Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
The USEPA defines biodegradation as a process by which microbial organisms transform or alter (through metabolic or enzymatic action) the structure of chemicals introduced into the environment.
According to the definition by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the term biodegradation is “Breakdown of a substance catalyzed by enzymes in vitro or in vivo.
The term is often used in relation to ecology, waste management, biomedicine, and the natural environment (bioremediation) and is now commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are capable of decomposing back into natural elements.
Biodegradable matter is generally organic material such as plant and animal matter and other substances originating from living organisms, or artificial materials that are similar enough to plant and animal matter to be put to use by microorganisms.
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
This document discusses hydrocarbon bioremediation. It defines hydrocarbons and explains that they are readily degraded by microorganisms under aerobic conditions. Both bacteria and fungi can aerobically degrade alkenes, alkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons through different metabolic pathways. While aerobic degradation is faster, some microbes can also anaerobically degrade hydrocarbons through pathways like fumarate addition, oxygen-independent hydroxylation, and carboxylation. The document concludes that bioremediation removes hydrocarbons that are environmental pollutants and contribute to health and climate issues.
The document summarizes biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds, specifically petroleum hydrocarbons and pesticides. It discusses how various microorganisms can degrade these compounds through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Key points include how bacteria and enzymes are able to break down petroleum, degrade pesticides, and transform toxic contaminants into less hazardous substances through microbial metabolic pathways and catabolic reactions. Recent research is also cited that studied biodegradation of crude oil by bacterial consortium in the marine environment.
This document discusses the biodegradation of petrochemicals and hydrocarbons. Petrochemicals are chemicals derived from petroleum or natural gas that are used to make many products. One environmental problem is accidental releases of petroleum products from the petrochemical industry, which can pollute water and soil. There are several methods for degrading hydrocarbons, including chemical and biological degradation. Biodegradation involves microbial remediation using bacteria, fungi, and plants. The document examines the microbial degradation process and factors that influence it, such as the type of hydrocarbons, nutrients, and temperature. It concludes that microbial degradation is an important part of cleaning up spilled oil in the environment.
This document provides an overview of bioremediation. Some key points:
- Bioremediation uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to remove or break down pollutants in the environment. It can be used to treat contamination in soil, water, and solid waste.
- There are different types of bioremediation including biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and intrinsic bioremediation. Genetically engineered microbes are also used.
- The microbes degrade pollutants through redox reactions and metabolic pathways. Bioremediation can be done on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material to another location (ex situ).
This document provides information about bioremediation. It begins with an introduction defining bioremediation as using microorganisms to degrade hazardous chemicals into less toxic forms. It then discusses the types of microorganisms involved, including Pseudomonas genus and Xenobiotics-degrading microorganisms. Several examples of pollutants and degrading microorganisms are given. The mechanisms of bioremediation include aerobic and anaerobic transformations such as respiration, fermentation, and methane fermentation. Factors affecting bioremediation like moisture, nutrients, oxygen levels, pH, temperature, and pollutant characteristics are outlined. Methods of bioremediation include in-situ and ex-situ techniques
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
The USEPA defines biodegradation as a process by which microbial organisms transform or alter (through metabolic or enzymatic action) the structure of chemicals introduced into the environment.
According to the definition by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the term biodegradation is “Breakdown of a substance catalyzed by enzymes in vitro or in vivo.
The term is often used in relation to ecology, waste management, biomedicine, and the natural environment (bioremediation) and is now commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are capable of decomposing back into natural elements.
Biodegradable matter is generally organic material such as plant and animal matter and other substances originating from living organisms, or artificial materials that are similar enough to plant and animal matter to be put to use by microorganisms.
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
This document discusses hydrocarbon bioremediation. It defines hydrocarbons and explains that they are readily degraded by microorganisms under aerobic conditions. Both bacteria and fungi can aerobically degrade alkenes, alkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons through different metabolic pathways. While aerobic degradation is faster, some microbes can also anaerobically degrade hydrocarbons through pathways like fumarate addition, oxygen-independent hydroxylation, and carboxylation. The document concludes that bioremediation removes hydrocarbons that are environmental pollutants and contribute to health and climate issues.
The document summarizes biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds, specifically petroleum hydrocarbons and pesticides. It discusses how various microorganisms can degrade these compounds through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Key points include how bacteria and enzymes are able to break down petroleum, degrade pesticides, and transform toxic contaminants into less hazardous substances through microbial metabolic pathways and catabolic reactions. Recent research is also cited that studied biodegradation of crude oil by bacterial consortium in the marine environment.
This document discusses the biodegradation of petrochemicals and hydrocarbons. Petrochemicals are chemicals derived from petroleum or natural gas that are used to make many products. One environmental problem is accidental releases of petroleum products from the petrochemical industry, which can pollute water and soil. There are several methods for degrading hydrocarbons, including chemical and biological degradation. Biodegradation involves microbial remediation using bacteria, fungi, and plants. The document examines the microbial degradation process and factors that influence it, such as the type of hydrocarbons, nutrients, and temperature. It concludes that microbial degradation is an important part of cleaning up spilled oil in the environment.
