The document discusses the nutritional requirements of microorganisms. It explains that microorganisms require carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and other macro and micronutrients to support growth. Specific requirements include carbon sources, energy sources, and electron sources. The document also discusses nutrient uptake mechanisms in microbes and different types of culture media used for growing microorganisms, including defined, complex, supportive, enriched, selective, and differential media. Finally, it describes several techniques for isolating pure cultures of microbes, including spread plating, streak plating, and pour plating.
Lect. 3 (microbial nutrition and cultivation)Osama Rifat
Microbial growth conditions depend on various nutrients and environmental factors. Microorganisms require macronutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and micronutrients in small amounts. They also need growth factors like vitamins and amino acids. Temperature, pH, and oxygen levels influence microbial growth. Pure cultures can be isolated using techniques like streak plating that allow single microbial cells to grow into separate colonies.
Nutrisi dan Medium Mikroorganismeeee.pptTiara711410
The document discusses microbial nutrition and the requirements of microorganisms. It states that microbes require nutrients from their external environment, which they take up and metabolize for growth and energy. The main nutrients include carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, and trace elements. Carbon is generally obtained from organic sources while nitrogen can come from inorganic or organic sources. Microbes also require vitamins and growth factors. The composition of the E. coli cell is provided as an example. Different growth media are formulated to meet the nutritional needs of various microorganisms like Bacillus, Thiobacillus, E. coli and Leuconostoc.
The document discusses the chemical structure and metabolism of bacteria. It describes the principal elements that make up bacterial cells, including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and others. It also discusses macromolecules that constitute bacterial cells, such as proteins, RNA, DNA, lipids, and carbohydrates. Additionally, it outlines various environmental factors that influence bacterial growth, such as temperature, oxygen, pH, and osmotic pressure.
B sc micro i btm u 4 nutritional requirementsRai University
This document discusses the nutritional requirements of microorganisms and various culture media used to grow them. It outlines the macro and micronutrients required, as well as the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus needs of autotrophs and heterotrophs. Different culture media types are described including enriched, selective, indicator and differential media. Specific media like blood agar and triple sugar iron agar are also explained. Methods for culturing microbes including streak, pour, stab and anaerobic techniques are summarized.
Bacterial metabolism involves catabolic and anabolic processes. Catabolism breaks down nutrients to release energy through reactions like aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation. Anabolism uses this energy to build macromolecules. Bacteria take in nutrients like sugars, lipids, nitrogen, and oxygen and break them down extracellularly before transporting subunits into cells for energy generation and biosynthesis through various pathways. Aerobic respiration is most efficient, while anaerobic respiration and fermentation are less efficient in the absence of oxygen.
Bacteria require nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace elements for growth and reproduction. These nutrients are used to build carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Bacteria need macronutrients like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in large amounts, as well as micronutrients like iron and zinc in very small amounts. Environmental factors like temperature, pH, and oxygen levels also influence bacterial growth. Proper nutrition and growth conditions are necessary for bacteria to successfully multiply.
The document discusses microbial nutrition and the requirements for various nutrients including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. It describes the different types of microorganisms based on their carbon and energy sources, including heterotrophs, autotrophs, phototrophs, and chemotrophs. It also discusses uptake of nutrients via passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport mechanisms. Culture media types and compositions are outlined.
Lect. 3 (microbial nutrition and cultivation)Osama Rifat
Microbial growth conditions depend on various nutrients and environmental factors. Microorganisms require macronutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and micronutrients in small amounts. They also need growth factors like vitamins and amino acids. Temperature, pH, and oxygen levels influence microbial growth. Pure cultures can be isolated using techniques like streak plating that allow single microbial cells to grow into separate colonies.
Nutrisi dan Medium Mikroorganismeeee.pptTiara711410
The document discusses microbial nutrition and the requirements of microorganisms. It states that microbes require nutrients from their external environment, which they take up and metabolize for growth and energy. The main nutrients include carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, and trace elements. Carbon is generally obtained from organic sources while nitrogen can come from inorganic or organic sources. Microbes also require vitamins and growth factors. The composition of the E. coli cell is provided as an example. Different growth media are formulated to meet the nutritional needs of various microorganisms like Bacillus, Thiobacillus, E. coli and Leuconostoc.
