The document discusses the chemical structure and metabolism of bacteria. It describes the principal elements that make up bacterial cells, including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and others. It also discusses macromolecules that constitute bacterial cells, such as proteins, RNA, DNA, lipids, and carbohydrates. Additionally, it outlines various environmental factors that influence bacterial growth, such as temperature, oxygen, pH, and osmotic pressure.
This document discusses biosafety and biosecurity when working with infectious agents in a laboratory setting. It defines biosafety as safety precautions that reduce risk of exposure and contamination. There are four biosafety levels depending on the agent, with level 4 being the most restrictive for dangerous pathogens with no treatment. Key equipment for containment includes biosafety cabinets, which use HEPA filters to circulate air and prevent exposure, with various types for different risk levels. Proper use and certification of this equipment is important for protecting laboratory workers and the public.
The document provides information about fungi (mycology). It discusses that fungi are a diverse group of heterotrophs that play important ecological roles as saprophytes and parasites. It describes their cell structure, nutrition, and both asexual and sexual reproduction. Key points include that fungi have cell walls made of chitin and reproduce through spores or budding, and that they encompass important pathogens of humans, animals and plants as well as many beneficial uses in industry and medicine.
The document discusses several topics related to bacterial physiology:
1) The minimum nutritional requirements for bacterial growth including carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and inorganic salts.
2) Bacterial growth curves which show four phases: lag, log, stationary, and decline. Metabolic activity and cell division occur at different rates in each phase.
3) Factors that affect bacterial growth such as oxygen requirements, temperature tolerance, pH tolerance, moisture, and energy source. Obligate aerobes require oxygen while obligate anaerobes cannot tolerate it.
It has been developed for the detection, enumeration & identification of bacteria & yeasts in clinical specimens.
It is an instrument used for automatic computer-assisted identification of bacteria
It mainly involves staining, motility test, cultural characteristics, a series of biochemical tests.
The automatic bacteria identification system automatically identifies the bacteria in very short time.
This document provides an overview of general microbiology. It discusses the history of microbiology, including early pioneers like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, and Koch. It also covers the basic classification of microorganisms into domains, including bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi and viruses. Specific sections are dedicated to bacteria, including their structures, growth patterns, shapes, and gram-positive and gram-negative examples. The document aims to introduce the key topics within general microbiology.
laboratory diagnosis of fungal inectionsAditi Kothari
This document provides an overview of laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections. It discusses classification of fungi, specimen collection and transport, processing including direct examination, culture, and other methods like immunologic tests and molecular methods. It covers topics like potassium hydroxide mount, calcofluor white stain, lactophenol cotton blue stain for examination of specimens. Culture media including sabouraud dextrose agar, cornmeal agar, chromagar are described. The document also discusses biochemical tests like tetrazolium reduction for identification of Candida species.
This document provides an overview of bacterial physiology, including:
1. Bacteria can be classified based on their nutritional requirements as autotrophs, which can synthesize their own organic compounds, or heterotrophs, which depend on external organic compounds.
2. Bacterial growth involves an increase in cell size and number through binary fission, with a typical generation time of 20 minutes. Growth is affected by temperature, oxygen levels, pH, moisture, and other environmental factors.
3. When bacteria are inoculated into a liquid medium, their growth follows distinct lag, exponential, stationary, and decline phases as seen on a growth curve showing changes in bacterial numbers over time.
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans as a source for tinder, traditional medicine, food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as toxicity or infection.
This document discusses biosafety and biosecurity when working with infectious agents in a laboratory setting. It defines biosafety as safety precautions that reduce risk of exposure and contamination. There are four biosafety levels depending on the agent, with level 4 being the most restrictive for dangerous pathogens with no treatment. Key equipment for containment includes biosafety cabinets, which use HEPA filters to circulate air and prevent exposure, with various types for different risk levels. Proper use and certification of this equipment is important for protecting laboratory workers and the public.
The document provides information about fungi (mycology). It discusses that fungi are a diverse group of heterotrophs that play important ecological roles as saprophytes and parasites. It describes their cell structure, nutrition, and both asexual and sexual reproduction. Key points include that fungi have cell walls made of chitin and reproduce through spores or budding, and that they encompass important pathogens of humans, animals and plants as well as many beneficial uses in industry and medicine.
The document discusses several topics related to bacterial physiology:
1) The minimum nutritional requirements for bacterial growth including carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and inorganic salts.
2) Bacterial growth curves which show four phases: lag, log, stationary, and decline. Metabolic activity and cell division occur at different rates in each phase.
3) Factors that affect bacterial growth such as oxygen requirements, temperature tolerance, pH tolerance, moisture, and energy source. Obligate aerobes require oxygen while obligate anaerobes cannot tolerate it.
It has been developed for the detection, enumeration & identification of bacteria & yeasts in clinical specimens.
It is an instrument used for automatic computer-assisted identification of bacteria
It mainly involves staining, motility test, cultural characteristics, a series of biochemical tests.
The automatic bacteria identification system automatically identifies the bacteria in very short time.
This document provides an overview of general microbiology. It discusses the history of microbiology, including early pioneers like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, and Koch. It also covers the basic classification of microorganisms into domains, including bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi and viruses. Specific sections are dedicated to bacteria, including their structures, growth patterns, shapes, and gram-positive and gram-negative examples. The document aims to introduce the key topics within general microbiology.
laboratory diagnosis of fungal inectionsAditi Kothari
This document provides an overview of laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections. It discusses classification of fungi, specimen collection and transport, processing including direct examination, culture, and other methods like immunologic tests and molecular methods. It covers topics like potassium hydroxide mount, calcofluor white stain, lactophenol cotton blue stain for examination of specimens. Culture media including sabouraud dextrose agar, cornmeal agar, chromagar are described. The document also discusses biochemical tests like tetrazolium reduction for identification of Candida species.
This document provides an overview of bacterial physiology, including:
1. Bacteria can be classified based on their nutritional requirements as autotrophs, which can synthesize their own organic compounds, or heterotrophs, which depend on external organic compounds.
2. Bacterial growth involves an increase in cell size and number through binary fission, with a typical generation time of 20 minutes. Growth is affected by temperature, oxygen levels, pH, moisture, and other environmental factors.
3. When bacteria are inoculated into a liquid medium, their growth follows distinct lag, exponential, stationary, and decline phases as seen on a growth curve showing changes in bacterial numbers over time.
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans as a source for tinder, traditional medicine, food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as toxicity or infection.
Lab diagnosis of HIV infection/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Microorganisms can reproduce through binary fission or budding. Their growth follows four phases: lag, exponential, stationary, and death. Key factors that affect microbial growth are nutrients, temperature, pH, moisture, oxygen, and osmotic potential. Growth is measured directly by counting colonies, cells, or turbidity or indirectly by metabolic activity or mass determination. Microorganisms are controlled through sterilization, disinfection, sanitization, antiseptics, chemotherapy, filtration, and radiation. Sterilization kills all microbes while disinfection and sanitization reduce microbes to safe levels.
This document provides an overview of fungi, including their classification, structures, reproduction, and role in infections and other applications. It describes the four main classes of fungi based on sexual spore formation - zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and deuteromycetes. Fungi can cause superficial infections of the skin/nails or deeper subcutaneous and systemic infections. They also have several useful properties like producing food, antibiotics, and industrial fermentation agents.