This document provides an overview of bioremediation. Some key points:
- Bioremediation uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to remove or break down pollutants in the environment. It can be used to treat contamination in soil, water, and solid waste.
- There are different types of bioremediation including biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and intrinsic bioremediation. Genetically engineered microbes are also used.
- The microbes degrade pollutants through redox reactions and metabolic pathways. Bioremediation can be done on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material to another location (ex situ).
This document provides information about bioremediation. It begins with an introduction defining bioremediation as using microorganisms to degrade hazardous chemicals into less toxic forms. It then discusses the types of microorganisms involved, including Pseudomonas genus and Xenobiotics-degrading microorganisms. Several examples of pollutants and degrading microorganisms are given. The mechanisms of bioremediation include aerobic and anaerobic transformations such as respiration, fermentation, and methane fermentation. Factors affecting bioremediation like moisture, nutrients, oxygen levels, pH, temperature, and pollutant characteristics are outlined. Methods of bioremediation include in-situ and ex-situ techniques
This document summarizes biodegradation of various xenobiotics including hydrocarbons, plastics, and pesticides. It discusses that xenobiotics are man-made chemicals that do not occur naturally. Biodegradation is the breakdown of these substances by microorganisms. Various microbes can degrade hydrocarbons through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Plastics are broken down through hydrolysis and further degraded by acidogenic, acetogenic, and methanogenic bacteria. Pesticides are degraded through methods like dehalogenation, deamination, and hydroxylation. The document provides examples of microbes and mechanisms involved in the biodegradation of these pollutants.
Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbonsHamza Shiekh
Petroleum hydrocarbons are a major source of pollution that can be degraded through microbial processes. Microbes like bacteria, yeast and fungi produce enzymes that allow them to break down the four classes of petroleum hydrocarbons. Biodegradation occurs through attachment of microbes to the hydrocarbons and production of biosurfactants and central precursor metabolites. Both aerobic and anaerobic degradation processes are possible. While temperature, nutrients and the type of hydrocarbon influence biodegradation rates, microbial activity is an effective natural mechanism for cleaning up petroleum spills.
This document summarizes microbial degradation of various xenobiotics and pollutants. It discusses how microbes like bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes are able to degrade compounds like hydrocarbons, PAHs, pesticides, dyes and other xenobiotics. The microbes produce enzymes that allow them to use these compounds as carbon and energy sources and breakdown the compounds into simpler molecules like carbon dioxide and water.
Biosorption uses inactive microbial biomass to bind and concentrate heavy metals from aqueous solutions, even very dilute ones. It is a promising alternative to traditional chemical precipitation for treating industrial effluents due to its low cost and high metal binding capacity. Biosorption is a metabolically passive process where heavy metals bind to functional groups on the cell surface through mechanisms like ion exchange, complexation, and chelation. Algae, fungi, bacteria, and plants have all been studied for their ability to biosorb and bioremediate heavy metals through various metabolic and non-metabolic pathways.
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
Degradative plasmids & superbug for oil spillsAnu Sreejith
The document discusses the development of a "superbug" bacterium for oil spill cleanup. It describes how researchers genetically engineered Pseudomonas putida by transferring plasmids containing genes for degrading various hydrocarbons. This created a strain that could break down compounds like camphor, octane, xylene and naphthalene. The superbug was the first genetically engineered microorganism to be patented. While genetically engineered microbes show promise for bioremediation, they also risk disturbing ecosystems if released.
This document discusses several topics related to environmental biotechnology, including organic pollution, biodegradation of halogenated hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, and detergents. It provides details on the sources and impacts of persistent organic pollutants. It also describes various microbial and enzymatic pathways used to biodegrade recalcitrant compounds like PAHs, TCE, DDT, and detergents. Microorganisms like Pseudomonas, Nocardia, and fungi play an important role in the aerobic and anaerobic breakdown of these pollutants.
This document discusses bioremediation techniques for oil spill cleanup. It begins by defining bioremediation as using microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to break down pollutants like oil. Several methods are described to enhance bioremediation including adding nutrients, oxygen, or microbes. The Exxon Valdez oil spill is discussed as a case study where techniques like controlled burns, dispersants, and fertilizer-enhanced bioremediation were used. Overall, the document provides an overview of bioremediation and how it can be applied to effectively treat oil spills in the environment.
This document discusses biodegradation, which is the breakdown of materials by bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms. Biodegradation can occur aerobically with oxygen or anaerobically without oxygen. It breaks down organic materials into basic components like carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Factors that affect biodegradation include the microbial community present, oxygen levels, temperature, pH and the presence of light and water. Biodegradable plastics have been treated to break down when discarded using additives. While biodegradation can help eliminate waste, some chemicals cannot degrade and unknown byproducts may form.
