. Finally, it examines the structures and types of flowers.
Reproduction in plants
This document summarizes sexual and asexual reproduction in plants. Sexual reproduction involves two parents fusing gametes to produce offspring that differ from the parents, while asexual reproduction uses one parent to produce identical offspring through budding, stolons, or runners. The document then discusses pollination, fertilization, seed structure, and dispersal methods like wind or animal vectors.
TYPES OF FLOWERS, FRUITS,DICOT AND MONOCOT SEEDS
Flower is a reproductive structure that contains either male or female organs or both. A flower contains several parts including sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil. There are different types of flowers including bisexual, unisexual, and neutral flowers. Seeds come from fruits and there are two main types - monocot seeds with one cotyledon and dicot seeds with two cotyledons. Monocot seeds have an embryo with one cotyledon called a scutellum and endosperm as the storage tissue. Dicot seeds have an embryo containing a primary axis and two cotyledons which act as storage organs.
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Gymnosperms
Presentation on Gymnosperms. Prepared by Rahmat Alam Puniyali, Student of BS IV at Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan. Photos of related plants are taken by the creator at KIU (Karakoram International University) campus.
(Some of the pictures and diagrams are taken from the websites of their resembling organizations (The McGraw-Hill Companies))
Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms are seed plants that reproduce through cones and do not have flowers. They have woody stems and needles or scales instead of broad leaves. Their adaptations for life on land include woody growth for support, needles with less surface area for photosynthesis and water retention, and seeds that enclose embryos with stored food for greater survival. Their life cycle involves heterosporous male and female cones that produce pollen and ovules, with fertilization occurring through pollen tubes leading to the formation of seeds containing a sporophyte embryo.
Plant divisions gymnosperms and angiosperms
This document summarizes the key characteristics and divisions of vascular seed plants. It describes the two main groups, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms produce naked seeds on cone scales, lack flowers, and have needle-like or scale-like leaves. They are divided into four groups including conifers. Angiosperms enclose seeds in an ovary that develops into a fruit. They are characterized by flowers and are divided into monocots and dicots.
The Gymnosperms
- Gymnosperms are a group of vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed in an ovary. They include four divisions: coniferophyta, cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, and gnetophyta.
- Gymnosperms range in size from small shrubs to the largest trees. They are found worldwide but are especially abundant in coniferous forests in northern temperate regions.
- Gymnosperms have a variety of uses for humans including lumber, paper, resins for paints and varnishes, and medicinal oils. Their wood is also used for construction and railroad ties.
Gymnosperms
The dominant sporophyte stage of gymnosperms is the mature tree. It produces both male and female cones, with the male cones producing pollen grains and the female cones being larger. Pollination occurs when pollen grains are carried by wind to the female cones and form pollen tubes to fertilize eggs deep within the protective tissues, forming zygotes that develop into embryos surrounded by food storage tissue.
Classification of gymnosperms
Classification Of Gymnosperms
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PRESENTATION OF GYMNOSPERM
This document provides an overview of the classification of gymnosperms by different researchers over time. It discusses the key characteristics of modern gymnosperms and describes the four orders that living gymnosperms are commonly grouped into: Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales, and Gnetales. For each order, it highlights some representative genera and provides details on morphological features. The classification schemes of various scientists who studied gymnosperms, such as Bentham and Hooker, Engler, Coulter and Chamberlain, are summarized. Diagrams of their classification systems are also included.
Gymnosperm notes
The document discusses the evolution of plants from non-vascular to vascular forms, and their eventual colonization of land. It focuses on the adaptations that allowed seed plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms to diversify on land, including the development of pollen and seeds. Gymnosperms were among the first widely distributed land plants and included conifers, cycads, ginkgos, and gnetales. Their reproductive cycles involved male and female cones and wind-dispersed pollen.
Plant Kingdom
Plants are divided into two main categories: vascular and non-vascular plants. Vascular plants are further divided into seedless plants like ferns and seed plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms produce seeds in cones, while angiosperms produce seeds within fruits. Non-vascular plants like mosses and liverworts have no vascular tissue and reproduce via spores. They alternate between generations that are genetically identical.
