•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
IntroductionDefinitionPescidesType of pesticidesFate of pesticides in environmentBiodegradation of pesticides in soil Criteria for biodegradation
Strategies for biodegradationDifferent approaches of biodegradationChemical reaction leading to biodegradationChanging the spectrum of toxicityExample of biodegradationAdvantageDisadvantage
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
IntroductionDefinitionPescidesType of pesticidesFate of pesticides in environmentBiodegradation of pesticides in soil Criteria for biodegradation
Strategies for biodegradationDifferent approaches of biodegradationChemical reaction leading to biodegradationChanging the spectrum of toxicityExample of biodegradationAdvantageDisadvantage
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar BhanushaliUdayBhanushali111
Mechanisms and techniques used for Bioremediation which includes phytoremediation, Bacterial & fungal bioremediation. Examples of heavy metal pollution
This ppt contains all types of Microbial Bioremediation methods . Everyone can understand clearly . Explaining with neat pictures and animation . Useful for presentation about Microbes in bioremediation . At last it contains a small animated video which helps to get clear view .
"Remediate" means to solve a problem, and "bio-remediate" means to use biological organisms to solve an environmental problem such as contaminated soil or groundwater.
Bioremediation means to use a biological remedy to abate or clean up contamination.
According to the EPA, bioremediation is a “treatment that uses naturally occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or non toxic substances”.
The USEPA defines biodegradation as a process by which microbial organisms transform or alter (through metabolic or enzymatic action) the structure of chemicals introduced into the environment.
According to the definition by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the term biodegradation is “Breakdown of a substance catalyzed by enzymes in vitro or in vivo.
The term is often used in relation to ecology, waste management, biomedicine, and the natural environment (bioremediation) and is now commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are capable of decomposing back into natural elements.
Biodegradable matter is generally organic material such as plant and animal matter and other substances originating from living organisms, or artificial materials that are similar enough to plant and animal matter to be put to use by microorganisms.
Introduction
Type of pesticides
Advantage & disadvantages of pesticides
Degradation of pesticide
Microbial degradation of pesticides
Mode of microbial metabolism of pesticides
Strategies for biodegradation
Approaches for biodegradation of pesticide
Chemical reaction leading biodegradation of pesticide
Metabolism of pesticides by MO
Metabolism of DDT
“Bioleaching" or "bio-oxidation" employs the use of naturally occurring bacteria, harmless to both humans and the environment, to extract of metals from their ores.
Conversion of insoluble metal sulfides into water-soluble metal sulfates.
It is mainly used to recover certain metals from sulfide ores. This is much cleaner than the traditional leaching.
Environmental Microbiology: Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compoundsTejaswini Petkar
A brief presentation on 'Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compounds'- their classes,their sources, the microorganisms involved and their modes of degradation,
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY
BIOREMEDIATION OF OIL SPILLS
CASE STUDY
CONCLUSION
Subtopics
Bio remediation in hot and cold environments
Use of Nitrogen fixing Bacteria
Bio remediation using fungi from soil samples
Bio remediation using bacteria and case studies
Bioremediation
Bioremediation refers to the use of either naturally occurring or
deliberately introduced microorganisms to consume and break down
environmental pollutants, in order to clean a polluted site.
The process of bioremediation enhances the rate of the natural
microbial degradation of contaminants by supplementing the
indigenous microorganisms (bacteria or fungi) with nutrients, carbon
sources, or electron donors (biostimulation, biorestoration) or by
adding an enriched culture of microorganisms that have specific
characteristics that allow them to degrade the desired contaminant at
a quicker rate (bioaugmentation).
It is a cleaning process that degrades dangerous contaminants using
naturally existing microbes. These bacteria may consume and
degrade organic chemicals as a source of food and energy, degrade
organic substances that are dangerous to living creatures, including
humans, and degrade the organic pollutants into inert products.
Because the bacteria already exist in nature, they offer no pollution
concern
Bioremediation is the use of
microorganisms or microbial processes
to detoxify and degrade environmental
contaminants.
Microorganisms have been used for the
routine treatment and transformation
of waste products for several decades
Bioremediation strategies rely on
having the correct microorganisms in
the right location at the right time in the
right environment for degradation to
occur. The appropriate microorganisms
are bacteria and fungi that have the
physiological and metabolic
competence to breakdown pollutants
Objective of Bioremediation
The objective of bioremediation is to decrease pollutant levels to
undetectable, nontoxic, or acceptable levels, i.e., within regulatory
limits, or, ideally, to totally mineralize organopollutants to carbon
dioxide
BIOREMEDIATION AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN ENVIRONMENT
PROTECTION
Bioremediation is defined as ‘the process of using microorganisms to remove
the environmental pollutants where microbes serve as scavengers’.
• The removal of organic wastes by microbes leads to environmental clean-up.
The other names/terms used for bioremediation are biotreatment,
bioreclamation, and biorestoration.
