These are major source of energy for living organisms.
Supplying a huge array of metabolic intermediates for biosynthetic reactions.
The structural elements in cell coat or connective tissues.
These are major source of energy for living organisms.
Supplying a huge array of metabolic intermediates for biosynthetic reactions.
The structural elements in cell coat or connective tissues.
Lipid metabolism entails the oxidation of fatty acids to either generate energy or synthesize new lipids from smaller constituent molecules. Lipid metabolism is associated with carbohydrate metabolism,
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
3. Slide 14.47a
Control of Digestive ActivityControl of Digestive Activity
• Mostly by reflexes via the
parasympathetic division
• Chemical and mechanical receptors
trigger reflexes
4. Slide 14.47b
Control of Digestive ActivityControl of Digestive Activity
• Stimuli include:
• Stretch of the organ
• pH of the contents
• Presence of breakdown products
5. Slide 14.47b
Control of Digestive ActivityControl of Digestive Activity
• Reflexes include:
• Activation or inhibition of glandular
secretions
• Smooth muscle activity
6. Slide 14.55
Digestion and Absorption in theDigestion and Absorption in the
StomachStomach
• Proteases act on:
• Pepsin –protein digestion
• Rennin –milk protein digestion
• Absorption of:
• Water, alcohol and aspirin
7. Slide 14.57a
Digestion in the Small IntestineDigestion in the Small Intestine
• Pancreatic enzymes provide…
• Complete digestion of starch
• Amylase
• Other carbohydrases
• About half protein digestion (trypsin, etc.)
8. Slide 14.57b
Digestion in the Small IntestineDigestion in the Small Intestine
• Pancreatic enzymes, cont…
• Fat digestion (lipase)
• Nucleic acid digestion (nucleases)
• Alkaline content neutralizes acidic chyme
9. Slide 14.58
Stimulation of the Release of PancreaticStimulation of the Release of Pancreatic
JuiceJuice
• Vagus nerve
• Local hormones
• Secretin
• Cholecystokinin
Figure 14.15
10. Slide 14.59
Absorption in the Small IntestineAbsorption in the Small Intestine
• Water
• Products of digestion
• Most molecules absorbed by active
transport
• Lipids absorbed by diffusion
• Nutrients transported to the liver
11. Slide 14.63
NutritionNutrition
• Nutrient – substance used by the body
for growth, maintenance, and repair
• Categories of nutrients
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Vitamins
• Mineral
• Water
12. Slide 14.67
Cellular MetabolismCellular Metabolism
• “All the chemical reactions necessary to
maintain life”
• Anabolism: a constructive process during
which larger molecules are built from
smaller ones
• Usually involves condensation
•AKA dehydration synthesis
13. Slide 14.67
Cellular Metabolism, con’t…Cellular Metabolism, con’t…
•Carbohydrates
•Monosaccharides = simple sugars
•Glucose, fructose
•Disaccharides = Combinations of
monosaccharides, removal of water
•Sucrose, lactose, maltose
• Polysaccharides: usually polymers of
glucose
•Starch, cellulose, chitin
15. Slide 14.67
Cellular Metabolism, con’t…Cellular Metabolism, con’t…
•Proteins
•Two amino acids a dipeptide + H2O
•Covalent bond formed is a peptide
bond
•Unique to proteins
•Polypeptides: 2-100 amino acids
•Protein: >100 amino acids
•Require additional modification to
become functional
16. Slide 14.67
Cellular Metabolism, con’t…Cellular Metabolism, con’t…
•Proteins
•Modification occurs on four levels
•Primary: string of amino acids
•Secondary: helix or “pleat” structures
•Tertiary: 3-D folding
•Quarternary: two or more 3-D
proteins that act as a functional unit
•i.e., hemoglobin, collagen
17. Slide 14.67
Cellular Metabolism, con’t…Cellular Metabolism, con’t…
•Proteins
•Recall from Chemistry:
•Proteins each have a unique 3-D
shape
•Shape determines function
•Loss of shape leads to loss of
function
•“denaturing” proteins with heat, pH
changes
18. Slide 14.67
Cellular Metabolism, con’t…Cellular Metabolism, con’t…
•Proteins
•May be structural or functional
•Structural:
•Play a role in cellular architecture
•Collagen, fibrin, actin, myosin, etc.
•Functional:
•Play a role in cell metabolism
•Enzymes, neurotransmitters,
antibodies, etc.