This document discusses various types of xenobiotics (foreign chemicals) including pesticides, hydrocarbons, plastics, and other industrial chemicals. It describes their sources and outlines several mechanisms by which microorganisms can biodegrade these compounds, including hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. Specific pathways and microbes involved in degrading compounds like polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and various plastics and pesticides are also summarized.
Environmental biotechnology uses biological processes to protect and restore the environment. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade pollutants in air, water, and soil into less harmful substances. It can be used to treat wastewater, industrial effluents, drinking water, land, soil, air, and solid waste. Genetic engineering creates environmentally friendly alternatives by modifying microorganisms using recombinant DNA technology. Biotechnology shows potential to contribute to environmental remediation and protection.
This document discusses biodegradation, which is the breakdown of organic substances by living organisms. It provides an introduction to biodegradation and lists some biodegradable products. The mechanisms of aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation are explained. Factors that affect the rate of biodegradation include temperature, moisture, nutrient availability and the type of material. Biodegradable plastics are made from materials like cornstarch that allow them to break down naturally. The advantages of biodegradable products include less pollution and being more environmentally friendly.
Mechanism of aerobic & an aerobic biodegradation07sudha
The document discusses the mechanisms of aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation. It explains that aerobic biodegradation breaks down organic contaminants using oxygen, while anaerobic biodegradation occurs without oxygen. The key stages of anaerobic biodegradation are hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. It also compares aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation, noting that aerobic is faster but anaerobic produces less waste. Various microorganisms involved in each process are also identified.
Application of industrial BiotechnologyGhassan Hadi
The document discusses industrial biotechnology and microbial technology. Microbial technology uses microbes to produce products and services of economic value. It involves isolating microbes, screening them for product formation, improving yields, culturing and harvesting products. Microbes are used to produce metabolites, treat waste, control pests and pathogens, and ferment food. They can enhance nutrient availability as biofertilizers. Microbes also recover metals from ores and desulfurize coal. New technologies allow ethanol to be produced from crop residues rather than just grains. Industrial biotechnology and microbial technology have benefits like low substrate input, high output, environmental friendliness, renewability, and increased efficiency.
Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) uses microorganisms to improve oil extraction from reservoirs. Microbes produce surfactants, acids, and gases that help remove more of the trapped oil. MEOR offers advantages over other enhanced oil recovery methods as it is cheaper, more environmentally friendly, and does not require as much energy. However, MEOR also presents challenges such as potential equipment corrosion and the need for cultivating exogenous microbes. Overall, MEOR is a promising technique for enhancing oil recovery given that microbes are self-replicating and can operate without additional carbon sources in the reservoir.
Air pollution and its control through biotechnologyAkshaya Anil
This document discusses air pollution and methods to control it through biotechnology. It begins by discussing the composition of air and major sources of air pollution from industries like thermal power plants, steel industries, and petroleum refineries. Air pollutants are classified based on their chemical composition as organic or inorganic, and based on their physical state as particulate or gaseous. The health effects of various air pollutants on humans and harmful effects on plants are described. Finally, the document discusses various control devices that can be used to control particulate and gaseous air pollutants, such as electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, and gravity settling chambers.
Microbial enhanced oil recovery is one of the EOR techniques where bacteria and their by-products are utilized for oil mobilization in a reservoir.
It is the process that increases oil recovery through inoculation of microorganisms in a reservoir, aiming that bacteria and their by-products cause some beneficial effects.
The document discusses air pollution and its control through biotechnology. It begins with an introduction to air pollution, listing common air pollutants such as particulates and gaseous pollutants. It then describes several methods for estimating pollutants and controlling air pollution, including the use of biotechnology approaches like microalgal photosynthesis and biological calcification to reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The document concludes with a summary of the causes and impacts of air pollution and the need for continued control efforts.
The document summarizes several biochemical routes for producing renewable fuels and chemicals, including anaerobic digestion, transesterification, and photofermentation. It discusses the key steps and microorganisms involved in anaerobic digestion, including hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. It also explains the transesterification reaction used to convert triglycerides to biodiesel and glycerin, and some of the process considerations for biodiesel production. Photofermentation is mentioned but not described.
This document discusses hydrocarbon bioremediation. It defines hydrocarbons and explains that they are readily degraded by microorganisms under aerobic conditions. Both bacteria and fungi can aerobically degrade alkenes, alkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons through different metabolic pathways. While aerobic degradation is faster, some microbes can also anaerobically degrade hydrocarbons using pathways like fumarate addition, oxygen-independent hydroxylation, and carboxylation. The document concludes that bioremediation removes hydrocarbons that are environmental pollutants and contributors to health and climate issues.
This document summarizes biodegradation of various xenobiotics including hydrocarbons, plastics, and pesticides. It discusses that xenobiotics are man-made chemicals that do not occur naturally. Biodegradation is the breakdown of these substances by microorganisms. Various microbes can degrade hydrocarbons through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Plastics are broken down through hydrolysis and further degraded by acidogenic, acetogenic, and methanogenic bacteria. Pesticides are degraded through methods like dehalogenation, deamination, and hydroxylation. The document provides examples of microbes and mechanisms involved in the biodegradation of these pollutants.
Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbonsHamza Shiekh
Petroleum hydrocarbons are a major source of pollution that can be degraded through microbial processes. Microbes like bacteria, yeast and fungi produce enzymes that allow them to break down the four classes of petroleum hydrocarbons. Biodegradation occurs through attachment of microbes to the hydrocarbons and production of biosurfactants and central precursor metabolites. Both aerobic and anaerobic degradation processes are possible. While temperature, nutrients and the type of hydrocarbon influence biodegradation rates, microbial activity is an effective natural mechanism for cleaning up petroleum spills.
This document summarizes microbial degradation of various xenobiotics and pollutants. It discusses how microbes like bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes are able to degrade compounds like hydrocarbons, PAHs, pesticides, dyes and other xenobiotics. The microbes produce enzymes that allow them to use these compounds as carbon and energy sources and breakdown the compounds into simpler molecules like carbon dioxide and water.
Biosorption uses inactive microbial biomass to bind and concentrate heavy metals from aqueous solutions, even very dilute ones. It is a promising alternative to traditional chemical precipitation for treating industrial effluents due to its low cost and high metal binding capacity. Biosorption is a metabolically passive process where heavy metals bind to functional groups on the cell surface through mechanisms like ion exchange, complexation, and chelation. Algae, fungi, bacteria, and plants have all been studied for their ability to biosorb and bioremediate heavy metals through various metabolic and non-metabolic pathways.
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
Degradative plasmids & superbug for oil spillsAnu Sreejith
The document discusses the development of a "superbug" bacterium for oil spill cleanup. It describes how researchers genetically engineered Pseudomonas putida by transferring plasmids containing genes for degrading various hydrocarbons. This created a strain that could break down compounds like camphor, octane, xylene and naphthalene. The superbug was the first genetically engineered microorganism to be patented. While genetically engineered microbes show promise for bioremediation, they also risk disturbing ecosystems if released.
This document discusses several topics related to environmental biotechnology, including organic pollution, biodegradation of halogenated hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, and detergents. It provides details on the sources and impacts of persistent organic pollutants. It also describes various microbial and enzymatic pathways used to biodegrade recalcitrant compounds like PAHs, TCE, DDT, and detergents. Microorganisms like Pseudomonas, Nocardia, and fungi play an important role in the aerobic and anaerobic breakdown of these pollutants.
This document discusses bioremediation techniques for oil spill cleanup. It begins by defining bioremediation as using microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to break down pollutants like oil. Several methods are described to enhance bioremediation including adding nutrients, oxygen, or microbes. The Exxon Valdez oil spill is discussed as a case study where techniques like controlled burns, dispersants, and fertilizer-enhanced bioremediation were used. Overall, the document provides an overview of bioremediation and how it can be applied to effectively treat oil spills in the environment.
This document discusses biodegradation, which is the breakdown of materials by bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms. Biodegradation can occur aerobically with oxygen or anaerobically without oxygen. It breaks down organic materials into basic components like carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Factors that affect biodegradation include the microbial community present, oxygen levels, temperature, pH and the presence of light and water. Biodegradable plastics have been treated to break down when discarded using additives. While biodegradation can help eliminate waste, some chemicals cannot degrade and unknown byproducts may form.
This document discusses various types of xenobiotics (foreign chemicals) including pesticides, hydrocarbons, plastics, and other industrial chemicals. It describes their sources and outlines several mechanisms by which microorganisms can biodegrade these compounds, including hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. Specific pathways and microbes involved in degrading compounds like polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and various plastics and pesticides are also summarized.
Environmental biotechnology uses biological processes to protect and restore the environment. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade pollutants in air, water, and soil into less harmful substances. It can be used to treat wastewater, industrial effluents, drinking water, land, soil, air, and solid waste. Genetic engineering creates environmentally friendly alternatives by modifying microorganisms using recombinant DNA technology. Biotechnology shows potential to contribute to environmental remediation and protection.
This document discusses biodegradation, which is the breakdown of organic substances by living organisms. It provides an introduction to biodegradation and lists some biodegradable products. The mechanisms of aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation are explained. Factors that affect the rate of biodegradation include temperature, moisture, nutrient availability and the type of material. Biodegradable plastics are made from materials like cornstarch that allow them to break down naturally. The advantages of biodegradable products include less pollution and being more environmentally friendly.
Mechanism of aerobic & an aerobic biodegradation07sudha
The document discusses the mechanisms of aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation. It explains that aerobic biodegradation breaks down organic contaminants using oxygen, while anaerobic biodegradation occurs without oxygen. The key stages of anaerobic biodegradation are hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. It also compares aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation, noting that aerobic is faster but anaerobic produces less waste. Various microorganisms involved in each process are also identified.
