This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system. It describes the external structures including the vulva, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vestibule. Internally, it outlines the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The uterus is further divided into the body, isthmus, and cervix. The document also briefly discusses the functions of these structures and the layers of the uterus. Finally, it notes the role of the bony pelvis in supporting the reproductive organs.
ovaries, fallopian tube, component of internal genitalia, location of ovarie, boundaries of ovaries,external features of ovaries,ligaments of ovaries, support of ovaries, broad ligament, mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium, round ligament of uterus, blood supply and lymphatics of ovaries, prts of fallopian tube, blood supply of fallopian tube, ectopic pregnancy, polycystic ovaries,
The female reproductive system contains two main parts: the uterus, which hosts the developing fetus, produces vaginal and uterine secretions, and passes the anatomically male sperm through to the fallopian tubes; and the ovaries, which produce the anatomically female egg cells.
ovaries, fallopian tube, component of internal genitalia, location of ovarie, boundaries of ovaries,external features of ovaries,ligaments of ovaries, support of ovaries, broad ligament, mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium, round ligament of uterus, blood supply and lymphatics of ovaries, prts of fallopian tube, blood supply of fallopian tube, ectopic pregnancy, polycystic ovaries,
The female reproductive system contains two main parts: the uterus, which hosts the developing fetus, produces vaginal and uterine secretions, and passes the anatomically male sperm through to the fallopian tubes; and the ovaries, which produce the anatomically female egg cells.
ANATOMY OF UTERUS
ANATOMY OF OVARY
ANATOMY OF FALLOPIAN TUBES
ANATOMY OF UTERUS &ITS APPENDAGES
ANATOMY OF CERVIX
ANATOMY OF UTERUS PPT
BLOOD SUPPLY, NERVE SUPPLY, LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
HISTOLOGY
The female reproductive system provides several functions.
The ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova or oocytes.
The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may occur.
The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the normal hormones of the reproductive cycle.
Once in the uterus, the fertilized egg can implant into thickened uterine lining and continue to develop.
If implantation does not take place, the uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow.
In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
During menopause, the female reproductive system gradually stops making the female hormones necessary for the reproductive cycle to work. At this point, menstrual cycles can become irregular and eventually stop.
One year after menstrual cycles stop, the woman is considered to be menopausal.
The placenta is a temporary organ that connects the developing foetus via the umbilical cord to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply; to fight against internal infection; and to produce hormones which support pregnancy. The placenta functions as a fetomaternal organ with two components: the fetal placenta which develops from the same blastocyst that forms the fetus, and the maternal placenta , which develops from the maternal uterine tissue. The placenta is expelled from the body upon birth of the fetus.
ANATOMY OF UTERUS
ANATOMY OF OVARY
ANATOMY OF FALLOPIAN TUBES
ANATOMY OF UTERUS &ITS APPENDAGES
ANATOMY OF CERVIX
ANATOMY OF UTERUS PPT
BLOOD SUPPLY, NERVE SUPPLY, LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
HISTOLOGY
The female reproductive system provides several functions.
The ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova or oocytes.
The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may occur.
The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the normal hormones of the reproductive cycle.
Once in the uterus, the fertilized egg can implant into thickened uterine lining and continue to develop.
If implantation does not take place, the uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow.
In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
During menopause, the female reproductive system gradually stops making the female hormones necessary for the reproductive cycle to work. At this point, menstrual cycles can become irregular and eventually stop.
One year after menstrual cycles stop, the woman is considered to be menopausal.
The placenta is a temporary organ that connects the developing foetus via the umbilical cord to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply; to fight against internal infection; and to produce hormones which support pregnancy. The placenta functions as a fetomaternal organ with two components: the fetal placenta which develops from the same blastocyst that forms the fetus, and the maternal placenta , which develops from the maternal uterine tissue. The placenta is expelled from the body upon birth of the fetus.
Used to (re)ntroduce high school anatomy and physiology students to the process of meiosis / gametogenesis. More specifically, this presentation focuses on spermatogenesis and the male reproductive system anatomy.
Anatomy & Physiology of Female Reproductive System..pdfNasirAli777740
this chapter will helpful for those people who is student of medical specially Nurses and Midwives.
The tissues, glands, and organs involved in producing offspring (children). In women, the reproductive system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, the cervix, and the vagina.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. Learning Objectives
Define the terms listed.
Identify the female external
reproductive organs.
Explain the structure of the bony
pelvis.
Explain the functions and structures
of pelvic floor.
6. Mons Pubis
Is rounded, soft fullness of
subcutaneous fatty tissue, prominence
over the symphysis pubis that forms
the anterior border of the external
reproductive organs.
It is covered with varying amounts
of pubic hair.
7. Labia Majora & Minora
The labia Majora are two rounded,
fleshy folds of tissue that extended
from the mons pubis to the perineum.
It is protect the labia minora, urinary
meatus and vaginal introitus.
8. Labia Minora
It is located between the labia majora,
are narrow.
The lateral and anterior aspects are
usually pigmented.
The inner surfaces are similar to
vaginal mucosa, pink and mois.
Their rich vascularity.
9. Clitoris.
The term clitoris comes from a
Greek word meaning key.
Erectile organ.
It’s rich vascular, highly sensitive
to temperature, touch, and
pressure sensation
10. Vestibule.
Is oval-shaped area formed
between the labia minora, clitoris,
and fourchette.
Vestibule contains the external
urethral meatus, vaginal introitus,
and Bartholins glands.
11. Perineum
Is the most posterior part of the
external female reproductive organs.
It extends from fourchette anteriorly
to the anus posteriorly.
And is composed of fibrous and
muscular tissues that support pelvic
structures.
15. Fallopian tubes
The two tubes extended from the
cornu of the uterus to the ovary.