To maximize sensitivity of diagnostic testing, specimens should be stored frozen at -70°C and shipped on dry ice, with some exceptions. Specimens that will be evaluated within 1-2 days can be refrigerated at 4°C. Fixed tissues can be stored and shipped at room temperature. Blood specimens should not be stored overnight. Proper storage temperatures help preserve specimens until testing.
This document provides an introduction to the topic of mycology. It discusses the key characteristics of fungi, including their eukaryotic nature and cell wall composition of chitin and glucan. Fungi can exist in either yeast or mold forms and many medically important fungi are dimorphic, being able to live in both forms. The document outlines different types of fungal infections and methods for diagnosis, including microscopic examination, serology, culture and nucleic acid probes.
Medical Laboratory Scientist-microbiology summaryProtegeNithi
This document summarizes microbiology concepts and tests for the ASCP medical laboratory scientist exam, including morphology of bacteria, staining techniques like Gram stain and acid-fast stain, characteristics of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and the triple sugar iron agar test used to identify enteric bacteria. It provides examples and interpretations of triple sugar iron agar test results.
Picornaviruses are a family of small, non-enveloped viruses that includes enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. Enteroviruses such as poliovirus, coxsackievirus, and echovirus can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to meningitis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and even paralysis. Poliovirus is classified into three serotypes and can be diagnosed through virus isolation from throat or stool samples or antibody detection in serum. Both injectable inactivated and oral live attenuated vaccines are used to protect against poliovirus. Global vaccination efforts have nearly eradicated polio, with transmission now only occurring in a few countries.
This document discusses various methods for typing bacterial strains, including phage typing, bacteriocin typing, resistotyping, biotyping, serotyping, plasmid typing, and molecular typing. Phage typing uses bacteriophages to identify bacterial strains and has been used for Staphylococcus aureus. Bacteriocin typing analyzes antibiotic-like substances produced by bacteria. Resistotyping examines sensitivity to antimicrobial agents. Biotyping, serotyping, and plasmid typing rely on biochemical reactions and presence of surface antigens or plasmids. Molecular typing uses techniques like PCR for high sensitivity and specificity but requires specialized equipment.
This document provides an overview of bacteriology concepts including definitions of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. It discusses specimen collection and transport for aerobic bacteriology as well as the Gram stain procedure. Common aerobic agar media and identification of Gram positive cocci such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus are summarized. Key details are provided about pathogenic species and their associated diseases.
Giardia lamblia is also known as Lamblia intestinalis and Giardia duodenalis
It is a flagellated parasite that colonizes and reproduces in the small intestine, causing giardiasis.
This document provides information on Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, which is a standard reference for the classification and identification of prokaryotic organisms. It discusses the two current editions, with the second edition published from 2001-2012 being phylogenetic rather than phenetic in nature. Key details are provided on the domains Archaea and Bacteria, including major phyla within each domain. An overview is given of the classification system used in Bergey's Manual.
Nocardia are aerobic, gram-positive bacteria that are ubiquitous environmental saprophytes found in soil. They cause opportunistic infections in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Nocardia infections can manifest as cutaneous disease, pulmonary disease, disseminated disease, or central nervous system infections such as brain abscesses. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples showing branching filaments, culture growth on selective media, and molecular techniques such as PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing. Treatment involves prolonged courses of antibiotics such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or amikacin depending on the species.
Mycology is the study of fungi. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include molds, yeasts, and mushrooms. They obtain nutrients by absorbing organic compounds from dead or living organisms. Many fungi are harmless saprophytes, but some can cause diseases (mycoses) in humans and other animals. Common superficial fungal infections in humans include ringworm, athlete's foot, and yeast infections. Deeper fungal infections can also occur, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Proper identification of fungal species relies on examining their morphology and growth characteristics under the microscope and in culture.
The document discusses the normal microbial flora found on and within the human body of healthy individuals. It describes the various factors that influence the composition of the normal flora and defines resident and transient flora. It then provides details on the normal flora found at different anatomical sites of the body including skin, eyes, nose, mouth, ears, genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts. It lists examples of common bacterial species found at each site and discusses their roles and benefits in maintaining human health.
Anaerobic incubators are used to provide an oxygen-free atmosphere for growing anaerobic bacteria and conducting experiments. They work by circulating hydrogen gas through a heated palladium catalyst, which removes oxygen through a chemical reaction to form water, maintaining very low oxygen levels between 0-5 ppm. Compared to aerobic processes, anaerobic fermentations are more cost effective as they do not require high aeration, agitation, and cooling. Key components of anaerobic incubators include hydrogen gas, a palladium catalyst, a catalyst fan box, temperature controls, and an airlock. They have applications in clinical and research laboratories, tissue culture, industrial microbiology, quality control testing, biodegradation studies,
This document discusses laboratory-acquired infections (LAIs), which are defined as infections acquired through laboratory or laboratory-related activities. LAIs can occur through various routes of exposure like inhalation or contact with mucous membranes. Biological agents that cause LAIs are classified into four groups based on their risk, with Group 1 posing the lowest risk and Group 4 posing the highest. Groups 3 and 4 pathogens can cause severe disease and may spread to the community, although treatment is usually available for Group 3. A large 1976 survey found over 4,000 LAIs from 159 agents, with 10 agents causing over half of cases. Preventive measures like proper laboratory design, safe practices, and PPE can minimize LAI risks.
Giardia duodenalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis. It has both a trophozoite and cyst stage. The trophozoite lives in the small intestine where it attaches to epithelial cells and feeds on mucus, interfering with absorption. It can cause diarrhea and malabsorption. The cyst forms when trophozoites pass through the large intestine and are excreted in feces. Cysts are hardy and infect new hosts when ingested. Giardiasis is common worldwide and transmitted through contaminated water. Treatment involves metronidazole antibiotics.
Normal & abnormal hemoglobin derivativesrohini sane
Comprehensive presentation on Normal & abnormal hemoglobin derivatives for medical ,dental ,biotechnology & pharmacology students Comparison of molecular aspects & absorption spectra of normal & Meth-Hb are illustrated. Congenital & acquired Meth hemoglobinemia is described. briefly.Treatment of Meth-hemoglobinemia is presented along with its biochemical basis.Formation & clinical manifestations of Carboxy-hemoglobinemia is illustrated.Identification of Carboxy-hemoglobin in a diagnostic laboratory has been described for perusal of technologists.Google images are used to convey the aspect in a lucid way.
Module 3 biosafety principles & microbiologycal risk group 21 1-18EhealthMoHS
This document discusses biosafety principles and the classification of microorganisms by risk group. It describes the different biosafety levels from 1 to 4, which provide increasing levels of protection based on combinations of laboratory practices, safety equipment, and facility requirements. The biosafety levels are designed to safely work with biological agents according to their hazards. It also discusses the World Health Organization's classification of microorganisms into four risk groups based on their risk of disease and transmission. The appropriate biosafety level is selected by matching the containment measures to the risk group of the agent being handled.
This document discusses the laboratory diagnosis of Salmonella species. It begins by describing Salmonella bacteria and the diseases they can cause in humans, including typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and gastroenteritis. It then discusses the habitats of different Salmonella serotypes and outlines several methods for laboratory diagnosis, including culture-based isolation and identification using biochemical tests and serological or molecular techniques. The document provides details on the morphology, cultural characteristics, enrichment and selective media used for Salmonella as well as their typical biochemical reactions that are used for identification.