Application of industrial BiotechnologyGhassan Hadi
The document discusses industrial biotechnology and microbial technology. Microbial technology uses microbes to produce products and services of economic value. It involves isolating microbes, screening them for product formation, improving yields, culturing and harvesting products. Microbes are used to produce metabolites, treat waste, control pests and pathogens, and ferment food. They can enhance nutrient availability as biofertilizers. Microbes also recover metals from ores and desulfurize coal. New technologies allow ethanol to be produced from crop residues rather than just grains. Industrial biotechnology and microbial technology have benefits like low substrate input, high output, environmental friendliness, renewability, and increased efficiency.
Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) uses microorganisms to improve oil extraction from reservoirs. Microbes produce surfactants, acids, and gases that help remove more of the trapped oil. MEOR offers advantages over other enhanced oil recovery methods as it is cheaper, more environmentally friendly, and does not require as much energy. However, MEOR also presents challenges such as potential equipment corrosion and the need for cultivating exogenous microbes. Overall, MEOR is a promising technique for enhancing oil recovery given that microbes are self-replicating and can operate without additional carbon sources in the reservoir.
Air pollution and its control through biotechnologyAkshaya Anil
This document discusses air pollution and methods to control it through biotechnology. It begins by discussing the composition of air and major sources of air pollution from industries like thermal power plants, steel industries, and petroleum refineries. Air pollutants are classified based on their chemical composition as organic or inorganic, and based on their physical state as particulate or gaseous. The health effects of various air pollutants on humans and harmful effects on plants are described. Finally, the document discusses various control devices that can be used to control particulate and gaseous air pollutants, such as electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, and gravity settling chambers.
Microbial enhanced oil recovery is one of the EOR techniques where bacteria and their by-products are utilized for oil mobilization in a reservoir.
It is the process that increases oil recovery through inoculation of microorganisms in a reservoir, aiming that bacteria and their by-products cause some beneficial effects.
The document discusses air pollution and its control through biotechnology. It begins with an introduction to air pollution, listing common air pollutants such as particulates and gaseous pollutants. It then describes several methods for estimating pollutants and controlling air pollution, including the use of biotechnology approaches like microalgal photosynthesis and biological calcification to reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The document concludes with a summary of the causes and impacts of air pollution and the need for continued control efforts.
The document summarizes several biochemical routes for producing renewable fuels and chemicals, including anaerobic digestion, transesterification, and photofermentation. It discusses the key steps and microorganisms involved in anaerobic digestion, including hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. It also explains the transesterification reaction used to convert triglycerides to biodiesel and glycerin, and some of the process considerations for biodiesel production. Photofermentation is mentioned but not described.
This document discusses hydrocarbon bioremediation. It defines hydrocarbons and explains that they are readily degraded by microorganisms under aerobic conditions. Both bacteria and fungi can aerobically degrade alkenes, alkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons through different metabolic pathways. While aerobic degradation is faster, some microbes can also anaerobically degrade hydrocarbons using pathways like fumarate addition, oxygen-independent hydroxylation, and carboxylation. The document concludes that bioremediation removes hydrocarbons that are environmental pollutants and contributors to health and climate issues.
The document discusses the chemical structure and metabolism of bacteria. It describes the principal elements that make up bacterial cells, including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and others. It also discusses macromolecules that constitute bacterial cells, such as proteins, RNA, DNA, lipids, and carbohydrates. Additionally, it outlines various environmental factors that influence bacterial growth, such as temperature, oxygen, pH, and osmotic pressure.
This document discusses reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants in biology and medicine. It defines key terms and explores the origins and effects of different ROS like superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals. It also examines the mechanisms of tissue damage caused by ROS and the roles of antioxidant defense systems in preventing damage. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and lipid, DNA, and protein damage are reviewed. Evidence suggests ROS contribute to periodontal tissue destruction in periodontitis through lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage.
This document discusses biodegradation, which is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by microorganisms. It involves converting complex organic molecules into simpler ones. Biodegradation is an important property for toxic chemicals as it reduces their concentration and toxicity over time. There are two main types - biomineralization where microbes convert waste into inorganic matter like water and carbon dioxide, and biotransformation where part of the organic matter degrades into smaller organic compounds. The mechanisms involve three stages - biodeterioration, biofragmentation where bonds are cleaved forming oligomers and monomers, and assimilation where the resulting products enter microbial cells. Factors like the chemical nature of the compound, nutrients, oxygen, temperature and pH affect
This document provides an introduction to secondary metabolism and the biosynthesis of natural products. It defines primary and secondary metabolism, and describes how secondary metabolites are derived from primary metabolic intermediates like acetyl-CoA, mevalonic acid, and the amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, ornithine and lysine. The document also discusses the classification of secondary metabolites, pathways of biosynthesis, evolution of secondary metabolism in plants, and strategies for studying secondary metabolism.
