The document provides information on the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the external and internal structures of both systems in detail. The female reproductive system includes the vulva, vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and breasts. The male reproductive system includes the scrotum, testes, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra and penis. The functions of reproduction such as gamete formation, fertilization, gestation and lactation are enabled by these reproductive organs.
The female reproductive system provides several functions.
The ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova or oocytes.
The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may occur.
The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the normal hormones of the reproductive cycle.
Once in the uterus, the fertilized egg can implant into thickened uterine lining and continue to develop.
If implantation does not take place, the uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow.
In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
During menopause, the female reproductive system gradually stops making the female hormones necessary for the reproductive cycle to work. At this point, menstrual cycles can become irregular and eventually stop.
One year after menstrual cycles stop, the woman is considered to be menopausal.
this is only for study purpose. students can refer it any time. it is easy to understand by every one. it help to improve knowledge regarding reproductive male system- both external, internal & supporting structure.
The female reproductive system provides several functions.
The ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova or oocytes.
The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may occur.
The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the normal hormones of the reproductive cycle.
Once in the uterus, the fertilized egg can implant into thickened uterine lining and continue to develop.
If implantation does not take place, the uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow.
In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
During menopause, the female reproductive system gradually stops making the female hormones necessary for the reproductive cycle to work. At this point, menstrual cycles can become irregular and eventually stop.
One year after menstrual cycles stop, the woman is considered to be menopausal.
this is only for study purpose. students can refer it any time. it is easy to understand by every one. it help to improve knowledge regarding reproductive male system- both external, internal & supporting structure.
Anatomy and physiology of male reproductive systemPallavi Lokhande
The organs of the male reproductive system include the testes, a system of ducts (including the epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra), accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands), and several supporting Structures, including the scrotum and the penis.
and knowledge of this system can help in knowing abnormality in it as well as can be used as study material
The male reproductive system includes the penis, scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, and seminal vesicles. The penis and the urethra are part of the urinary and reproductive systems.
This PPT covers Anatomy and Physiology of Male Reproductive System. It includes anatomy of male reproductive organs, spermatogenesis and hormonal regulation of testis
This presentation will cover human reproduction system in detail.
It covers the male as well as the female reproductive system.
Later the slides includes information on menstrual cycle and their phases .
The slides also cover the vital hormones of the reproductive system along with their functions.
# I hope this slide is helpful to you all readers
Anatomy and physiology of male reproductive systemPallavi Lokhande
The organs of the male reproductive system include the testes, a system of ducts (including the epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra), accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands), and several supporting Structures, including the scrotum and the penis.
and knowledge of this system can help in knowing abnormality in it as well as can be used as study material
The male reproductive system includes the penis, scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, and seminal vesicles. The penis and the urethra are part of the urinary and reproductive systems.
This PPT covers Anatomy and Physiology of Male Reproductive System. It includes anatomy of male reproductive organs, spermatogenesis and hormonal regulation of testis
This presentation will cover human reproduction system in detail.
It covers the male as well as the female reproductive system.
Later the slides includes information on menstrual cycle and their phases .
The slides also cover the vital hormones of the reproductive system along with their functions.
# I hope this slide is helpful to you all readers
The reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs —in both males and females —that work together for the purpose of procreating.
Due to its vital role in the survival of the species, many scientists feel that the reproductive system is among the most important systems in the entire body.
The human body’s major systems, the reproductive system is the one that differs most between sexes, and the only system that does not function until puberty.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptxSwetaba Besh
Explore the fundamentals of the human reproductive system in this concise presentation, suitable for medical students and professionals alike. Covering anatomy, physiology, and Pregnancy, it offers essential knowledge for understanding reproductive health.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
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Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
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Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
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What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
5. INTRODUCTION
The ability to reproduce is one of the properties
distinguishing living from non-living matter.
The more primitive the animal, the simpler the process of
reproduction. In mammals, including humans, the
process is one of sexual reproduction, in which the male
and female organs differ anatomically and
physiologically, and the new individual develops from the
fusion of two different sex cells (gametes).