L25&26 fundamental concept (biochemistry)Rione Drevale
This document discusses aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in microorganisms. It describes the key metabolic processes of catabolism, biosynthesis, polymerization, and assembly that take place in cells. It explains how ATP is generated through aerobic respiration or anaerobic pathways like respiration and fermentation. The roles of oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration and various compounds in anaerobic respiration are highlighted. Genetic exchange mechanisms of transformation, conjugation and transduction are also summarized along with applications of recombinant DNA technology.
This document discusses bacterial metabolism. It begins by defining metabolism as the sum of all chemical reactions occurring in a cell, and notes that bacterial metabolism is essential for bacterial existence, the environment, and produces medically and commercially important products. It then defines catabolic and anabolic reactions, and lists the main components of metabolism like enzymes, ATP, electron carriers, and precursor metabolites. The document goes on to describe various metabolic pathways like glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, cellular respiration, the Krebs cycle, electron transport chains, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation. It discusses the products of fermentation and specific pathways like lactic acid fermentation. Finally, it briefly
Lab diagnosis of HIV infection/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Microorganisms can reproduce through binary fission or budding. Their growth follows four phases: lag, exponential, stationary, and death. Key factors that affect microbial growth are nutrients, temperature, pH, moisture, oxygen, and osmotic potential. Growth is measured directly by counting colonies, cells, or turbidity or indirectly by metabolic activity or mass determination. Microorganisms are controlled through sterilization, disinfection, sanitization, antiseptics, chemotherapy, filtration, and radiation. Sterilization kills all microbes while disinfection and sanitization reduce microbes to safe levels.
This document provides an overview of fungi, including their classification, structures, reproduction, and role in infections and other applications. It describes the four main classes of fungi based on sexual spore formation - zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and deuteromycetes. Fungi can cause superficial infections of the skin/nails or deeper subcutaneous and systemic infections. They also have several useful properties like producing food, antibiotics, and industrial fermentation agents.
To maximize sensitivity of diagnostic testing, specimens should be stored frozen at -70°C and shipped on dry ice, with some exceptions. Specimens that will be evaluated within 1-2 days can be refrigerated at 4°C. Fixed tissues can be stored and shipped at room temperature. Blood specimens should not be stored overnight. Proper storage temperatures help preserve specimens until testing.
This document provides an introduction to the topic of mycology. It discusses the key characteristics of fungi, including their eukaryotic nature and cell wall composition of chitin and glucan. Fungi can exist in either yeast or mold forms and many medically important fungi are dimorphic, being able to live in both forms. The document outlines different types of fungal infections and methods for diagnosis, including microscopic examination, serology, culture and nucleic acid probes.
Medical Laboratory Scientist-microbiology summaryProtegeNithi
This document summarizes microbiology concepts and tests for the ASCP medical laboratory scientist exam, including morphology of bacteria, staining techniques like Gram stain and acid-fast stain, characteristics of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and the triple sugar iron agar test used to identify enteric bacteria. It provides examples and interpretations of triple sugar iron agar test results.
Picornaviruses are a family of small, non-enveloped viruses that includes enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. Enteroviruses such as poliovirus, coxsackievirus, and echovirus can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to meningitis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and even paralysis. Poliovirus is classified into three serotypes and can be diagnosed through virus isolation from throat or stool samples or antibody detection in serum. Both injectable inactivated and oral live attenuated vaccines are used to protect against poliovirus. Global vaccination efforts have nearly eradicated polio, with transmission now only occurring in a few countries.
This document discusses various methods for typing bacterial strains, including phage typing, bacteriocin typing, resistotyping, biotyping, serotyping, plasmid typing, and molecular typing. Phage typing uses bacteriophages to identify bacterial strains and has been used for Staphylococcus aureus. Bacteriocin typing analyzes antibiotic-like substances produced by bacteria. Resistotyping examines sensitivity to antimicrobial agents. Biotyping, serotyping, and plasmid typing rely on biochemical reactions and presence of surface antigens or plasmids. Molecular typing uses techniques like PCR for high sensitivity and specificity but requires specialized equipment.
This document provides an overview of bacteriology concepts including definitions of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. It discusses specimen collection and transport for aerobic bacteriology as well as the Gram stain procedure. Common aerobic agar media and identification of Gram positive cocci such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus are summarized. Key details are provided about pathogenic species and their associated diseases.
Giardia lamblia is also known as Lamblia intestinalis and Giardia duodenalis
It is a flagellated parasite that colonizes and reproduces in the small intestine, causing giardiasis.
This document provides information on Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, which is a standard reference for the classification and identification of prokaryotic organisms. It discusses the two current editions, with the second edition published from 2001-2012 being phylogenetic rather than phenetic in nature. Key details are provided on the domains Archaea and Bacteria, including major phyla within each domain. An overview is given of the classification system used in Bergey's Manual.
Nocardia are aerobic, gram-positive bacteria that are ubiquitous environmental saprophytes found in soil. They cause opportunistic infections in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Nocardia infections can manifest as cutaneous disease, pulmonary disease, disseminated disease, or central nervous system infections such as brain abscesses. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples showing branching filaments, culture growth on selective media, and molecular techniques such as PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing. Treatment involves prolonged courses of antibiotics such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or amikacin depending on the species.
Mycology is the study of fungi. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include molds, yeasts, and mushrooms. They obtain nutrients by absorbing organic compounds from dead or living organisms. Many fungi are harmless saprophytes, but some can cause diseases (mycoses) in humans and other animals. Common superficial fungal infections in humans include ringworm, athlete's foot, and yeast infections. Deeper fungal infections can also occur, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Proper identification of fungal species relies on examining their morphology and growth characteristics under the microscope and in culture.
The document discusses the normal microbial flora found on and within the human body of healthy individuals. It describes the various factors that influence the composition of the normal flora and defines resident and transient flora. It then provides details on the normal flora found at different anatomical sites of the body including skin, eyes, nose, mouth, ears, genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts. It lists examples of common bacterial species found at each site and discusses their roles and benefits in maintaining human health.
Anaerobic incubators are used to provide an oxygen-free atmosphere for growing anaerobic bacteria and conducting experiments. They work by circulating hydrogen gas through a heated palladium catalyst, which removes oxygen through a chemical reaction to form water, maintaining very low oxygen levels between 0-5 ppm. Compared to aerobic processes, anaerobic fermentations are more cost effective as they do not require high aeration, agitation, and cooling. Key components of anaerobic incubators include hydrogen gas, a palladium catalyst, a catalyst fan box, temperature controls, and an airlock. They have applications in clinical and research laboratories, tissue culture, industrial microbiology, quality control testing, biodegradation studies,
This document discusses laboratory-acquired infections (LAIs), which are defined as infections acquired through laboratory or laboratory-related activities. LAIs can occur through various routes of exposure like inhalation or contact with mucous membranes. Biological agents that cause LAIs are classified into four groups based on their risk, with Group 1 posing the lowest risk and Group 4 posing the highest. Groups 3 and 4 pathogens can cause severe disease and may spread to the community, although treatment is usually available for Group 3. A large 1976 survey found over 4,000 LAIs from 159 agents, with 10 agents causing over half of cases. Preventive measures like proper laboratory design, safe practices, and PPE can minimize LAI risks.
Giardia duodenalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis. It has both a trophozoite and cyst stage. The trophozoite lives in the small intestine where it attaches to epithelial cells and feeds on mucus, interfering with absorption. It can cause diarrhea and malabsorption. The cyst forms when trophozoites pass through the large intestine and are excreted in feces. Cysts are hardy and infect new hosts when ingested. Giardiasis is common worldwide and transmitted through contaminated water. Treatment involves metronidazole antibiotics.