Presentation of antioxidant activity of marine bioactive compounds PRASHANT SURYAWANSHI
Marine organisms are rich sources of bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. This study analyzed the antioxidant activity of compounds extracted from marine bioresources such as algae, fungi, bacteria, and invertebrates. Phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and anthraquinones with antioxidant effects were isolated from marine fungi using solvent extraction. The extracts were tested for antioxidant activity using methods like DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power assays. Compounds with potential antioxidant properties were identified that could serve as natural antioxidants or lead to new drugs.
Free radicals are molecules with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive. They are generated through oxidative metabolism and reactions involving oxygen. Common free radicals include superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, and lipid peroxyl radicals. While free radicals can cause damage to tissues, the body has antioxidant defenses like superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and vitamins C and E that help neutralize free radicals. Antioxidants protect cells from the harmful effects of free radical formation and oxidative stress.
The document discusses biodegradation and xenobiotics. It defines biodegradation as the breakdown of organic substances catalyzed by enzymes, where microorganisms convert toxic chemicals into simpler non-toxic compounds. Xenobiotics are man-made compounds foreign to organisms that are usually resistant to degradation. The document notes several industries that produce xenobiotics and lists examples of hydrocarbon and pesticide compounds that can be biodegraded by various microorganisms.
Free radicals are molecules with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive. They are generated through normal metabolic processes in the body and can cause damage. The body has antioxidant defenses against free radicals including enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase which neutralize reactive oxygen species. Vitamins C and E also act as antioxidants to help prevent free radical damage to cells. While small amounts of free radicals occur naturally, excessive amounts from sources like pollution, smoking, or radiation can potentially cause harm if the body's defenses are overwhelmed.
This document discusses the use of enzymes in the synthesis of bioactive compounds. It begins by noting the advantages of enzymes as catalysts such as their selectivity and ability to work under mild conditions. However, their narrow substrate specificity and instability have limited their application. Advances in biocatalysis over the last 20 years have helped address these drawbacks through immobilization, use of enzymes in non-aqueous solvents, and directed evolution. The document then discusses various applications of enzymes including in non-aqueous solvents, immobilization, directed evolution to modify substrate specificity and stability, synthesis of carbohydrates and chiral drugs, and their use in combinatorial chemistry.
This document discusses oxidative changes that can occur in foods. It describes various reactive oxygen species like singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and ozone that can initiate lipid peroxidation and oxidation reactions in foods. It explains how these species are generated and their reactions, as well as methods to protect against oxidation, including antioxidants, removal of pro-oxidants, and antioxidant enzymes.
Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower the activation energy of reactions. They consist of proteins or glycoproteins and have active sites that facilitate reactions. There are six main classes of enzymes based on the type of reaction catalyzed: oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases. Enzymes play important roles in bioremediation by facilitating the breakdown of environmental pollutants like phenols, azo dyes, chlorinated compounds, and petroleum hydrocarbons through reactions like oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and cleavage. Key enzyme groups involved in bioremediation include oxygenases, laccases, peroxidases, and hydroly
MECHANISM OF ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION new.pptxmuskanmahajan24
ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION:Anaerobic degradation is defined as the biological process that produce a gas mixture (called biogas) that contains methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as its primary constituents, through the concerted action of a mixed microbial population under conditions of oxygen deficiency.
Biological methane production was first noticed by Volta in 1776, who described the release of methane from a swamp.
Anaerobic digestion is most widely used and one of the oldest methods for sewage sludge stabilization.
It was first used for high-solids municipal wastewater treatment toward the end of the nineteenth century by Louis H. Mouras, who designed and constructed sewage sludge digesters in Vesoul, France.
Complete Aerobic digestion of glucose to carbon-dioxide yields up to 38 mole ATP/mole glucose while Anaerobic fermentation to mixed organic acids yields 2-4 mole ATP/mole glucose.
Microorganisms involved in degradation: Acid - forming bacteria : Clostridium sp , Corynebacterium sp , Lactobacillus sp ,Actinomycetes sp, Staphylococcus sp,Peptococcus anaerobus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas,Bifidobacterium, Propionibacterium, Enterobacteriaceae .
Methanogenic bacteria: Methanobacterium formicium,Methanobacterium bryantii, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum,Methanosarcina barkeri, Methanobrevibacte ruminantiurn,Methanobrevibacter smithii ,Methanobrevibacter arboriphilus, Methanococcus vannielii , Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus, Methanobacterium cariaci, Methanobacillus omelianskii.
Stages of Anaerobic biodegradation
Hydrolysis, Acidogenesis, Acetogenesis and Methanogenesis
Anaerobic Degradation of Carbohydrates: The anaerobic degradation of cellulose, can be divided into hydrolytic, fermentative, acetogenic and methanogenic phases.
The hydrolysis of carbohydrates proceeds favourably at a slightly acidic pH.
Hemicellulose and pectin are hydrolyzed 10 times faster than lignin-encrusted cellulose.
In the methane reactor, beta-oxidation of fatty acids,especially of propionate or n-butyrate, is the rate limiting step.