The document discusses the chemical structure and metabolism of bacteria. It describes the principal elements that make up bacterial cells, including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and others. It also discusses macromolecules that constitute bacterial cells, such as proteins, RNA, DNA, lipids, and carbohydrates. Additionally, it outlines various environmental factors that influence bacterial growth, such as temperature, oxygen, pH, and osmotic pressure.
B sc micro i btm u 4 nutritional requirementsRai University
This document discusses the nutritional requirements of microorganisms and various culture media used to grow them. It outlines the macro and micronutrients required, as well as the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus needs of autotrophs and heterotrophs. Different culture media types are described including enriched, selective, indicator and differential media. Specific media like blood agar and triple sugar iron agar are also explained. Methods for culturing microbes including streak, pour, stab and anaerobic techniques are summarized.
Bacterial metabolism involves catabolic and anabolic processes. Catabolism breaks down nutrients to release energy through reactions like aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation. Anabolism uses this energy to build macromolecules. Bacteria take in nutrients like sugars, lipids, nitrogen, and oxygen and break them down extracellularly before transporting subunits into cells for energy generation and biosynthesis through various pathways. Aerobic respiration is most efficient, while anaerobic respiration and fermentation are less efficient in the absence of oxygen.
Bacteria require nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace elements for growth and reproduction. These nutrients are used to build carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Bacteria need macronutrients like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in large amounts, as well as micronutrients like iron and zinc in very small amounts. Environmental factors like temperature, pH, and oxygen levels also influence bacterial growth. Proper nutrition and growth conditions are necessary for bacteria to successfully multiply.
The document discusses microbial nutrition and the requirements for various nutrients including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. It describes the different types of microorganisms based on their carbon and energy sources, including heterotrophs, autotrophs, phototrophs, and chemotrophs. It also discusses uptake of nutrients via passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport mechanisms. Culture media types and compositions are outlined.
Bio 127 lec 4a Microbiology Topic: Nutrition and Cultivation of Microorganis...Shaina Mavreen Villaroza
The document discusses the nutrition and cultivation of microorganisms. It describes that microorganisms require carbon, nitrogen, inorganic ions, essential metabolites, and water as nutrients. The document classifies microorganisms based on their carbon and energy sources into four groups: chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, and photoheterotrophs. It also discusses different types of media used for cultivating microorganisms, including chemically defined and complex media made from natural products. The document provides examples of media compositions for growing bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and algae.
Ppt on microbial nutrition. what are different nutrient required by microorganism, with a special focus on yeast for those who are dealing with alcoholic fermentation. nutritional classification of microorganism also given
Microbial cells require certain essential nutrients for growth and metabolism. These include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, as well as various minerals and vitamins. Microbes can obtain these nutrients from either organic or inorganic sources, depending on whether they are heterotrophs or autotrophs. Nutrients can enter microbial cells through passive diffusion, osmosis, or active transport processes that require energy.
This document discusses soil microbial ecology and the role of microorganisms in soil. It notes that different microhabitats in soil favor different indigenous microbial populations. Soil particles provide microenvironments with decreasing oxygen levels from the surface. Indigenous soil microflora are determined by abiotic soil factors and some have adaptive structures like endospores. Soil microorganisms play important roles in biodegradation, mineral cycling like nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycles.
This document discusses the physiology and metabolism of bacteria. It explains that bacteria metabolize organic and inorganic substrates to generate energy through catabolic pathways, while using this energy for anabolic pathways to synthesize cellular components. The four main components of bacterial cells are water, organic matter like proteins and carbohydrates, and inorganic minerals. Bacteria are classified based on their nutritional requirements, oxygen usage, and optimal temperature for growth. Enzymes play a key role in bacterial metabolism by catalyzing biochemical reactions. Bacterial growth occurs through binary fission and follows a characteristic growth curve with lag, logarithmic, stationary, and death phases.
This document discusses the physiology and metabolism of bacteria. It explains that bacteria metabolize organic and inorganic substrates to generate energy through catabolic pathways, while using this energy for anabolic pathways to synthesize cellular components. The four main components of bacterial cells are water, organic matter like proteins and carbohydrates, and inorganic minerals. Bacteria are classified based on their nutritional requirements, oxygen usage, and optimal temperature for growth. Enzymes play a key role in bacterial metabolism by catalyzing biochemical reactions. Bacterial growth occurs through binary fission and follows a characteristic growth curve with lag, logarithmic, stationary, and death phases.