Normal & abnormal hemoglobin derivativesrohini sane
Comprehensive presentation on Normal & abnormal hemoglobin derivatives for medical ,dental ,biotechnology & pharmacology students Comparison of molecular aspects & absorption spectra of normal & Meth-Hb are illustrated. Congenital & acquired Meth hemoglobinemia is described. briefly.Treatment of Meth-hemoglobinemia is presented along with its biochemical basis.Formation & clinical manifestations of Carboxy-hemoglobinemia is illustrated.Identification of Carboxy-hemoglobin in a diagnostic laboratory has been described for perusal of technologists.Google images are used to convey the aspect in a lucid way.
Module 3 biosafety principles & microbiologycal risk group 21 1-18EhealthMoHS
This document discusses biosafety principles and the classification of microorganisms by risk group. It describes the different biosafety levels from 1 to 4, which provide increasing levels of protection based on combinations of laboratory practices, safety equipment, and facility requirements. The biosafety levels are designed to safely work with biological agents according to their hazards. It also discusses the World Health Organization's classification of microorganisms into four risk groups based on their risk of disease and transmission. The appropriate biosafety level is selected by matching the containment measures to the risk group of the agent being handled.
This document discusses the laboratory diagnosis of Salmonella species. It begins by describing Salmonella bacteria and the diseases they can cause in humans, including typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and gastroenteritis. It then discusses the habitats of different Salmonella serotypes and outlines several methods for laboratory diagnosis, including culture-based isolation and identification using biochemical tests and serological or molecular techniques. The document provides details on the morphology, cultural characteristics, enrichment and selective media used for Salmonella as well as their typical biochemical reactions that are used for identification.
L25&26 fundamental concept (biochemistry)Rione Drevale
This document discusses aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in microorganisms. It describes the key metabolic processes of catabolism, biosynthesis, polymerization, and assembly that take place in cells. It explains how ATP is generated through aerobic respiration or anaerobic pathways like respiration and fermentation. The roles of oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration and various compounds in anaerobic respiration are highlighted. Genetic exchange mechanisms of transformation, conjugation and transduction are also summarized along with applications of recombinant DNA technology.
This document discusses bacterial metabolism. It begins by defining metabolism as the sum of all chemical reactions occurring in a cell, and notes that bacterial metabolism is essential for bacterial existence, the environment, and produces medically and commercially important products. It then defines catabolic and anabolic reactions, and lists the main components of metabolism like enzymes, ATP, electron carriers, and precursor metabolites. The document goes on to describe various metabolic pathways like glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, cellular respiration, the Krebs cycle, electron transport chains, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation. It discusses the products of fermentation and specific pathways like lactic acid fermentation. Finally, it briefly
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Inventions in the field of Biochemistry & Genetic Engineering include-
Preparation of wine and other alcoholic beverages.
Preparation of Vinegar.
Apparatus for enzymology and microbiology.
Composition of microbes and enzymes.
Fermentation or enzyme-using processes to synthesise a desired chemical compound or composition or to separate optical isomers from a racemic mixture
Metabolism involves catabolic reactions that break down molecules and anabolic reactions that build them up. Catabolic pathways are exergonic and release energy, while anabolic pathways are endergonic and require energy. Central metabolic pathways include glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain in cellular respiration. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with production of ATP. In cellular respiration, pyruvate is further oxidized through the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain to fully oxidize nutrients and facilitate ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation. Enzymes catalyze metabolic reactions and are regulated by factors like substrate concentration, temperature, and inhibitors.
Practical White Wine Production: Theory and PracticeSabrina Lueck
The document discusses white wine making theory and practice at the Walla Walla Center for Enology and Viticulture, including details on their 2013 and 2012 wine awards. It provides a two-part format covering chemical parameters and processes in winemaking, and how to identify issues and apply concepts to make easier and better wines. The Center thanks those who support their work empowering them to be better winemakers and educators.
The document summarizes a microbiology lab exercise on carbohydrate metabolism. Students will check results from the previous nitrogen metabolism lab, inoculate carbohydrate metabolism samples, and perform experiments including: fermentation tube tests of different carbohydrates; detection of fermentation products using MRVP media; testing for starch hydrolysis; and determining citrate utilization. Key concepts covered include: carbohydrates as preferred carbon sources; fermentation pathways and end products; and use of different media like Kligler Iron Agar, starch agar, and Simmon's Citrate Agar to analyze microbial metabolism and unknown bacteria.
Bacterial genetics 2015 December Second MBBS students MicrobiologySOMESHWARAN R
The document discusses various topics related to bacterial genetics including DNA structure, transcription, translation, and gene transfer mechanisms. It provides an overview of the central dogma of molecular biology, DNA and RNA structure, transcription and translation processes, bacterial chromosome, plasmids, and different types of mutations. Furthermore, it explains the key mechanisms of genetic recombination in bacteria namely transformation, transduction, and conjugation.
The document discusses various biochemical tests used to identify bacteria, including sugar fermentation, catalase, coagulase, and oxidase tests. Sugar fermentation tests for gas production using Andrade's indicator in sugar media. The catalase test detects the production of oxygen bubbles from hydrogen peroxide, indicating a positive result. The coagulase test shows clot formation in plasma due to coagulase enzyme activity. The oxidase test turns purple within 1-2 minutes due to cytochrome oxidase activity. Biochemical reactions require pure bacterial cultures.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants in soil and water. It is more cost effective than other remediation methods like incineration. There are three main techniques - in situ treats contamination on site, ex situ treats excavated material on or off site, and ex situ slurry treats soil-water mixtures in bioreactors or ponds. Specific in situ methods include land farming, bioventing, biosparging, and bioaugmentation which introduce oxygen and nutrients to stimulate microbes. Ex situ methods are composting, biopiles, and bioreactors which accelerate degradation through aeration and temperature/nutrient control.
Enterobacteriacea i biochemical reaction بكتريا عملي في رحاب الله
This document discusses biochemical tests used to identify members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, including lactose fermentation, IMViC (indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, and citrate) tests, urease test, motility test, and hydrogen sulfide production test. It provides details on the principles, methods, expected results and significance of each test for differentiating bacterial species like E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Salmonella. The document is authored by Dr. Nabil El Aila and focuses on diagnostic microbiology of gram-negative bacteria.
Genetically modified organisms and limitationsZahra Naz
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The production of GMOs involves identifying a gene of interest, amplifying it, and inserting it into an organism's genome. Common examples of GMOs include plants engineered for herbicide and pest resistance, golden rice with increased vitamin A, and bacteria used to produce insulin and vaccines. While GMOs may increase yields and benefit farmers, there are also concerns about their impacts on health and the environment as well as ethical issues.
This document provides information on various microbiology tests used to identify bacterial species, including examples of positive and negative results. It describes tests such as the catalase test to distinguish Staphylococci from Streptococci, the coagulase test for identifying Staph aureus, and the DNase test to differentiate Staph aureus from Staph epidermidis. It also summarizes culture-based tests on different media types to isolate and identify bacteria such as Salmonella, E. coli, and Streptococcus species.