Anaerobic degradation of Proteins: Hydrolysis of precipitated or soluble protein is catalyzed by several types of proteases that cleave membrane-permeable amino acids, dipeptides, or oligopeptides.
The hydrolysis of proteins requires a neutral or weakly alkaline pH.
For complete degradadtion of amino acids in an anaerobic system , a syntrophic relationship of amino acids-fermenting anaerobic bacteria with methanogens or sulfate reducers is required.
Anaerobic degradation of Neutral fats and Lipids: Glycerol and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids(palmitic acid,linolic acid,stearic acid etc.) are formed from neutral fats.
The long chain of fatty acids are degraded by acetogenic bacteria by beta-oxidation to acetate and molecular hydrogen.
If acetate and molecular hydrogen accumulate, the anaerobic digestion process is inhibited.
Very low H2 partial pressure is mainatained by hydrogen-utilizing methanogens .
Nutritional requirement by microorganismsSuchittaU
Nutrients are required for microbial growth and act as building blocks and energy sources. The main nutrient requirements for microorganisms include carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and trace elements. Microorganisms can be classified based on their carbon, energy and electron sources as photolithotrophs, photoorganoheterotrophs, chemolithoautotrophs, chemolithoheterotrophs or chemoorganoheterotrophs. Culture media are used to grow microorganisms and include defined, complex, liquid, solid, supportive, enriched, selective and differential media depending on their composition and purpose.
The document discusses the nutritional requirements of microorganisms. It explains that microorganisms require carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and other macro and micronutrients to support growth. Specific requirements include carbon sources, energy sources, and electron sources. The document also discusses nutrient uptake mechanisms in microbes and different types of culture media used for growing microorganisms, including defined, complex, supportive, enriched, selective, and differential media. Finally, it describes several techniques for isolating pure cultures of microbes, including spread plating, streak plating, and pour plating.
Role of Microorganisms in Sewage Treatment by Usama YounasUSAMAYOUNAS11
This presentation will help to understand the various microbes involved in the sewage treatment, also included the data regarding some sewage treatment plants present in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
. INTRODUCTION
Insecticides are chemicals specifically designed to kill or control insect populations. They are widely used in agriculture, public health, and other industries to protect crops, livestock, and human health from insect-related damage and diseases. Once applied, insecticides undergo various metabolic processes in insects, which can affect their effectiveness and potential environmental impact.
The metabolism of insecticides in insects involves several key mechanisms:
1. Absorption: Insecticides can enter an insect's body through various routes, such as ingestion, contact with the exoskeleton, or inhalation. The mode of entry depends on the formulation and application method of the insecticide.
2. Phase I metabolism: In this initial phase, insecticides are often transformed by enzymes into more polar compounds through processes such as oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis. These metabolic reactions aim to make the insecticides more water-soluble and facilitate their elimination from the body.
3. Phase II metabolism: Once insecticides undergo phase I metabolism, they may be further conjugated with endogenous compounds such as sugars, amino acids, or glutathione. Conjugation reactions increase the water solubility of the insecticides even more, making them easier to excrete from the insect's body.
4. Detoxification mechanisms: Insects have developed various enzymatic systems to break down insecticides and render them less toxic. For example, insects possess enzymes like cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, esterases, and glutathione-S-transferases, which are involved in the detoxification of many insecticides. These enzymes can modify the chemical structure of insecticides, making them less harmful to the insect.
5. Excretion: Once metabolized, insecticides and their metabolites are eliminated from the insect's body. This process generally occurs through excretory organs such as Malpighian tubules, which function similarly to the kidneys in vertebrates. Insecticides and their metabolites can be excreted in the faeces, urine, or through other excretory pathways.
Microsomal oxidation refers to a type of metabolic reaction that occurs in the microsomes, which are subcellular organelles found in cells. Microsomes contain various enzymes, including cytochrome P450 enzymes, responsible for catalyzing oxidative reactions in the body.
A. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are a family of enzymes involved in the metabolism of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous compounds, including pesticides, toxins, and foreign substances. These enzymes play a crucial role in the oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis of various molecules, making them more water-soluble and easier to eliminate from the body.
B. Microsomal oxidation mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes involves the addition of an oxygen atom to a substrate molecule, resulting in the oxidation of the substrate.
Primary metabolism refers to the metabolic processes important for fungal growth in culture. These include carbon and energy metabolism like glycolysis and fermentation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose through various pathways to extract energy. Fermentation regenerates NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH to an organic acceptor like pyruvate. Respiration also generates ATP through the citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Fungi vary in their ability to respire and ferment aerobically or anaerobically. Other pathways degrade amino acids and nucleic acids or allow use of non-carbohydrate carbon sources through gluconeogenesis.