The male gametes are called spermatozoa and
The female gametes are called ova
6. The functions of the female reproductive
system are:
1. Formation of ova
2. Reception of spermatozoa
3. Provision of suitable environments for fertilisation and
fetal development
4. Parturition (childbirth)
5. Lactation, the production of breast milk, which provides
complete nourishment for the baby in its early life.
7. External genitalia (vulva)
The external genitalia are known collectively as
the vulva, and consist of the :
1. Labia majora and labia minora,
2. The clitoris,
3. The vaginal orifice,
4. The vestibule, the hymen and the vestibular
glands (Bartholin’s glands).
8.
9. Labia majora
These are the two large folds forming the boundary of the
vulva. They are composed of skin, fibrous tissue and fat
and contain large numbers of sebaceous and eccrine
sweat glands.
Labia majora or "greater lips" are the part around the
vagina containing two glands (Bartholin’s glands) which
helps lubrication during intercourse.
At puberty, hair grows on the mons pubis and on the
lateral surfaces of the labia majora.
10. Labia minora
These are two smaller folds of skin between the labia
majora, containing numerous sebaceous and eccrine
sweat glands.
"lesser lips" are the thin hairless ridges at the entrance
of the vagina, which joins behind and in front. In front
they split to enclose the clitoris
11. Clitoris
The clitoris corresponds to the penis in the male and
contains sensory nerve endings and erectile tissue.
The clitoris is a small pea-shaped structure. It plays an
important part in sexual excitement in females.
12. Vestibular glands
The vestibular glands (Bartholin’s glands) are situated
one on each side near the vaginal opening. They are
about the size of a small pea and their ducts open into
the vestibule immediately lateral to the attachment of the
hymen. They secrete mucus that keeps the vulva moist.
13. Blood supply, lymph drainage and nerve supply
Arterial supply . This is by branches from the internal
pudendal arteries that branch from the internal iliac arteries
and by external pudendal arteries that branch from the
femoral arteries.
Venous drainage .This forms a large plexus which
eventually drains into the internal iliac veins.
14. Lymph drainage. This is through the superficial
inguinal nodes.
Nerve supply. This is by branches from pudendal
nerves.
Perineum
• The perineum is a roughly triangular area extending from
the base of the labia minora to the anal canal.
• It consists of connective tissue, muscle and fat. It gives
attachment to the muscles of the pelvic floor
16. Vagina
The vagina is a fibromuscular tube lined with stratified
squamous epithelium
It runs obliquely upwards and backwards at an angle of
about 45° between the bladder in front and rectum and
anus behind.
In the adult, the anterior wall is about 7.5 cm long and the
posterior wall about 9 cm long. The difference is due to
the angle of insertion of the cervix through the anterior
wall.
17. Hymen.
The hymen is a thin layer of mucous membrane that
partially occludes the opening of the vagina.
It is normally incomplete to allow for passage of
menstrual flow and is stretched or completely torn away
by sexual intercourse, insertion of a tampon or childbirth.
18. Structure of the vagina
The vaginal wall has three layers:
an outer covering of areolar tissue,
a middle layer of smooth muscle
and an inner lining of stratified squamous epithelium that
forms ridges or rugae. It has no secretory glands but the
surface is kept moist by cervical secretions. Between
puberty and the menopause,
Lactobacillus acidophilus, bacteria that secrete lactic
acid, are normally present maintaining the pH between
4.9 and 3.5. The acidity inhibits the growth of most other
micro-organisms that may enter the vagina from the
perineum or during sexual intercourse
19. Blood supply, lymph drainage and nerve supply
Arterial supply. An arterial plexus is formed round the
vagina, derived from the uterine and vaginal arteries, which
are branches of the internal iliac arteries.
Venous drainage. A venous plexus, situated in the
muscular wall, drains into the internal iliac veins.
Lymph drainage. This is through the deep and
superficial iliac glands.
20. Functions of the vagina
• The vagina acts as the receptacle for the penis during
sexual intercourse (coitus), and provides an elastic
passageway through which the baby passes during
childbirth.
