The document discusses biotechnology processes involving microorganisms like bacteria and yeast. It describes how these microbes are used to ferment sugars from various raw materials like grains and fruit juices to produce useful products. Through fermentation, bacteria convert sugars into alcohol, carbon dioxide, and other molecules. This process is used in food industries like baking, brewing, and dairy to produce items like bread, beer, and yogurt.

1. Biotechnology Living factories

2. What is Biotechnology ? The use of organisms to make products for man Raw materials Suitable organisms Usually micro-organisms Biotechnology processes Foods, enzymes, Antibiotics, fuels Sewage treatment Water purification

3. Where is it used Brewing Baking Dairy Industry Pollution control Food Industry Medicine Biological detergents Immobilised enzymes

4. Ancient Egyptians Ancient Egyptians Noticed that when grapes were left a silvery dust appeared on them On leaving them they also noticed they began to break down and leave a liquid behind Alcohol Biotechnology been used for thousands of years but was not given the fancy name

5. What is that dust ? Yeast !! It is a single celled fungus It has no chlorophyll so it has to make its own food Yeast feeds on the sugar in fruit and makes alcohol

6. Yeast It is of great use in two major industries Brewing Baking

7. Baking After the yeast has been added to the flour mixture the dough is kneaded The mixture is left and we see the dough rise The yeast produces CO 2 which makes the dough rise

8. Baking The dough can now be baked in a hot oven

9. Brewing Add yeast to any fruit juice and we will see the yeast convert the sugar into alcohol water

10. Fermentation Glucose alcohol + Carbon Dioxide + Energy In baking the alcohol evaporates The above shows Anaerobic Respiration Little Energy produced in absence of oxygen

11. Beer making A very complex and series of controlled measure goes into making beer There is no involvement of grapes – so how do the yeast get food for energy The Barley grain

12. Malting Before the yeast can use the grain for food it must be malted The starch is converted into simple sugars the yeast can break down The barley is spread out in a large area where it is kept moist and warm and allowed to germinate Germination sees the starch being broken down into sugar

13. Malt House

14. Mash The germinated grains are killed by heat to prevent the sugar being used in germination The grains are then crushed into a MASH Water is added As the sugar dissolves in the water it is sweet tasting WORT

15. Wort Next ? Extra sugar is added Hops can be added to give flavour Wort is boiled to kill bacteria

16. Fermentation The wort is cooled and yeast is added The mixture is allowed to ferment until the yeast is killed by the alcohol

18. Storage Stored in containers to allow it to mature It is then filtered then ………

19. Packaged

20. Supplied to Consumer

21. Batch Processing Raw materials Nutrients fed Into vessel Reactor vessel Fermenter Microbes growing and bringing about fermentation process Micro-organisms fed in

22. Product formed Microbes no longer growing Products and microbes removed separately

23. Finally

24. Yeast are facultative organisms- will grow with or without oxygen In the absence of O 2 , they live by fermentation. End products are alcohol (ethanol) and CO 2 In the presence of O 2 they live by respiration. CO 2 is final product Torula yeast. Candida utilis

25. Conditions favoring growth of yeasts: air, sugar, acid food, liquid, wide temperature range Where yeasts are found: environments high in sugar - skins of fruits, nectar of flowers, surfaces of plants and mucous membranes of animals

26. Associations with humans: Some yeasts are normal flora of the oral cavity, skin, GI tract and vagina

27. Useful fermentations Saccharomyces cerevisiae is yeast that is used to ferment sugars to ethanol and CO 2 CO 2 is the desired end product of bread makers that leavens bread. Ethanol is the sought after end product of brewers and winemakers.