This presentation shows the importance of choosing safe food and becoming aware of modified which might be hazard to your heath, you will know exactly what GMF is.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TECHNIQUES USED IN ZOONOTIC DISEASE Nataraju S M
Zoonotic pathogens cause diseases and death both in human & animals which ultimately leads to man power and economic loss of the country. Traditional diagnostic methods identify a pathogen based on its phenotype.
The correct assessment of a clinical isolate takes more time. Faster and simpler methods of diagnosis is of great advantage. That is why molecular biology technique is the first and foremost choice .
Plant - Pathogen Interaction and Disease DevelopmentKK CHANDEL
Plant diseases are the result of infection by any living organisms that adversely affect the growth, development, physiological functioning and productivity of a plant, manifesting outwardly as visible symptoms.
Enzymes play an important role in the biosynthesis of antibiotics like penicillin and streptomycin. The production of penicillin G involves three main steps - the condensation of amino acids to form ACV, the conversion of ACV to isopenicillin N, and the addition of a phenylacetyl side chain to isopenicillin N. Streptomycin is produced by Streptomyces griseus using a fermentation process involving soybean meal and glucose. Other commonly used antibiotics discussed include ampicillin, kanamycin, and chloramphenicol, along with their mechanisms of action and resistance.
MOLECULAR TOOLS IN DIAGNOSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES tawheedshafi
The future of the molecular diagnostics of infectious diseases will undoubtedly be focused on a marked increase in the amount of information detected with remarkably simplified, rapid platforms that will need complex software analysis to resolve the data for use in clinical decision-making.
Penicillin is produced through fermentation of the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. It requires lactose and yeast extract to grow in an aerobic batch fermenter. Penicillin is a secondary metabolite produced after the growth phase. Downstream processing involves filtration, extraction, and precipitation to purify penicillin from the fermentation broth.
Nutritional requirement by microorganismsSuchittaU
Nutrients are required for microbial growth and act as building blocks and energy sources. The main nutrient requirements for microorganisms include carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and trace elements. Microorganisms can be classified based on their carbon, energy and electron sources as photolithotrophs, photoorganoheterotrophs, chemolithoautotrophs, chemolithoheterotrophs or chemoorganoheterotrophs. Culture media are used to grow microorganisms and include defined, complex, liquid, solid, supportive, enriched, selective and differential media depending on their composition and purpose.
The document discusses the nutritional requirements of microorganisms. It explains that microorganisms require carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and other macro and micronutrients to support growth. Specific requirements include carbon sources, energy sources, and electron sources. The document also discusses nutrient uptake mechanisms in microbes and different types of culture media used for growing microorganisms, including defined, complex, supportive, enriched, selective, and differential media. Finally, it describes several techniques for isolating pure cultures of microbes, including spread plating, streak plating, and pour plating.
Microbial cells require certain essential nutrients for growth and metabolism. These include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, as well as various minerals and vitamins. Microbes can obtain these nutrients from either organic or inorganic sources, depending on whether they are heterotrophs or autotrophs. Nutrients can enter microbial cells through passive diffusion, osmosis, or active transport processes that require energy.
Microorganisms require specific physical and chemical conditions to grow, including appropriate temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and nutrient availability. Culture media aim to provide these requirements and allow isolation and differentiation of microbes. General purpose media support growth of many microbes while selective and differential media inhibit some microbes and reveal differences in microbial reactions. Strict anaerobes require specialized reducing media and techniques to cultivate them without oxygen exposure.
Bacterial growth and metabolism can be summarized in 3 points:
1. Bacteria multiply through binary fission and grow in colonies, turbid suspensions, or biofilms. Their growth rate is measured by doubling time.
2. Bacterial growth occurs in four phases - lag, exponential, stationary, and decline - as seen in an idealized growth curve obtained from broth culture.
3. Bacteria metabolize nutrients through various pathways like glycolysis and the TCA cycle to generate energy in the form of ATP. They can adapt and respond to different environmental stresses through stress responses and regulatory systems.
Bacterial metabolism involves catabolic and anabolic processes. Catabolism breaks down nutrients to release energy through reactions like aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation. Anabolism uses this energy to build macromolecules. Bacteria take in nutrients like sugars, lipids, nitrogen, and oxygen and break them down extracellularly before transporting subunits into cells for energy generation and biosynthesis through various pathways. Aerobic respiration is most efficient, while anaerobic respiration and fermentation are less efficient in the absence of oxygen.
Microorganisms can be classified based on their nutritional requirements and environmental tolerances. There are three main ways they are classified:
1. By their carbon and energy sources. Organisms are either heterotrophs that require organic carbon or autotrophs that can use carbon dioxide. They also differ in their energy sources as either phototrophs using light or chemotrophs using chemicals.
2. By their oxygen requirements. Microbes are aerobic and require oxygen, anaerobic and live without oxygen, or facultative and can live with or without oxygen.
3. By their temperature, pH, and other environmental tolerances. Organisms have optimal and minimum conditions for growth and are classified
The document discusses various factors that affect the growth of microorganisms. It describes the physical requirements for growth such as temperature, pH, oxygen, hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure. It also discusses the chemical requirements or nutritional factors needed for microbial growth, including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, trace elements and vitamins. The document outlines different types of microbes based on their temperature, oxygen and pH requirements. It also summarizes various culture media used for growing microorganisms in the laboratory.
The document discusses classifying microbes based on their metabolic requirements and laboratory techniques used for culturing bacteria. It covers Robert Koch's pioneering work developing strategies for cultivating bacteria. It describes the four phases of bacterial growth in laboratory conditions. Key techniques discussed include obtaining pure cultures using streak plating on semi-solid agar media, and maintaining and storing stock cultures.
Microorganisms require nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur and phosphorus to grow. They can be classified based on how they obtain carbon and energy, such as heterotrophs, autotrophs, chemotrophs and phototrophs. Selective and differential media can encourage or inhibit growth of specific microorganisms and compare different types. Limiting temperature, pH, gas levels and osmotic pressure can inhibit microbial growth physically, while antimicrobial agents and antibiotics can inhibit growth chemically by damaging cell structures. Overuse of antibiotics increases the risk of antibiotic resistant pathogens developing.
Lect. 3 (microbial nutrition and cultivation)Osama Rifat
Microbial growth conditions depend on various nutrients and environmental factors. Microorganisms require macronutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and micronutrients in small amounts. They also need growth factors like vitamins and amino acids. Temperature, pH, and oxygen levels influence microbial growth. Pure cultures can be isolated using techniques like streak plating that allow single microbial cells to grow into separate colonies.
This document discusses the physiology and metabolism of bacteria. It explains that bacteria metabolize organic and inorganic substrates to generate energy through catabolic pathways, while using this energy for anabolic pathways to synthesize cellular components. The four main components of bacterial cells are water, organic matter like proteins and carbohydrates, and inorganic minerals. Bacteria are classified based on their nutritional requirements, oxygen usage, and optimal temperature for growth. Enzymes play a key role in bacterial metabolism by catalyzing biochemical reactions. Bacterial growth occurs through binary fission and follows a characteristic growth curve with lag, logarithmic, stationary, and death phases.
This document discusses the physiology and metabolism of bacteria. It explains that bacteria metabolize organic and inorganic substrates to generate energy through catabolic pathways, while using this energy for anabolic pathways to synthesize cellular components. The four main components of bacterial cells are water, organic matter like proteins and carbohydrates, and inorganic minerals. Bacteria are classified based on their nutritional requirements, oxygen usage, and optimal temperature for growth. Enzymes play a key role in bacterial metabolism by catalyzing biochemical reactions. Bacterial growth occurs through binary fission and follows a characteristic growth curve with lag, logarithmic, stationary, and death phases.