Bacteriology physiology 1-mbbs-y2-5-oct2011---2Lawrence James
The document discusses bacterial physiology and growth. It covers the following key points:
1) Bacteria require nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus for growth. They also require growth factors and microelements.
2) Environmental factors that affect bacterial growth include temperature, pH, oxygen availability, and water availability.
3) Bacteria are commonly grown in the laboratory using solid or liquid culture media, which must be sterilized to obtain a pure culture and prevent contamination.
4) The bacterial growth curve consists of four phases: lag, log (exponential), stationary, and death phases. The bacteria acclimate, multiply rapidly, stop growing due to lack of nutrients,
The document discusses bacterial physiology and growth. It covers the following key points:
1) Bacteria require nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus for growth. They also require growth factors and microelements.
2) Environmental factors that affect bacterial growth include temperature, pH, oxygen availability, and water availability.
3) Bacteria are commonly grown in the laboratory using solid or liquid culture media, which must be sterilized to obtain a pure culture and prevent contamination.
4) The bacterial growth curve consists of four phases: lag, log (exponential), stationary, and death phases. The bacteria acclimate, multiply rapidly, stop growing due to lack of nutrients,
Bacteriology physiology 1-mbbs-y2-5-oct2011---2Lawrence James
The document discusses bacterial physiology and growth. It covers the following key points:
1) Bacteria require nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus for growth. They also require growth factors and microelements.
2) Environmental factors that affect bacterial growth include temperature, pH, oxygen availability, and water availability.
3) Bacteria are commonly grown in the laboratory using solid or liquid culture media, which must be sterilized to obtain a pure culture and prevent contamination.
4) The bacterial growth curve consists of four phases: lag, log (exponential), stationary, and death phases. The bacteria acclimate, multiply rapidly, stop growing due to lack of nutrients,
The document discusses classifying microbes based on their metabolic requirements and laboratory techniques used for culturing bacteria. It covers Robert Koch's pioneering work developing strategies for cultivating bacteria. It describes the four phases of bacterial growth in laboratory conditions. Key techniques discussed include obtaining pure cultures using streak plating on semi-solid agar media, and maintaining and storing stock cultures.
This document discusses microbial nutrition, including macronutrients, micronutrients, growth factors, and environmental factors that influence microbial growth. It explains that microbes require carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other minerals as macronutrients, and trace amounts of metals like iron and zinc as micronutrients. The document also classifies microbes based on their carbon, energy, and electron sources, and lists examples like phototrophs, chemotrophs, lithotrophs, and organotrophs. Finally, it describes various mechanisms that microbes use to transport nutrients into cells, such as passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, group translocation, and
Bacteria have certain basic nutrition requirements for growth, including a source of carbon, nitrogen, water, inorganic salts, and sometimes growth factors. The carbon source can be organic compounds or carbon dioxide, while the nitrogen source is typically ammonium ions. Most bacteria also require sources of phosphorus, sulfur, and various minerals. Physical factors like temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and osmotic conditions also influence bacterial growth. Under ideal conditions, bacteria will follow a defined growth curve with lag, log/exponential, stationary, and death phases as the population increases over time through binary fission.
1. Microbial nutrition involves macronutrients like carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus that microorganisms require for growth. Micronutrients like iron, copper, and zinc are also needed in small amounts.
2. Microorganisms are classified based on their nutritional requirements. Some key classifications include photolithoautotrophs that use light and CO2, chemolithoautotrophs that use inorganic chemicals, and chemoorganoheterotrophs that use organic chemicals.
3. The majority of microorganisms fall into two main categories - photoautotrophs that use light and CO2, and chemoheterotrophs that use organic compounds for
Bacteria require nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace elements to build cellular components like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. They are classified based on their nutrient requirements - autotrophs can use inorganic compounds while heterotrophs require organic compounds. Growth depends on adequate nutrients, pH, oxygen, and temperature. Culture media are used to grow bacteria in the lab and include base, enriched, selective, and differential media. Environmental factors like oxidation-reduction potential, carbon dioxide levels, temperature, and pH also influence bacterial growth.