19. Slide 14.67
Cellular Metabolism, con’t…Cellular Metabolism, con’t…
•Enzymes:
•Biological catalysts
•Highly specific for a substrate
•Substrate: substance upon which an
enzyme acts
• i.e., peptidases act only on
peptide bonds in small polypeptides
•Produced only in presence of substrate
20. Slide 14.67
Cellular Metabolism, con’t…Cellular Metabolism, con’t…
•Enzymes:
•Huge protein molecules
•Alter shape to conform to shape of
substrate (“wrap around” effect)
•Average 1500/cell (>5000 in liver cells)
•Most require co-enzymes
21. Slide 14.67
Cellular Metabolism, con’t…Cellular Metabolism, con’t…
•Enzymes:
•Recognize substrate by shape of
binding site
•Serve to lower energy required for
reaction to occur (activation energy)
•therefore speed up reactions
•Not changed or used up during reaction
22. Slide 14.67
Cellular Metabolism, con’t…Cellular Metabolism, con’t…
•Co-Enzymes:
•Required to activate enzymes
•Facilitate enzymatic reactions
•May be a metal ion (Zn++
, Cu++
, Fe++
)
•May be a vitamin
•Vitamins are co-enzymes
•Only function if “their” enzyme is
available
23. Cellular Metabolism
• Catabolism: substances are broken down into molecules
• “destructive” process
• Large molecules broken down into smaller molecules
• Usually by hydrolysis
• “splitting with water”
• Adds H2O back into molecule
• Breaks covalent bonds
24. Cellular Metabolism
• Catabolism
• Energy is released when bonds break
• Reverse of dehydration synthesis
(condensation)
• Hydrolysis = chemical digestion
• Occurs simultaneously (and
continuously) with anabolism
• Processes controlled by enzymes
25. Cellular Energy
• Cellular energy is chemical energy
• Derived from breaking chemical
bonds
• ~ ½ Energy is stored as ATP
• ~ ½ Energy is released as heat
• Helps maintain body temperature
• Enzymes control in the process
26. Cellular Energy
All nutrient molecules are ultimately
degraded or converted to glucose
Only glucose can be used to make
ATP
Oxidation: cellular process of
chemically breaking apart a glucose
molecule to release energy
27. Cellular Energy
Glucose oxidation occurs in 2 phases
Anerobic metabolism
Occurs in cytoplasm
Without oxygen
AKA glycolysis
Splits glucose into two 3-Carbon
molecules: pyruvate
28. Cellular Energy
Glycolysis
Process also produces 2 ATPs
In yeast, plant cells:
Pyruvate can undergo alcoholic
fermentation
In bacteria, animal cells:
Pyruvate can produce lactic acid
29. Cellular Energy
Aerobic metabolism
Uses oxygen
AKA Kreb’s Cycle or Citric Acid
cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA)
Cycle
Occurs in mitochondria
Makes more ATP than anerobic
processes
30. Cellular Energy
Aerobic metabolism
CO2 and H2O are waste products
CO2:
Diffuses out of cells
Dissolves in plasma
Produces HCO3
-
in blood
Exhaled from lungs
32. Cellular Energy
Aerobic metabolism
For each molecule of glucose:
2 ATP formed in glycolysis
36 ATP formed in TCA cycle
Energy stored in phosphate
bonds
A reversible reaction
33. Metabolic Pathways
“A particular sequence of enzymatic
reactions”
Such as glycolysis, TCA cycle
Carbohydrate pathways
Carbos should comprise most of
our diet (~ 50% complex carbs)
Used as a primary energy source
Produce 4kcal/gm
35. Metabolic Pathways
Lipid pathways
Metabolism controlled by liver
Should comprise <30% of calories
in diet
Get 9 kcal/gm (more ATP!)
Must be degraded into glycerol,
fatty acids, then pyruvate
A reversible catabolic process
39. Metabolic Pathways
Protein pathways
Glucose formed from amino acid
skeletons may be re-converted to
amino acids
“Essential” amino acids:
Body cannot make these
Must obtain in the diet
40. Regulation of Metabolic Pathways
Enzyme “saturation”
Too much substrate for number of
enzyme molecules
Reaction rate cannot increase
A single enzyme can control an
entire metabolic pathway
“rate limiting” enzyme
41. Slide 14.92b
Digestive System: DisordersDigestive System: Disorders
• Ulcers: bacterial infection with H. pylori
• Vomiting: controlled by center in medulla
oblongata
• Activity of tract slows in old age
• Fewer digestive juices
• Peristalsis slows
• Diverticulosis and cancer more common