Bacteria have certain basic nutrition requirements for growth, including a source of carbon, nitrogen, water, inorganic salts, and sometimes growth factors. The carbon source can be organic compounds or carbon dioxide, while the nitrogen source is typically ammonium ions. Most bacteria also require sources of phosphorus, sulfur, and various minerals. Physical factors like temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and osmotic conditions also influence bacterial growth. Under ideal conditions, bacteria will follow a defined growth curve with lag, log/exponential, stationary, and death phases as the population increases over time through binary fission.
This document discusses microbial nutrition, including macronutrients, micronutrients, growth factors, and environmental factors that influence microbial growth. It explains that microbes require carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other minerals as macronutrients, and trace amounts of metals like iron and zinc as micronutrients. The document also classifies microbes based on their carbon, energy, and electron sources, and lists examples like phototrophs, chemotrophs, lithotrophs, and organotrophs. Finally, it describes various mechanisms that microbes use to transport nutrients into cells, such as passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, group translocation, and
B sc micro i btm u 4 nutritional requirementsRai University
This document discusses the nutritional requirements of microorganisms and various culture media used to grow them. It outlines the macro and micronutrients required, as well as the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus needs of autotrophs and heterotrophs. Different culture media types are described including enriched, selective, indicator and differential media. Specific media like blood agar and triple sugar iron agar are also explained. Methods for culturing microbes including streak, pour, stab and anaerobic techniques are summarized.
This document discusses microbial growth and the requirements for growth. It describes the following:
- There are four main phases of bacterial growth: lag phase, log or exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase. During log phase, bacteria divide at their maximum rate.
- The key physical requirements for microbial growth are temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure. Microbes are classified as psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles based on temperature preferences.
- The key chemical requirements are a carbon source, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and trace elements. Microbes also have different oxygen requirements and ways of dealing with toxic forms of oxygen.
Similar to Bohomolets Microbiology Lecture #2 (20)
HIV discrimination among health providers in Malaysia by Dr RubzDr. Rubz
Although doctors took oath that they will treat everyone the best they can and without judging anyone but discrimination still exist especially in HIV affected people. Due to this issue, Pertubuhan Advokasi Masyarakat Terpinggir Malaysia has taken a step to engage with doctors at government sector and desensitize them and find the line to stand together.
HIV/AIDS data Hub Asia Pacific -Malaysia 2014Dr. Rubz
This document provides a summary of HIV/AIDS data for Malaysia across multiple indicators:
- HIV prevalence is highest among key populations like people who inject drugs, female sex workers, and men who have sex with men. Condom use and safe injection practices have increased over time but remain below optimal levels.
- The number of reported HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths has declined in recent years. Most HIV transmissions are through heterosexual contact and injecting drug use.
- Vulnerability remains high as many key populations lack comprehensive HIV knowledge and access to prevention programs, testing, and treatment.
- Government spending on HIV has increased but more funding needs to be directed towards programs for key populations at higher
This document provides a regional overview of HIV/AIDS trends in Asia and the Pacific from 1990-2013. It summarizes that there are currently 4.8 million people living with HIV in the region, with new infections declining significantly since 2001 but remaining largely unchanged in the past 5 years. Treatment coverage has increased substantially, with 1.56 million people now on ART, however this is still only about one-third of those in need. The challenges ahead include addressing gaps in prevention for key populations and along the treatment cascade.
1. The document summarizes Malaysia's HIV/AIDS situation and recommendations for interventions. It reports that while HIV transmission is declining overall, sexual transmission now accounts for over 50% of new cases, especially among heterosexuals and men who have sex with men. 2. Key recommendations include expanding access to antiretroviral treatment, strengthening prevention services for at-risk groups, and implementing proven interventions like condom promotion and harm reduction programs. 3. Achieving the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets of diagnosing 90% of HIV cases, treating 90% of those diagnosed, and virally suppressing 90% of those treated is an important goal.
The document announces an e-mail auction to raise funds for the United Learning Centre, which provides education and meals to 140 refugee children in Malaysia. The auction includes donations of a Rado watch, porcelain vases, paintings, a lamp, and other items. Proceeds will help the learning center continue offering refugee children education, nutrition, and boarding for those whose parents work far away. The auction encourages supporting this charity auction to help children in need.
Testicular cancer for public awareness by Dr RubzDr. Rubz
A presentation prepared for Charity Dinner with Fun Charity. All the profits of the event will go to FReHA (a NGO which supports women's and reproductive health.)
Prostate cancer for public awareness by DR RUBZDr. Rubz
A presentation prepared for Charity Dinner with Fun Charity. All the profits of the event will go to FReHA (a NGO which supports women's and reproductive health.)
Breast Cancer for public awareness by Dr RubzDr. Rubz
This document provides information from a presentation on breast cancer given by Dr. Ruby Bazeer. It discusses the anatomy of the breast and lymphatic system. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, with over 1.5 million new cases diagnosed annually. While breast cancer can be fatal if not detected early, it is curable when found early through methods like breast self-exams, clinical exams, ultrasound and mammography. The document outlines risk factors, signs and symptoms, screening recommendations, cancer stages and types of treatment for breast cancer. It aims to educate about this disease and the importance of early detection.
This is the first phase (qualitative) of the current project we are working on with the supervision of University Malaya and Yale School of Medicine.It will be publish as IBBS 2013 by end of the year. This slide is just a rough picture of what we are doing at the moment. This is copyright protected!
This document appears to be a set of slides for a lecture or teaching session on rapidly interpreting electrocardiograms (ECGs) given by Dr. James Smitt of Monash University on July 25, 2013 for third year medical students. The slides provide instruction on efficiently analyzing ECG readings to identify potential cardiac issues or abnormalities.
The document summarizes key details about the inguinal canal and inguinal hernias. It describes the anatomy of the inguinal canal including its entrance, exit, roof, floor, and walls. It then discusses direct and indirect inguinal hernias, their causes, signs and symptoms, examination findings, and surgical repair techniques like Lichtenstein and Shouldice repairs. Femoral hernias are also briefly covered.
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the breast as well as common breast conditions. It discusses the structure of the breast including lobes, lobules, ducts, and surrounding tissues. It then covers common benign and malignant breast diseases like fibroadenomas, cysts, mastitis, and ductal carcinoma in situ. The document concludes with descriptions of clinical exam findings, imaging tests, biopsy procedures, and management of various breast abnormalities.
This document discusses techniques for breast examination and signs of breast cancer. It describes various types of lumps, skin changes, and nipple disorders that may indicate breast cancer, including hard or soft lumps, skin dimpling or redness, nipple inversion or discharge. It also summarizes ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, and how cancer can spread through lymph or blood vessels. Risk factors like genetics, lifestyle, and environment that may contribute to breast cancer development are outlined. Diagrams depict breast anatomy and different stages of cancer progression.
The document discusses various conditions that can affect the male genital tract including hydrocele, hematocele, spermatocele, varicocele, testicular tumors, testicular torsion, epididymo-orchitis, and undescended testis. It provides information on the presentation, risk factors, investigations, management, and complications of each condition. The document is a reference for doctors on evaluating and treating various scrotal and testicular issues.