This document discusses the nutritional requirements of microorganisms. It states that microbes require 10 main elements in large quantities to construct cellular components, including carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron. It also notes that microbes need several micronutrients and vitamins in smaller amounts. The document then classifies microbes based on their nutritional sources, including carbon, energy, and electrons, into groups like phototrophs, chemotrophs, lithotrophs, organotrophs, autotrophs, and heterotrophs. It concludes by discussing the specific needs of microbes for nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and growth factors.
Effect of Different Nutrients on Bacterial Growth.pptxSamrahNadeem2
Nutrients play a vital role in bacterial growth and are organism-specific. There are two main types of nutrients - macronutrients which are needed in large amounts like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and micronutrients which are needed in smaller amounts like manganese, copper, and zinc. Carbon makes up 50% of bacterial dry weight while other major components include oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and phosphorus. Nutrients serve various functions as components of cellular material, in energy production, and as enzyme cofactors. Trace elements are also required in very small amounts as cofactors. Growth can be controlled by the availability and concentration of limiting nutrients.
Chemoautotrophs and photosynthetic eubacteriaramukhan
Chemolithotrophs are bacteria or archaea that derive energy from inorganic chemical reactions. They can synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide using inorganic energy sources like hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, ferrous iron, or molecular hydrogen. Most chemolithotrophs are found in extreme environments like deep sea vents or volcanoes. They include nitrifying bacteria that play a key role in the nitrogen cycle, as well as bacteria that oxidize hydrogen, iron, or sulfur. The process of chemolithotrophy allows these organisms to act as primary producers in ecosystems where organic material is scarce.
1) Yeast cells communicate via mating factors that allow them to aggregate and form spore-forming structures called fruiting bodies during reproduction.
2) Animal and plant cells communicate via direct connections like gap junctions and plasmodesmata respectively or through signaling molecules that activate responses in nearby or distant target cells.
3) Cells detect extracellular signaling molecules through receptor proteins that activate intracellular signal transduction pathways involving second messengers, protein phosphorylation, and changes in gene expression to produce responses in the target cell.
Protein folding is the process by which a polypeptide chain folds into its characteristic and functional three-dimensional structure. It involves four stages: primary structure is the amino acid sequence; secondary structure involves folding into alpha helices and beta sheets through hydrogen bonding. Tertiary structure involves folding of secondary structures into the final three-dimensional structure. Some proteins undergo quaternary structure formation through interactions between folded polypeptide chains. The folding process is driven by the hydrophobic effect and other non-covalent interactions and allows proteins to attain biologically functional conformations. Chaperone proteins assist in protein folding to facilitate efficient folding in living cells.
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Bio 127 lec 4a Microbiology Topic: Nutrition and Cultivation of Microorganis...Shaina Mavreen Villaroza
The document discusses the nutrition and cultivation of microorganisms. It describes that microorganisms require carbon, nitrogen, inorganic ions, essential metabolites, and water as nutrients. The document classifies microorganisms based on their carbon and energy sources into four groups: chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, and photoheterotrophs. It also discusses different types of media used for cultivating microorganisms, including chemically defined and complex media made from natural products. The document provides examples of media compositions for growing bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and algae.
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Microbial cells require certain essential nutrients for growth and metabolism. These include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, as well as various minerals and vitamins. Microbes can obtain these nutrients from either organic or inorganic sources, depending on whether they are heterotrophs or autotrophs. Nutrients can enter microbial cells through passive diffusion, osmosis, or active transport processes that require energy.
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This document discusses the physiology and metabolism of bacteria. It explains that bacteria metabolize organic and inorganic substrates to generate energy through catabolic pathways, while using this energy for anabolic pathways to synthesize cellular components. The four main components of bacterial cells are water, organic matter like proteins and carbohydrates, and inorganic minerals. Bacteria are classified based on their nutritional requirements, oxygen usage, and optimal temperature for growth. Enzymes play a key role in bacterial metabolism by catalyzing biochemical reactions. Bacterial growth occurs through binary fission and follows a characteristic growth curve with lag, logarithmic, stationary, and death phases.
This document discusses the physiology and metabolism of bacteria. It explains that bacteria metabolize organic and inorganic substrates to generate energy through catabolic pathways, while using this energy for anabolic pathways to synthesize cellular components. The four main components of bacterial cells are water, organic matter like proteins and carbohydrates, and inorganic minerals. Bacteria are classified based on their nutritional requirements, oxygen usage, and optimal temperature for growth. Enzymes play a key role in bacterial metabolism by catalyzing biochemical reactions. Bacterial growth occurs through binary fission and follows a characteristic growth curve with lag, logarithmic, stationary, and death phases.
