The breast is made up of glandular tissue, fibrous tissue, and fatty tissue. In females, the breast fully develops at puberty. The breast extends from the 2nd to 6th ribs and contains 15-20 lobes drained by lactiferous ducts that open onto the nipple. During pregnancy and lactation, the breasts undergo proliferation and changes to support milk production. The blood supply comes from branches of the axillary, internal thoracic, and intercostal arteries, while lymphatic drainage is primarily to the axillary nodes. Breast carcinoma is more common in females and prognosis is generally worse for males. Treatment options for breast cancer include breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy depending on tumor characteristics and
ovaries, fallopian tube, component of internal genitalia, location of ovarie, boundaries of ovaries,external features of ovaries,ligaments of ovaries, support of ovaries, broad ligament, mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium, round ligament of uterus, blood supply and lymphatics of ovaries, prts of fallopian tube, blood supply of fallopian tube, ectopic pregnancy, polycystic ovaries,
ovaries, fallopian tube, component of internal genitalia, location of ovarie, boundaries of ovaries,external features of ovaries,ligaments of ovaries, support of ovaries, broad ligament, mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium, round ligament of uterus, blood supply and lymphatics of ovaries, prts of fallopian tube, blood supply of fallopian tube, ectopic pregnancy, polycystic ovaries,
ANATOMY OF UTERUS
ANATOMY OF OVARY
ANATOMY OF FALLOPIAN TUBES
ANATOMY OF UTERUS &ITS APPENDAGES
ANATOMY OF CERVIX
ANATOMY OF UTERUS PPT
BLOOD SUPPLY, NERVE SUPPLY, LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
HISTOLOGY
Anatomy of the breast for medical/dental students. This presentation also contains MCQs to test your knowledge as well as clinical scenario to apply your knowledge.
ANATOMY OF UTERUS
ANATOMY OF OVARY
ANATOMY OF FALLOPIAN TUBES
ANATOMY OF UTERUS &ITS APPENDAGES
ANATOMY OF CERVIX
ANATOMY OF UTERUS PPT
BLOOD SUPPLY, NERVE SUPPLY, LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
HISTOLOGY
Anatomy of the breast for medical/dental students. This presentation also contains MCQs to test your knowledge as well as clinical scenario to apply your knowledge.
aA brief ppt description about mammary gland which may be necessary for teaching for first year mbbs bds and paramedical students, hope i may be usefull
Wendy Noe, education coordinator for the Central Indiana Affiliate of Susan G. Komen for the Cure® presents an overview of breast cancer information, facts and advances in treatment.
Breast cancer is the most important medical challenge that we are facing in present time. I want to focus on the breast cancer after taking about normal anatomy and development of the breast. I will concern about: 1. what is the breast cancer! 2. Clinical features 3. How to detect 4. Management and prognosis.
I want to work and keep researching on Breast cancer to find the remedy to save lives.
Anatomy of Breast in clinical perspective-Dr.GosaiDr.B.B. Gosai
Anatomy of breast in clinical perspective including structure, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, spread of carcinoma of breast, development and related anomalies.
This PPT was designed as a "Seminar Presentation" for Department of Surgery, SGRD Medical College.
It list complete guide as to how to proceed when encountered with a case of lump breast/carcinoma breast
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. Breast are present bilaterally in
pectoral region
They are modified sweat glands
In male and immature female,breast
are rudimentary
After puberty,female breast are fully
developed.
Mammary gland
3. Extent:
Vertically-2nd
to 6th
ribs
horizontally- from lateral border of sternum
To mid-axillary line along fourth rib.
Mammary bed: Rest upon following structures
1.Pectoralis major- In medial two thirds
2.Serratus anterior- lateral one third.
3.External oblique aponeurosis-
In infero-medial quadrant.
Female mammary gland
4. Retro-mammary space:
Intervenes between base of the gland and the deep
Fascia covering the mammary bed.
Axillary tail of spence:
-occasionally present
-projection from the upper and outer quadrant
of the gland.
-enters the axilla through an opening in the
axillary fascia(foramen of langer).
5. Features in the skin overlying the breast
Nipple :
-conical or cylindrical projection below
the centre of the breast.
-usually present at the fourth intercostal
space.