28. Commercial yeasts for bakers, brewers and wine makers

29. Harmful associations - Agents of disease in humans and other animals Candida albicans associates with humans in the mouth, intestine and vagina. It grows in most moist areas. It can cause disease under some conditions. Candida albicans budding cells and colonies

30. Harmful associations - Agents of disease in humans and other animals Candida causes thrush in the oral cavity, athlete’s foot, and is the most frequent cause of vaginitis in women. Candidiasis in the oral cavity (thrush) and between toes (“athlete’s foot”)

36. Milk (containing lactose) Starter culture Rennet added Soft curd Firm curd Salting Moulding and pressing Ripening and maturation

38. Fig A : Streptococcus used to make Edam Cheese

40. Making yogurt Milk containing lactose Lactic acid bacteria added to the milk Bacteria feed off lactose in milk Lactic acid produced increases the milk acidity Milk protein caesin thickens and coagulates to produce yogurt

43. Sub Topic B…Problems with profit and waste…

44. WORKING WITH MICROBES

47. PENICILLIN WAS DISCOVERED BECAUSE OF POOR BIOTECHNOLOGY PRECAUTIONS WHICH LED TO CONTAMINATED CULTURE PLATES IN ALEXANDER FLEMING’S LAB…..BUT OF COURSE,MOST CASES OF CONTAMINATION ARE NOT USEFUL AT ALL… THEY CAN BE VERY HARMFUL…. EG MRSA IN HOSPITALS DUE TO POOR HYGIENE PRACTICE….

50. N 2 Nitrogen fixing bacteria in soil and nodules of plants Nitrates are made into proteins in plants NO 3 - Animals get their protein by eating Death and decay Bacteria break down the protein into nitrates NO 3 - Which can be taken back up by plants and made into proteins Denitrifying bacteria use nitrates and release nitrogen into the air Lightning and the addition of fertilisers also adds nitrates to soil Nitrogen is returned to the soil so that plants can use it to produce new proteins..

51. Carbon dioxide reservoir in the air Animals Decomposers Plants eating respiration respiration death death respiration photosynthesis Carbon is recycled into carbon dioxide which plants need For PHOTOSYNTHESIS

52. Kew Gardens compost heap… … Britains’ largest!

58. Sewage Treatment

60. THESE ARE SETTLEMENT TANKS WHERE OXYGEN IS ADDEDTO THE SEWAGE BY BIG ROTATING ARMS.WHAT IS THIS OXYGEN FOR ?

62. Biogas utilisation Electrical energy Thermal energy Feeding in gas grid Biogas cleaning Biogas upgrading Cogeneration Cooking Lighting Cooling Heating Direct burning Vehicle fuel Spreading Gardening Agriculture Transport Energy crops, grass from Landscape maintenance (grass, maize, beets) Agricultural residues (manure, slurry) f e r m e n t a t i o n Bioenergy System with Liquid and Solid Feeding Storage Separation solid components become compost liquid components back to the fermentation or spreading

65. REPROGRAMMING MICROBES.

70. Genetic Engineering First, the nucleus of human cells are burst Human cell Nucleus

71. Genetic Engineering The chromosomes are cut up into small fragments and the required gene identified. Chromosome fragments Fragment containing required gene

72. Genetic Engineering Next the fragments are spread out and the required one isolated. Segment with required gene

73. Genetic Engineering Cytoplasm Bacterial chromosome Bacterial cell wall Plasmid Structure of a typical bacterium

74. Genetic Engineering Plasmid Plasmids are loops of DNA separate from the main chromosome .

75. Genetic Engineering By using special enzymes, we can make a cut in the plasmid DNA Cut here

76. Next, we introduce the prepared HUMAN gene to the mixture. If all goes according to plan, the human gene will fit into the cut in the plasmid Prepared human gene

77. Genetic Engineering PLASMIDS ARE INSERTED INTO THE BACTERIA

78. Genetic Engineering Agar containing nutrients Colonies growing from single bacteria containing the plasmids with the human gene

79. Genetic Engineering These colonies will have the correct plasmid to produce the product from the human gene. Cells from this colony will be grown on a large scale and the medium analysed for the presence of the product from the human gene, eg Insulin

88. Production of antibiotics, most notably penicillin and the beta lactam antibiotics are produced by Penicillium molds The penicillin is secreted by the mould and collected from the Nutrient jelly..