• The term “Xenobiotics” (xenos means foreign) refers to the unnatural, foreign
and synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, herbicides, refrigerants, solvents
and other organic compounds.
• The microbial degradation of xenobiotics also helps in reducing the
environmental pollution. Pseudomonas which is a soil microorganism
effectively degrades xenobiotics.
• Different strains of Pseudomonas that are capable of detoxifying more than
100 organic compounds (e.g. phenols, biphenyls, organophosphates,
naphthalene, etc.) have been identified.
• Some other microbial strains are also known to have the capacity to degrade
xenobiotics such as Mycobacterium, Alcaligenes, Norcardia, etc.
Factors affecting biodegradation
The factors that affect the
biodegradation are:
• the chemical nature of
xenobiotics,
• the conc
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar BhanushaliUdayBhanushali111
Mechanisms and techniques used for Bioremediation which includes phytoremediation, Bacterial & fungal bioremediation. Examples of heavy metal pollution
This ppt contains all types of Microbial Bioremediation methods . Everyone can understand clearly . Explaining with neat pictures and animation . Useful for presentation about Microbes in bioremediation . At last it contains a small animated video which helps to get clear view .
"Remediate" means to solve a problem, and "bio-remediate" means to use biological organisms to solve an environmental problem such as contaminated soil or groundwater.
Bioremediation means to use a biological remedy to abate or clean up contamination.
According to the EPA, bioremediation is a “treatment that uses naturally occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or non toxic substances”.
The USEPA defines biodegradation as a process by which microbial organisms transform or alter (through metabolic or enzymatic action) the structure of chemicals introduced into the environment.
According to the definition by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the term biodegradation is “Breakdown of a substance catalyzed by enzymes in vitro or in vivo.
The term is often used in relation to ecology, waste management, biomedicine, and the natural environment (bioremediation) and is now commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are capable of decomposing back into natural elements.
Biodegradable matter is generally organic material such as plant and animal matter and other substances originating from living organisms, or artificial materials that are similar enough to plant and animal matter to be put to use by microorganisms.
Introduction
Type of pesticides
Advantage & disadvantages of pesticides
Degradation of pesticide
Microbial degradation of pesticides
Mode of microbial metabolism of pesticides
Strategies for biodegradation
Approaches for biodegradation of pesticide
Chemical reaction leading biodegradation of pesticide
Metabolism of pesticides by MO
Metabolism of DDT
“Bioleaching" or "bio-oxidation" employs the use of naturally occurring bacteria, harmless to both humans and the environment, to extract of metals from their ores.
Conversion of insoluble metal sulfides into water-soluble metal sulfates.
It is mainly used to recover certain metals from sulfide ores. This is much cleaner than the traditional leaching.
Environmental Microbiology: Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compoundsTejaswini Petkar
A brief presentation on 'Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compounds'- their classes,their sources, the microorganisms involved and their modes of degradation,
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY
BIOREMEDIATION OF OIL SPILLS
CASE STUDY
CONCLUSION
Subtopics
Bio remediation in hot and cold environments
Use of Nitrogen fixing Bacteria
Bio remediation using fungi from soil samples
Bio remediation using bacteria and case studies
Bioremediation
Bioremediation refers to the use of either naturally occurring or
deliberately introduced microorganisms to consume and break down
environmental pollutants, in order to clean a polluted site.
The process of bioremediation enhances the rate of the natural
microbial degradation of contaminants by supplementing the
indigenous microorganisms (bacteria or fungi) with nutrients, carbon
sources, or electron donors (biostimulation, biorestoration) or by
adding an enriched culture of microorganisms that have specific
characteristics that allow them to degrade the desired contaminant at
a quicker rate (bioaugmentation).
It is a cleaning process that degrades dangerous contaminants using
naturally existing microbes. These bacteria may consume and
degrade organic chemicals as a source of food and energy, degrade
organic substances that are dangerous to living creatures, including
humans, and degrade the organic pollutants into inert products.
Because the bacteria already exist in nature, they offer no pollution
concern
Bioremediation is the use of
microorganisms or microbial processes
to detoxify and degrade environmental
contaminants.
Microorganisms have been used for the
routine treatment and transformation
of waste products for several decades
Bioremediation strategies rely on
having the correct microorganisms in
the right location at the right time in the
right environment for degradation to
occur. The appropriate microorganisms
are bacteria and fungi that have the
physiological and metabolic
competence to breakdown pollutants
Objective of Bioremediation
The objective of bioremediation is to decrease pollutant levels to
undetectable, nontoxic, or acceptable levels, i.e., within regulatory
limits, or, ideally, to totally mineralize organopollutants to carbon
dioxide
BIOREMEDIATION AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN ENVIRONMENT
PROTECTION
Bioremediation is defined as ‘the process of using microorganisms to remove
the environmental pollutants where microbes serve as scavengers’.