-pierced by 15-20 lactiferous ducts.
-contains circular and longitudinally
disposed smooth muscle.
6. Areola
-pigmented circular area of the skin around
the base of the nipple.
-irreversibly darkened after first pregnancy.
-outer margin contains modified sebaceous
gland
-these galnds enlarged during pregnancy
and lactation(tubercles of montgomery)
7. Structure of the breast
Made up of three parts.
1.Glandular tissue
2.Fibrous tissue
3.Interlobar fatty tissue.
8. Glandular tissue
Lobes
-15-20 lobes pyramidal in shape drained
by a lactiferous duct.
-All lobes converge towards the areola.
-Near the areola each lactiferous duct dilates
to form lactiferous sinus.
-each duct drain open onto the nipple..
Lactiferous duct and Lobules
-Each lactiferous duct drains a segmental segments
of smaller duct.
-segmental duct divides into small terminal duct
-terminal duct gives rise to numerous sectretory pouches
(alveoli) like cluster of grapes.
-breast parenchyma drain by lactiferous duct is known
as lobules.
-the ducts possess myopeithelial cells.
9.
10. From birth to pre-pubertal life: lactiferous ducts without alveoli
At puberty: Ducts undergo branching,form solid spherical masses
precusors of alveoli.
In pregnancy: Further proliferation,epithelial growth of terminal duct
increase in the alveoli per lobule.
During lactation: Alveoli are distended by milk secretion,line by single layer
of epitheium.
After lactation: Glandular tissue returns to resting condition.
Structural differentiation of mammary gland
11. Supports lobes and form septa’s
Septa anchor the parenchyma to overlying
skin.
These fibrous bands are called ligament of
cooper.
Fibrous tissue
Interlobar fatty tissue
Makes the organ rounded in contour
Absent beneath areola and nipple.
15. Arteries
Branches of the axillary artery, the internal
thoracic artery, and some intercostal
arteries.
Veins
Forms circular venous plexus around the areola
Blood drains in veins which accompany the
corresponding arteries that supply the
breast, i.e. to the axillary, internal thoracic
and intercostal veins.
18. Consists of two sets
Draining the parenchyma of
breast including nipple and
areola
Draining overlying skin excluding
nipple and areola
19. 75% of lymphatics drain into
axillary nodes.
20% drain into
parasternal(internal mammary)
from both medial and lateral
parts of the gland.
5% from lateral and posterior
part drain into posterior
intercostal nodes.
From parencyma of the breast
20. From the outer part : Axillary nodes
From the upper part: Supraclavicular group of lymph nodes
From the inner part: Parasternal nodes
From the lower part: communicates with subperitoneal lymphatic
plexus,drains to sub-diaphragmatic lymph
nodes.
From the overlying skin
21.
22. Male breast
Composed of duct system without alveoli.
Breast tissue doesnot extent beyond the margins
of alveoli
Hypertrophi of male breast observed in klinefelter’s
syndrome.
Male breast richly supplied by lymphatics.
Prognosis of breast carcinoma in male worst than
in females.
24. At seventh week of intra uterine life two
ectodermal milk ridges appear
on each side from axillae to inguinal
region.
25. Amastia : bilateral agenesis of mammary
gland.
Polythelia: supernumerary nipples may be
found irregularly over the breast and along milk
ridges.
Polymastia: accessory breast may occur along
milk ridges,occasionally functional.
Amastia
Polythelia
Polymastia
29. Mammography
Only 15-20% of studies are abnormal
High % are false positive
To be seen on mammogram, tumor is
usually 8-10 years old
Expensive
30. Factors Favoring Breast Conserving
Therapy:
Patient preference
Tumor size and location favorable
Unifocal tumor
Small or no intraductal portion
Patient cannot tolerate general anesthesia
Factors Favoring Mastectomy:
Patient preference
Tumor size and location not favorable
Multifocal tumor
Extensive intraductal component
Inability to observe postop
Inability to ahcieve negative margins
Contraindication for radiotherapy
Cosmetic procedures include breast lifts
(mastopexy), breast augmentation with
implants, and procedures that combine
both elements. Implants containing either
silicone gel or saline are available for
augmentation and reconstructive surgeries
Treatment of carcinoma of breast