21. Uterus
The uterus is a hollow muscular pear-shaped organ,
that is located anteroposteriorly in the pelvic cavity.
It lies in the pelvic cavity between the urinary bladder
and the rectum .
It is about 7.5 cm long, 5 cm wide and its walls are
about 2.5 cm thick.
It weighs between 30 and 40 grams
22. Parts of the uterus
For the descriptive purpose uterus can be divided into
three distinct parts:
1. Fundus
2. Body
3. Cervix
23.
24. Fundus.
This is the dome-shaped part of the uterus above the
openings of the uterine tubes.
Body.
This is the main part. It is narrowest inferiorly at the
internal os where it is continuous with the cervix.
Cervix (‘neck’ of the uterus).
This protrudes through the anterior wall of the vagina,
opening into it at the external os.
25. Layers of the uterus
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
26. Perimetrium
This is peritoneum, which is distributed differently on the
various surfaces of the uterus.
Anteriorly it lies over the fundus and the body where it is
folded on to the upper surface of the urinary bladder. This
fold of peritoneum forms the vesicouterine pouch.
Posteriorly the peritoneum covers the fundus, the body
and the cervix, then it folds back on to the rectum to form
the rectouterine pouch (of Douglas).
27.
28. Myometrium
This is the thickest layer of tissue in the uterine wall.
It is a mass of smooth muscle fibres interlaced with
areolar tissue, blood vessels and nerves.
Endometrium
Made up of the Columnar epithelial cells .
Consist mucous secreting tubular glands
29. Blood supply, lymph drainage and nerve supply
Arterial supply. This is by the uterine arteries, branches
of the internal iliac arteries.
Venous drainage internal illiac vein.
Lymph drainage. Deep and superficial lymph vessels
drain lymph from the uterus and the uterine tubes to the
aortic lymph nodes and groups of nodes associated with the
iliac blood vessels.
30. Supporting structures to the uterus
The uterus is supported in the pelvic cavity by
surrounding organs, muscles of the pelvic floor and
ligaments that suspend it from the walls of the pelvis
Broad ligaments.
These are formed by a double fold of peritoneum, one on
each side of the uterus.
Round ligaments.
These are bands of fibrous tissue between the two
layers of broad ligament.
31.
32. Uterosacral ligaments.
These originate from the posterior walls of the cervix and
vagina and extend backwards, one on each side of the
rectum, to the sacrum.
Transverse cervical (cardinal) ligaments.
These extend one from each side of the cervix and
vagina to the side walls of the pelvis.
33. Uterine tubes
The uterine (Fallopian) tubes are about 10 cm long and
extend from the sides of the uterus between the body
and the fundus.
They lie in the upper free border of the broad ligament
and their trumpet-shaped lateral ends, penetrate the
posterior wall, opening into the peritoneal cavity close to
the ovaries.
The end of each tube has fingerlike, projections called
fimbriae.
The longest of these is the ovarian fimbria, which is in
close association with the ovary.
34. Structure
The uterine tubes are covered with peritoneum (broad
ligament),
have a middle layer of smooth muscle and are lined with
ciliated epithelium.
Blood and nerve supply and lymphatic drainage are as
for the uterus.
35. Functions
The uterine tubes propel the ovum from the ovary to the
uterus by peristalsis and ciliary movement.
The secretions of the uterine tube nourish both ovum and
spermatozoa.
Fertilisation of the ovum usually takes place in the uterine
tube, and the zygote is propelled into the uterus for
implantation.
36. Ovaries
The ovaries are the female gonads (glands producing
sex hormones and the ova), and they lie in a shallow
fossa on the lateral walls of the pelvis.
They are 2.5–3.5 cm long, 2 cm wide and 1 cm thick.
Each is attached to the upper part of the uterus by the
ovarian ligament and to the back of the broad ligament by
a broad band of tissue, the mesovarium.
Blood vessels and nerves pass to the ovary through the
mesovarium.
37. Structure
• The ovaries have two layers of tissue.
Medulla.
• This lies in the centre and consists of fibrous tissue,
blood vessels and nerves.