• The removal of organic wastes by microbes leads to environmental clean-up.
The other names/terms used for bioremediation are biotreatment,
bioreclamation, and biorestoration.
• The term “Xenobiotics” (xenos means foreign) refers to the unnatural, foreign
and synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, herbicides, refrigerants, solvents
and other organic compounds.
• The microbial degradation of xenobiotics also helps in reducing the
environmental pollution. Pseudomonas which is a soil microorganism
effectively degrades xenobiotics.
• Different strains of Pseudomonas that are capable of detoxifying more than
100 organic compounds (e.g. phenols, biphenyls, organophosphates,
naphthalene, etc.) have been identified.
• Some other microbial strains are also known to have the capacity to degrade
xenobiotics such as Mycobacterium, Alcaligenes, Norcardia, etc.
Factors affecting biodegradation
The factors that affect the
biodegradation are:
• the chemical nature of
xenobiotics,
• the conc
A detailed presentation on current hot emerging topic BIOREMEDIATION explaining the process and the needs with advantages and disadvantages of the same
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
1. Department of Microbiology
(Ch. Charan Singh University Campus, Meerut)
Presented By: Manisha Sirohi
M.Sc. (Microbiology)
2nd Semester.
2. CONTENTS
What is bioremediation?
Bioremediation: A three corner process.
Types of bioremediation techniques.
In situ bioremediation
Ex situ bioremediation
Micro-organisms use in bioremediation.
Factors affecting bioremediation.
References
3. What is bioremediation?
•Bioremediation refers to the process of
using microorganisms to remove the
environmental pollutants i.e. toxic
wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•The microbes serves as scavengers in
bioremediation.
•The other names used (by some authors)
for bioremediation are biotreatment,
bioreclamation and biorestoration.
6. In situ bioremediation:
•It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•In situ bioremediation has been successfully applied
for clean-up of oil spillages, beaches etc.
7. Two types of in situ bioremediation:
• Natural attenuation/Intrinsic bioremediation:
The inherent metabolic ability of the microorganisms to
degrade certain pollutants.
It occurs without human intervention.
• Enhanced/Engineered in situ bioremediation:
If bioremediation requires the construction of engineered
systems to supply microbe-stimulating materials, it is said to
be enhanced/engineered in situ bioremediation.
8. 4 Types of enhanced/engineered in situ bioremediation:
1. Bioventing: This is very efficient
and cost-effective technique for the
bioremediation of petroleum
contaminated soils.
Bioventing involves aerobic
biodegradation of pollutants by
circulating air through sub-
surfaces of soil.
Useful to treat light spilled
petroleum products.
9. 2. Biosparging: Injection of air in
to soil surface or below the water
table- increases ground-water
oxygen concentrations and mixing
in saturated zone.
Causes upward movement of
volatile organic compounds to the
unsaturated zone to promote
biodegradation.
Useful in treatment of mid-weight
petroleum hydrocarbon
contaminants, such as diesel and jet
fuels.
10. 3. Bioslurping: It combines elements
of bioventing and vacuum-enhanced
pumping of free-product to recover
free-product from the ground-water
and soil, and to bioremediate soil.
When free-product removal activities
are completed, the bioslurping system
is easily converted to a conventional
bioventing system to complete the
remediation.
11. 4. Phytoremediation: It is an in-situ
technique that uses plants to
remediate contaminated soil,
sediment and water.
Deep rooted trees, grasses, legumes,
and aquatic plants all have
application in the phytoremediation
field.
12. Ex situ bioremediation:
•Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the
polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried
out at a designated place or site.
•4 types of ex situ bioremediation:
•Land farming, windrow, biopiles and bioreactors.
13. • Land farming: Contaminated soil is excavated and spread over
land. Soil is periodically tilled to improve aeration.
Remediation due to indigenous microorganisms, as well as
chemical and physical processes. It can reduce monitoring and
maintainence costs.
• Windrow: Windrows rely on periodic turning of piled polluted
soil to enhance bioremediation by icreasing degradation
activities of indigenous and/or transient hydrocarbonoclastic
bacteria present in polluted soil.
• Biopiling: It is the combination of landfarming and
composting. It controls the physical losses of contaminants.
• Bioreactors: Soil and water pumped up from a contaminated
plume and processed through an engineered containment
system. Degradation in a bioreactor is generally greater than in
situ because the contained environment is more controlable and
predictable.
15. Micro-organisms use in bioremediation.
Bacteria:
• A number of naturally occurring marine
microbes such as Pseudomonas sp. is
capable of degrading oil and other
hydrocarbons.
• Pseudomonas putida- Aromatic
compounds
• Pseudomonas diminuta- Parathion
• Other bacteria includes Achromobacter,
Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Brevibacterium,
capable of degrading petroleum
hydrocarbons.
17. References
• Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
• Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
• Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
• Dubey R.C. ATextbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
• Dubey R.C. ATextbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
• Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL
INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
• www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