Different gymnosperms and angiosperms
The document is a pictorial journey comparing different gymnosperms and angiosperms. It contains links to various images showing the four main groups of gymnosperms, as well as characteristics distinguishing monocots from dicots. Examples include images highlighting pistils, stamens, and pollen grains of different flowering plant species.
Pattern of reproduction in plant
Plants reproduce through two alternating multicellular generations - the haploid gametophyte generation and the diploid sporophyte generation. In the gametophyte generation, haploid spores form gametophytes which produce gametes through mitosis. The gametes fuse to form a zygote, which undergoes mitosis to form the sporophyte generation. The sporophyte then undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores, continuing the life cycle. Vascular plants have a dominant sporophyte generation, while nonvascular plants are dominated by the gametophyte generation. Angiosperms have an enclosed life cycle involving flowers, fruits, and seeds to protect and disperse their sporophy
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- Flowers and fruits are key adaptations that enabled the evolution and success of angiosperms through sexual reproduction.
Gymnosperm18 withgneto
Gymnosperms are seed plants that reproduce via naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary. There are five phyla of extant seed plants, four of which are gymnosperms. Coniferophyta, or conifers, is one of the gymnosperm phyla and includes trees like pines, hemlocks and redwoods. Conifers bear their naked seeds on modified leaves called sporophylls and have adapted traits like wood to support their large size, with some being among the largest and oldest living organisms.
Angiosperms
Angiosperms are the most diverse group of flowering seed-producing land plants. They have key characteristics including ovules enclosed in a carpel structure made of an ovary and stigma, double fertilization leading to endosperm formation, stamens with two pairs of pollen sacs, and phloem tissue composed of sieve tubes and companion cells. The parts of an angiosperm include roots that absorb water and nutrients underground, various stem types like stolons and rhizomes, and leaves that can be simple or compound and arranged alternately, opposite, or whorled on the stem. Angiosperms are divided into monocots and dicots based on whether their seeds have one or two coty
Gymnosperms- Coniferophyta (A BOTLEC-160 Presentation by Al-John Ahmad)
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The document provides information about gymnosperms, including their characteristics, evolution, and representative groups. Some key points:
- Gymnosperms are seed plants with exposed ovules, in contrast to angiosperms which have enclosed seeds. They include conifers, cycads, gnetophytes, and ginkgo.
- They evolved from non-seed producing ancestors over 300 million years ago. Today there are over 1,000 living gymnosperm species in 14 families.
- Coniferophyta is one of the largest gymnosperm groups. It includes conifers which reproduce via pollen and cones. Representative families are Pinaceae, Araucariaceae, PodocarpRetete de la GoodFood Romania BBQ Party #2
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Gymnosperm is from the Greek “gymnos” naked, and “sperma” seeds. They are groups of vascular plants that reproduce by means of an exposed seeds or ovules. They are phanerogams according to A. W. Eichler.
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Non-flowering plants reproduce using spores rather than flowers and seeds. They are divided into three main groups: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Mosses belong to the division Bryophyta and have gametophyte and sporophyte phases in their life cycle. They reproduce asexually through fragmentation and gemmae, and sexually through the fertilization of eggs by sperm. Ferns belong to the division Pterophyta and have vascular tissues that allow them to grow larger than mosses. They also have alternation between gametophyte and sporophyte generations. Gymnosperms like conifers reproduce using naked seeds on cone scales rather than enclosed in fruits. They have a dominant
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1) Gymnosperms and angiosperms are the two groups of seed plants. Gymnosperms bear naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary, and include conifers like pine and fir trees as well as cycads and ginkgos.
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Gymnosperms & angiosperms
- 2. Gymnosperms •Vascular plants that produce seeds – no flowers and fruits Cycad •Seeds in cones or hard berries •Four groups Conifer •Conifers •Cycads •Gingkos •Gnetophytes •Most are evergreens Gingko Gnetophyte
- 3. Conifers •Trees that grow cones are in a group called conifers. The cones of the conifers are very important because they are the place where the tree makes and shelters its seeds.
- 4. Life Cycle of a Gymnosperm Sapling Seeds Tree Cone
- 5. Angiosperms •Vascular plants that produce flowers that can produce seeds or fruits •Produce pollen •Bees help transfer pollen •Seeds in fruit •Not all fruit is edible •Mostly Deciduous – leaves die in the winter
- 6. Life Cycle of an Angiosperm