Cortex. This surrounds the medulla. It has a framework
of connective tissue, or stroma, covered by germinal
epithelium.
• It contains ovarian follicles in various stages of maturity,
each of which contains an ovum.
38. Functions
The ovary is the organ in which the female gametes are
stored and develop prior to ovulation.
Their maturation is controlled by the hypothalamus and
the anterior pituitary gland,
39. Breasts
The breasts or mammary glands are accessory glands of
the female reproductive system.
They exist also in the male, but in only a rudimentary
form.
Structure
The mammary glands or breasts consist of varying
amounts of glandular tissue, responsible for milk
40.
41. Each breast contains about 20 lobes, each of which
contains a number of glandular structures called lobules,
where milk is produced.
Lobules open into lactiferous ducts, which drain milk
towards the nipple.
breast itself is covered in subcutaneous fat.
In the lactating breast, glandular tissue proliferates
(hyperplasia) to support milk production, and recedes
again after lactation stops.
42. The nipple.
This is a small conical eminence at the centre of the
breast surrounded by a pigmented area, the areola.
On the surface of the areola are numerous sebaceous
glands (Montgomery’s tubercles), which lubricate the
nipple during lactation.
43.
44. Blood supply, lymph drainage and nerve supply
Arterial supply. The breasts are supplied with blood
from the thoracic branches of the axillary arteries and from
the internal mammary and intercostal arteries.
Venous drainage. This is formed by an anastomotic
circle round the base of the nipple from which branches
carry the venous blood to the circumference, and end in the
axillary and mammary veins.
45. Lymph drainage. This is mainly into the superficial
axillary lymph vessels and nodes.
Nerve supply. The breasts are supplied by branches
from the 4th, 5th and 6th thoracic nerves,
47. The functions of the male reproductive organs are:
production, maturation and storage of spermatozoa
delivery of spermatozoa in semen into the female
reproductive tract.
48. Scrotum
The scrotum is a pouch of pigmented skin, fibrous and
connective tissue and smooth muscle.
It is divided into two compartments, each of which
contains one testis, one epididymis and the testicular end
of a spermatic cord.
49. Testes
The testes are the male reproductive glands and are the
equivalent of the ovaries in the female.
They are about 4.5 cm long, 2.5 cm wide and 3 cm thick
and are suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic
cords. They are surrounded by three layers of tissue.
1) Tunica vaginalis.
2) Tunica albuginea.
3) Tunica vasculosa.
50.
51. Structure
In each testis are 200–300 lobules, and within each
lobule are 1–4 convoluted loops of germinal epithelial
cells, called seminiferous tubules.
Between the tubules are groups of interstitial cells (of
Leydig) that secrete the hormone testosterone after
puberty.
Functions
Spermatozoa (sperm) are produced in the seminiferous
tubules of the testes
52. Spermatic cords
The spermatic cords suspend the testes in the scrotum.
Each cord contains a testicular artery, testicular veins,
lymphatics.
Seminal vesicles is a 5 cm long tube that joins with
the deferent duct to forms the common ejaculatory duct.
Functions
The seminal vesicles contract and expel their stored
contents, seminal fluid, during ejaculation. Seminal fluid,
which forms 60% of the volume of semen,
53. Ejaculatory ducts
The ejaculatory ducts are two tubes about 2 cm long,
each formed by the union of the duct from a seminal
vesicle and a deferent duct.
They pass through the prostate gland and join the
prostatic urethra, carrying seminal fluid and spermatozoa
to the urethra
54.
55. Prostate gland:
The gland weighs about 8 g in youth, but progressively
enlarges (hypertrophies) with age and is likely to weigh
about 40 g by the age of 50.
Functions
The prostate gland secretes a thin, milky fluid that makes
up about 30% of the volume of semen, and gives it its
milky appearance.
It contains a clotting enzyme, which thickens the semen
in the vagina, increasing the likelihood of semen being
retained close to the cervix.
56. Urethra
19-20 cm long
Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Penile urethra
Two sphincter.
60. 100 million spermatozoa per mL. If not ejaculated, sperm
gradually lose their fertility after several months and are
reabsorbed by the epididymis.