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Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
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• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
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Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
1. BY
BOOBASH RAJ S
VI M.TECH
DEPT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
AEROBIC DEGRADATION OF
ALIPHATIC COMPOUND
2. AEROBIC DEGRADATION
Aerobic biodegradation is the breakdown of organic pollutants by microorganism when
oxygen is present
Organic contaminants are rapidly degraded under aerobic condition by aerobic bacteria called
aerobes
Various bacteria mainly Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria are capable of aerobic estrogen
degradation
Microbes Chemicals
Pseudomonas, Arthobacter Hydrocarbons
Candida, Alcaligenes PolyChlorinated biphenyl
Flavobacterium, Aspergillus Phenolics
Nocardia PAH
3. HYDROCARBONS:
The hydrocarbons are broadly classified into two compounds
ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS:
It is a chemical compound belonging to the organic class in which the atoms are connected by
single, double, triple bonds to form non-aromatic structure.
Hydro compounds
Aromatic compounds
Aliphatic compounds
4. Types Of Aliphatic Compound:
Examples Of Aliphatic Compound:
Ethylene, isooctane, acetylene, propene, propane, squalene, and polyethylene
5. Aliphatic Compounds Based On Molecular Weight
The gaseous alkanes
Lower molecular weight (C8–C16)
Medium molecular weight (C17–C28)
High molecular weight (>C28)
Long-chain alkanes are first enzymatically activated before degradation
7. Uptake of Hydrocarbons into
Microbial Cells
Microorganisms are challenged by the hydrophobicity and insolubility of hydrocarbons
Changes depends on the type of hydrocarbons and their carbon chain length and include changes
from cis-to-trans isomers.
For example: C2–C4 alcohols increase the ratio of unsaturated fatty acid in cell membrane,
longer alkanols induce the production of saturated fatty acids.
These limitations can be resolved using microdroplets, macrodroplets or dissolution of the
hydrocarbon molecules into water.
Due to the difficulty of solubilization and the slow dissolution HMW is lower when compared to
LMW.
At a concentration of higher than 4.54 μmol/L, Pseudomonas sp.
8. List Of Enzymes Involved In Degradation Of
Aliphatic Compounds
Enzymes Chain Length
Methane monooxygenases C1–C4
Alkane monooxygenases C5–C16
Bacterial P450 (CY153, class I) C5–C16
Eukaryotic P450 (CYP52, class II) C10–C16
Dioxygenases C10–C30
9. The monooxygenases isolated in prokaryotes are classified
into two categories
A rubredoxin-dependent enzyme (containing 2FeO), encoded by the gene alkB in most of
bacteria and alkM in Acinetobacter sp.,
An alkane hydroxylase containing cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in the CYP153 family of
bacteria.
The first enzyme isolated was a non-heme diiron monooxygenase alkane hydroxylase located in
the cell membrane of Pseudomonas putida
LadA is a flavoprotein-dependent monooxygenase isolated from a thermophilic microorganism
(Geobacillus thermodenitrificans NG80-2) that activates the long-chain alkanes (C15 to C36) for
degradation
The Finnerty pathway is a process in which dioxygenase systems are able to transform n-alkanes
first into their corresponding hydroperoxides and then into the corresponding alkan-1-ol.
For example: Acinetobacter sp. M-l is able grow rapidly on high-molecular-weight alkanes (Cl3
to C44) through oxidation via a n-alkane dioxygenase
11. Advantage
High resistant to toxic material
Low sensivity of temperature
Permanent elimination of waste
Disadvantage
Require high amount of O2 concentration
Some chemicals cannot be digested
Site specific requirements
12. REFERENCE
Abbasian, F., Lockington, R., Mallavarapu, M., & Naidu, R. (2015). A Comprehensive
Review of Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Biodegradation by Bacteria. Applied Biochemistry and
Biotechnology, 176(3), 670–699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-015-1603-5
Kulikova, A. E., & Zil’berman, E. N. (1971). Conversions of Chlorine-containing
Aliphatic Compounds in the Presence of Coordination-unsaturated Metals. Russian
Chemical Reviews, 40(3), 256. https://doi.org/10.1070/RC1971v040n03ABEH001917
Mascotti, M. L., Lapadula, W. J., & Juri Ayub, M. (2015). The Origin and Evolution of
Baeyer—Villiger Monooxygenases (BVMOs): An Ancestral Family of Flavin
Monooxygenases. PLoS ONE, 10(7), e0132689.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132689
13. Mehboob, F., Weelink, S., Saia, F. T., Junca, H., Stams, A. J. M., & Schraa, G.
(2010). Microbial Degradation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons with
(Per)Chlorate as Electron Acceptor. In K. N. Timmis (Ed.), Handbook of Hydrocarbon
and Lipid Microbiology (pp. 935–945). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-
77587-4_66
Nzila, A. (2018). Current Status of the Degradation of Aliphatic and Aromatic
Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Thermophilic Microbes and Future Perspectives.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(12), 2782.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122782
Proposed terminal and subterminal alkane degradation pathways. | Download
Scientific Diagram. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2022, from
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Proposed-terminal-and-subterminal-alkane-
degradation-pathways_fig9_230618033