It runs in the upper free border of
the broad ligament.
Length 8 to 14 cm average 10 cm
Its divided into 4 parts.
16.
17. 1. Interstitial part
Which runs into uterine cavity,
passes through the myometrium
between the fundus and body of
the uterus. About 1-2cm in
length.
18. 2. Isthmus
Which is the narrow part of
the tube adjacent to the
uterus.
Straight and cord like ,
about 2 – 3 cm in length.
19. 3. Ampulla
Which is the wider part about
5 cm in length.
Fertilization occurs in the
ampulla.
20. 4. Infundibulum
It is funnel or trumpet shaped.
Fimbriae are fingerlike processes, one
of these is longer than the other and
adherent to the ovary.
The fimbriae become swollen almost
erectile at ovulation.
21. Functions
Gamete transport (ovum pickup,
ovum transport, sperm transport).
Final maturation of gamete post
ovulate oocyte maturation, sperm
capicitation.
22. Fluid environment for early
embryonic development.
Transport of fertilized and
unfertilized ovum to the
uterus.
23. Ovaries
Oval solid structure, 1.5 cm in thickness,
2.5 cm in width and 3.5 cm in length
respectively. Each weights about 4–8 gm.
Ovary is located on each side of the
uterus, below and behind the uterine tubes
26. Function of the ovary
Secrete estrogen & progesterone.
Production of ova
27. Uterus
The uterus is a hollow, pear shaped
muscular organ.
The uterus measures about 7.5 X 5
X 2.5 cm and weight about 50 – 60
gm.
28. Its normal position is
anteverted (rotated
forward and slightly
antiflexed (flexed forward)
The uterus divided into
three parts
29. 1. Body of the uterus
The upper part is the corpus, or body
of the uterus
The fundus is the part of the body or
corpus above the area where the
fallopian tubes enter the uterus.
Length about 5 cm.
30. 2. Isthmus
A narrower transition zone.
Is between the corpus of the uterus
and cervix.
During late pregnancy, the isthmus
elongates and is known as the lower
uterine segment.
31. 3. Cervix
The lowermost position of the
uterus “neck”.
The length of the cervix is about
2.5 t0 3 cm.
32. The os, is the opening in the cervix
that runs between the uterus and
vagina.
The upper part of the cervix is marked
by internal os and the lower cervix is
marked by the external os.
33. Layers of the uterus
Perimetrium.
Myometrium.
Endometrium.
34.
35. 1. Perimetrium
Is the outer peritoneal layer of
serous membrane that covers
most of the uterus.
37. 2. Myometrium
Is the middle layer of thick
muscle.
Most of the muscle fibers are
concentrated in the upper uterus,
and their number diminishes
progressively toward the cervix.
39. Longitudinal fibers (outer layer)
Which are found mostly in the
fundus and are designed to
expel the fetus efficiently
toward the pelvic outlet during
birth.
40. Middle layer figure-8 fibers
These fiber contract after
birth to compress the blood
vessels that pass between
them to limit blood loss.
41. Inner layer circular fibers
Which form constrictions
where the fallopian tubes
enter the uterus and
surround the internal os
Circular fibers prevent reflux
of menstrual blood and tissue
into the fallopian tubes.
42. Promote normal implantation of
the fertilized ovum by controlling
its entry into the uterus.
And retain the fetus until the
appropriate time of birth.
43. 3. Endometrium
Is the inner layer of the
uterus.
It is responsive to the cyclic
variations of estrogen and
progesterone during the
female reproductive cycle
every month.
44. The two or three layers of the
endometrium are:
*Compact layer
*The basal layer
*The functional or Sponge layer this
layer is shed during each menstrual period
and after child birth in the lochia
45. The Function of the uterus
Menstruation ----the uterus
sloughs off the endometrium.
Pregnancy ---the uterus support
fetus and allows the fetus to grow.
46. Labor and birth---the uterine
muscles contract and the cervix
dilates during labor to expel the
fetus
47. Vagina
It is an elastic fibro-muscular tube
and membranous tissue about 8 to
10 cm long.
Lying between the bladder
anteriorly and the rectum
posteriorly.
48. The vagina connects the uterus
above with the vestibule below.
The upper end is blind and called
the vaginal vault.
49. The vaginal lining has
multiple folds, or rugae
and muscle layer. These
folds allow the vagina to
stretch considerably
during childbirth.
50. The reaction of the
vagina is acidic, the
pH is 4.5 that protects
the vagina against
infection.
51. Functions of the vagina
To allow discharge of the
menstrual flow.
As the female organs of coitus.
To allow passage of the fetus from
the uterus.
52. Support structures
The bony pelvis
support and protects
the lower abdominal
and internal
reproductive organs.
53. Muscle, Joints and ligaments
provide added support for
internal organs of the pelvis
against the downward force of
gravity and the increases in
intra-abdominal pressure
54. Bony Pelvis
Bony Pelvis Is Composed of 4
bones:
1. Two hip bones.
2. Sacrum.
3. Coccyx.
55. 1. Two hip bones.
Each or hip bone is composed
of three bones:
*Ilium
*Ischium
*Pubis
56. *Ilium
It is the flared out part.
The greater part of its inner
aspect is smooth and concave,
forming the iliac fossa.
The upper border of the ilium is
called iliac crest
57. *Ischium
It is the thick lower part.
It has a large prominence
known as the ischial tuberosity
on which the body rests while
sitting.
58. Behind and little above the
tuberosity is an inward
projection the ischial spine.
59. 2. Sacrum
Is a wedge shaped bone consisting of
five vertebrae.
The anterior surface of the sacrum is
concave
The upper border of the first sacral
vertebra known as the sacral
promontory
60. 3. Coccyx.
Consists of four
vertebrae forming a
small triangular bone.