This document discusses different types of hernias, including ventral, incisional, and Spigelian hernias. It defines a hernia as an abnormal protrusion of an organ outside its normal cavity. It classifies hernias based on their location, such as inguinal or femoral. Incisional hernias occur through a previous surgical wound. Signs and symptoms vary from a painless lump to a painful, swollen protrusion. Management typically involves surgical repair to excise the hernia sac and close the defect.
1. Orchitis and epididymo-orchitis are usually caused by blood-borne infections like Chlamydia, gonorrhea, or E. coli. They present with acute pain and swelling of the testes or epididymis.
2. Undescended testes occur in 1% of boys after 1 year of age and can lead to infertility if not treated. Risk factors include prematurity and family history. Treatment is orchidopexy to bring the testes into the scrotum.
3. Testicular torsion occurs when the spermatic cord twists, cutting off blood supply to the testes. It requires urgent surgery to untwist the cord or
Malaria is the most commonly imported tropical disease in the UK, with 1,500-2,000 cases reported annually. Three-quarters of cases are caused by Plasmodium falciparum, which can rapidly cause severe multi-organ disease if not treated promptly. Diagnosis relies on examination of blood films by an expert microscopist to detect parasites, though rapid diagnostic tests can also identify P. falciparum. Treatment depends on the Plasmodium species and severity of illness. Uncomplicated non-falciparum malaria is usually treated with chloroquine, while uncomplicated P. falciparum is treated with atovaquone-proguanil, quinine,
Tuberculosis is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It typically affects the lungs but can spread to other organs. Primary TB occurs after initial exposure and may result in an asymptomatic Ghon focus or spread to lymph nodes and other sites. Secondary TB occurs from reactivation of a dormant lesion, usually in the apices of the lungs. Diagnosis involves testing sputum, blood, or other fluids for acid-fast bacilli on smear or culture. Chest x-ray may show consolidations, cavities or fibrosis. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen over 6-9 months to prevent resistance, with monitoring of side effects like hepatitis and optic neuritis. Contact tracing and screening of household members is
This document summarizes different types of shock including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, neurogenic, septic, anaphylactic, and obstructive shock. It provides details on definitions, signs and symptoms, investigations, and management for each type of shock. General management includes maintaining the airway, providing oxygen, establishing intravenous access, monitoring vital signs, and administering fluids with or without vasopressors depending on the type and severity of shock. Specific investigations and treatments are outlined for each shock type.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
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10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
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share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
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DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
2. Principal elements of the cell and their physiological functions (1) Important inorganic cation and cofactor for some enzymatic reactions. It stabilizes ribosomes 1 Potassium (K) Constituent of some amino acids in proteins and some coenzymes 1 Sulfur (S) Constituent of nucleic acids, phospholipids, coenzymes 3 Phosphorus (P) Constituent of cellular water and organic cell components 8 Hydrogen (H) Constituent of proteins, nucleic acids, coenzymes 14 Nitrogen (N) Constituent of cellular water and most organic cell components; molecular oxygen serves as an electron acceptor in aerobic respiration 20 Oxygen (O) Constituent of all organic cell components 50 Carbon (C) Physiological functions Cell dry weight Element
3. Principal elements of the cell and their physiological functions (2) The elements are required in very small amounts. Part of enzymes, required for enzyme activity 0,3 Trace elements: Cobalt, Zinc, Molybdenum, Manganese (Mn) Constituent of cytochromes and some proteins 0,2 Iron (Fe) Important inorganic cation 0,5 Chlorine (Cl) Important inorganic cation and cofactor for many enzymatic reactions 0,5 Magnesium (Mg) Important inorganic cation and cofactor for some enzymatic reactions 0,5 Calcium (Ca) One of the principal inorganic cations in eukaryotic cells and important in membrane transport 1 Sodium (Na) Physiological functions Cell dry weight Element
8. Psychrophiles are microorganisms that have an optimum temperature below 15 0 C and is capable of growth at 0 0 C. These organisms are usually found in such environments as the Arctic and Antarctic regions.
9. Mesophiles are microorganisms that grow at intermediate temperature and have their optimum within the range of 20 0 C to about 50 0 C. This grope includes the majority of disease-causing bacteria. Their optimum temperature for growth is according to temperature of human body (35-40 0 C)
10. Thermophiles are microbes that grow optimally at temperatures greater than 450C, and can exist with temperature between 500C and 800C. Heat-loving microbes live in soil and water associated with volcanic activity and in habitats directly exposed to the sun. Extreme thermophiles are microorganisms whole optumum growth temperature is above 80 0 C.
11. Effects of pH Optimum pH for most mictobes ranges approximately from 6 to 8. Most human pathogens grow optimally at a pH of 6,5 to 7,5. Acidophiles are microorganisms which prefer lower pH (yeasts and molds) Alkalinophiles prefer higher pH
12. Osmotic pressure and salinity Osmotolerant (halotolerant) are microorganisms that can grow in solutions with high solute concentrate (salinity). Osmophiles (halophiles) are microorganisms that require a high solute concentration (salinity).
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14. Obligate aerobes There are microorganisms that cannot grow without oxygen because they metabolize sugars through a pathway that requires oxygen.
15. Obligate anaerobes There are microorganisms that cannot multiply is any oxygen is present. Some members are actually killed by traces of oxygen because they cannot modify the toxic forms of oxygen produced in metabolism. Some of their enzymes are denatured by oxygen. Among the more important anaerobic pathogens are some species of Clostridium, Bacteroides
16. Facultative anaerobes There are microorganisms that does not require oxygen for their metabolism and capable of growth in the absence of oxygen. This type of organism metabolizes by aerobic respiration when oxygen is present, but, in its absence, it adopts an anaerobic mode of metabolism such as fermentation. A large member of bacterial pathogens fall into this group (Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus).
17. Microaerophiles These microorganisms require small amounts of oxygen (2% to 10%), but higher concentration are toxic. Disease-causing microaerophilic microorganisms are Helicobacter pylori (the agent of gastrointestinal ulcers), Actinomyces israelii.
18. Aerotolerant anaerobes These microorganisms grow in the presence or absence of oxygen, but unlike facultative anaerobes, they derive no benefit from oxygen. Medically important member of this grope is Streptococcus pyogenes (agent of strep throat).
19. Capnophiles There are microorganisms that grow better at a higher CO 2 tension than is normally present in the atmosphere. Special CO 2 incubators are used for cultivation of capnophile bacteria. Medically important member of this grope is Streptococcus pneumonia (agent of pneumonia), Neisseria (agents of gonorrhea and meningitis), Brucella (agent of undulant fever).
20. Enzyme content of bacteria with different requirement for oxygen Neither catalase nor superoxide dismutase Strict anaerobe Superoxide dismutase Aerotolerant Small amount of catalase and superoxide dismutase Microaerophile Catalase Superoxide dismutase Facultative anaerobe Catalase – H 2 O 2 H 2 O + O 2 Superoxide dismutase O 2 - +2H+ O 2 + H 2 O 2 H 2 O + O 2 Strict aerobe Enzyme content for O 2 detoxification Name
21. Metabolic strategies among heterotrophic microorganisms Facultative, aerotolerant, strict anaerobes 2 ATP, CO2, ethanol, lactic acid Organic molecules Glycolysis Fermentative Anaerobes, some facultatives CO 2 , ATP, organic acids, H 2 O, CH 4 , N 2 Various inorganic salts Glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport Respiration Anaerobe metabolism Aerobes, facultative anaerobes 38 ATP, CO 2 , H 2 O O 2 Glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport Aeronic restiration Chief microbe type Net products Final elect-ron acceptor Pathways involved Scheme
22. Metabolism is the sum of cellular chemical changes; it involves scores of reactions that interlink in linear or branched pathways. Metabolism is a complementary process consisting of anabolism and catabolism
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24. Anabolism is any process that results in synthesis of cell molecules and structures. It is a building and bond-making process that forms larger molecules from smaller ones, and it usually requires the input of energy. Catabolism is the inverse process in which large molecules are degraded. During the catabolism energy is released and can be stored in form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
28. Some enzymes and their function Catalyzes the reduction (addition of electrons and hydrogen) to O 2 Molecular oxygen Oxido-reductase Oxidase Catalyzes the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid Pyruvic acid Oxido-reductase Lactate de-hydrogenase Catalyzes the conversion of the substrate to two 3-carbon fragments Fructose diphosphate Lyase Aldolase Synthesizes a strand of DNA using the complementary strand as a model DNA nucleosides Transfe-rase DNA polymerase Hydrolyzes beta-lactam ring Penicillin Hydrolase Penicillinase Breaks lactose down into glucose and galactose Lactose Hydrolase Lactase Action Substrate Enzyme class Name
29. Nutritional categories of microbes by carbon and energy source Only certain bacteria, such as methanogens Simple inorganic chemicals CO 2 Chemo-autotroph Photosynthetic organism, such as algae, plants, cyanobacteria Sunlight CO 2 Photo-autotroph Nonliving environment CO 2 Autotroph Examples Energy source Carbon source Category
30. Nutritional categories of microbes by carbon and energy source Various parasites and pathogens; can be bacteria, fungi, protozoa Utilizing the tissues, fluids of a live host Organic Parasite Fungi, bacteria Metabolizing the organic matter of dead organisms Organic Saprobe Protozoa, fungi, many bacteria Metabolic conversion of the nutrients from other organisms Organic Chemo-heterotroph Other organisms Organic Heterotroph Examples Energy source Carbon source Category
34. Features of diffusion and active transport Binds to protein in periplasmic space, which then interacts with a receptor protein in the cytoplasmic membrane Higher on inside Yes Active transport Permeases in cytoplasmic membrane involved Same No Facilitated diffusion Diffuses through cytoplasmic membrane Same No Passive diffusion Mechanisms of transport Concentration on outside and inside of cell Energy required Type of transport
Editor's Notes
In chemical structure procariotic cell don't differ from eucariotic. Substances required for survival are essential nutrients - usually containing the elements (C,H,N,O,P,S,Na, Cl, K,Ca, Fe, Mg). Essential nutrients are considered as macronutrients (required in larger amounts).
Micronutrients are trace elements required in smaller amounts - Zn, Mn, Cu. A growth factors are organic nutrient (amino acid and vitamn) that cannot be synthesized and must be provided.
As a general rule, the optimum temperature for growth, defined as the temperature at which the organism devedes most rapidly, is close to the upper limit of its range. This phenomenon is due to the fact that the speed of enzymatic reactions in the cel approximately doubles for each 100C rise in temperature, and this the cells grow more rapidly as the temperature rises. However, if the temperature becomes too high, enzymes required for the life of the cell are denatured and can no longer function, resulting in the slower growth or death of cells.
Most eucaryotic forms cannot survive above 60 C. but a few thermopilic bacteria called hyperthermophiles, grow between 80 and 100 C .
The majority of organisms do not sive ir grow in high or low pH habitats, because acids and bases can be highly demeging to enzymes and other cellular substances.
The cell wall structures of bacteria make them relatively resistent to changes in osmotic pressure, however, extreme osmotic pressures can result in the death of bacteria. In hypertonic solutions, bacteria may shrind and vecome desiccated. In hypotonic solutions the cell may burst.
Bacteria can be classified into some divisions based upon their requirments for gaseous oxygen or air, which contain 20% oxygen.
Most fungi and protozoas, as well as many bacteria (genera Micrococcus and Pseudononas) have strict requirements for oxygen in their metabolism
Why are some anaerobes killed in the presence of O2, but others can tolerate in even though they cannot use it? Oxygen can be converted into a number of forms that are highly toxic. Some of these toxic forms, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are formed by metabolic processes onvolning O2. Other toxic compounds, such as superoxide ()2-), are produced as a chamical reaction on light. Cells that are not killed in the presence of oxygen contain enzymes that can convert these toxic compounds to nontoxic forms.
As you can see, aerobic respiration is a series of reactions (glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and the respiration chain) that converst glulose to CO2 and gives off energy. It relies in free oxygen as the final acceptor for electrons and hydrogens and produces a relatively large amount of ATP. Facultative and aerotolerant anaerobes may ile only the glycolysis scheme to incompletely oxidize of ferment glucose. In this case, oxygen is not required, organic compounds are the final electron acceptors, and a relatively small amount of ATP is produced. anaerobic respiration involves the same three pathways as aerobic respiration, but it does not use molecular oxygen as the final electron acceptor. So, to obtain the same amount of energy, a cell growing under anaerobic conditions must degrade about 20 times more glucose than a cell growing under aerobic conditions. Because the amount of work a cell can perform depends on its supply of ATP, a facultatives can synthesize more cell material per unit of time (and therefore can multiply more rapidly) in presence of oxygen than without it.
Anabolism sometimes also called biosynthesis. From simle substrates, cells synthesize the various types of macromolecules needed to allow the cells to live and to grow. The substrates may be the inorganic compounds such as CO2 used by autotrophs or the organic compounds such as glucose used by heterotrophs. The compounds formed from these substrates include proteins (which act as enzymes, structural proteins, membrane carriers, receptors), lipids (components of membrane), carbohydrates (which firm much of the structure of cell walls) and nucleic acids.
There are 3 classification of enzymes. They are found on different principles: genetical cl., biochemical cl., microbiological cl. Many bacterial pathogens secrete inuque exoenzymes that help them avoid host defenses or promote their multiplication in tissue. Because these enzymes contribute to pathogebicity, they are referred to as virulence factors. But we will meet with them later.
After initial synthesis in the cell, exoenzymes are transported extracellularly, where they break down large food molecules of harmful chemicals (examples of exoenzymes are cellulase, amylase, penicillinase). By contrast, endoenzymes are retained intracellularly and function there.
Constitutive enz. are always present and in relatively constant amounts, regardless of the amount of substrate. The enz. involved in utilizing glucose are very important in metabolism and thus are constitutive. Induced enz. are not constatntly present and are produced only when their substrate is present. They are normally presrnt in trace amounts, but their quantity can be increased by the addition of substrate. This property of selective synthesis of enz. prevents a cell from wasting energy by making enzymes that will not be used immediately.
Microbes with rigid cell walls as bacteria are incapable engulfing large food particles. To compensate, they release ebzymes to the extracellular environment and digest the food particles into smaller molecules that can pass freely into the cell.
In Gram+ bacteria, such enzymes as proteases and nusleases, terced exoebzymes, are secreted by the cell into the medium, where they act. In Gram - bacteria, degradative enzymes are generally located in the periplasm. thus, any large molecules that pass through the porous cell wall sill come in contact with these enzymes, which will break them down into smaller molecules that will then pass through the cytoplasmic membrane.
Bulk transport is endocytosis (phagocytosis or pinocytosis) and can be used only by microbes with flexible cell membrane like amebas.