Bacteriology physiology 1-mbbs-y2-5-oct2011---2Lawrence James
The document discusses bacterial physiology and growth. It covers the following key points:
1) Bacteria require nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus for growth. They also require growth factors and microelements.
2) Environmental factors that affect bacterial growth include temperature, pH, oxygen availability, and water availability.
3) Bacteria are commonly grown in the laboratory using solid or liquid culture media, which must be sterilized to obtain a pure culture and prevent contamination.
4) The bacterial growth curve consists of four phases: lag, log (exponential), stationary, and death phases. The bacteria acclimate, multiply rapidly, stop growing due to lack of nutrients,
The document discusses bacterial physiology and growth. It covers the following key points:
1) Bacteria require nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus for growth. They also require growth factors and microelements.
2) Environmental factors that affect bacterial growth include temperature, pH, oxygen availability, and water availability.
3) Bacteria are commonly grown in the laboratory using solid or liquid culture media, which must be sterilized to obtain a pure culture and prevent contamination.
4) The bacterial growth curve consists of four phases: lag, log (exponential), stationary, and death phases. The bacteria acclimate, multiply rapidly, stop growing due to lack of nutrients,
Bacteriology physiology 1-mbbs-y2-5-oct2011---2Lawrence James
The document discusses bacterial physiology and growth. It covers the following key points:
1) Bacteria require nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus for growth. They also require growth factors and microelements.
2) Environmental factors that affect bacterial growth include temperature, pH, oxygen availability, and water availability.
3) Bacteria are commonly grown in the laboratory using solid or liquid culture media, which must be sterilized to obtain a pure culture and prevent contamination.
4) The bacterial growth curve consists of four phases: lag, log (exponential), stationary, and death phases. The bacteria acclimate, multiply rapidly, stop growing due to lack of nutrients,
The document discusses classifying microbes based on their metabolic requirements and laboratory techniques used for culturing bacteria. It covers Robert Koch's pioneering work developing strategies for cultivating bacteria. It describes the four phases of bacterial growth in laboratory conditions. Key techniques discussed include obtaining pure cultures using streak plating on semi-solid agar media, and maintaining and storing stock cultures.
This document discusses microbial nutrition, including macronutrients, micronutrients, growth factors, and environmental factors that influence microbial growth. It explains that microbes require carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other minerals as macronutrients, and trace amounts of metals like iron and zinc as micronutrients. The document also classifies microbes based on their carbon, energy, and electron sources, and lists examples like phototrophs, chemotrophs, lithotrophs, and organotrophs. Finally, it describes various mechanisms that microbes use to transport nutrients into cells, such as passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, group translocation, and
Bacteria have certain basic nutrition requirements for growth, including a source of carbon, nitrogen, water, inorganic salts, and sometimes growth factors. The carbon source can be organic compounds or carbon dioxide, while the nitrogen source is typically ammonium ions. Most bacteria also require sources of phosphorus, sulfur, and various minerals. Physical factors like temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and osmotic conditions also influence bacterial growth. Under ideal conditions, bacteria will follow a defined growth curve with lag, log/exponential, stationary, and death phases as the population increases over time through binary fission.
1. Microbial nutrition involves macronutrients like carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus that microorganisms require for growth. Micronutrients like iron, copper, and zinc are also needed in small amounts.
2. Microorganisms are classified based on their nutritional requirements. Some key classifications include photolithoautotrophs that use light and CO2, chemolithoautotrophs that use inorganic chemicals, and chemoorganoheterotrophs that use organic chemicals.
3. The majority of microorganisms fall into two main categories - photoautotrophs that use light and CO2, and chemoheterotrophs that use organic compounds for
Bacteria require nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace elements to build cellular components like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. They are classified based on their nutrient requirements - autotrophs can use inorganic compounds while heterotrophs require organic compounds. Growth depends on adequate nutrients, pH, oxygen, and temperature. Culture media are used to grow bacteria in the lab and include base, enriched, selective, and differential media. Environmental factors like oxidation-reduction potential, carbon dioxide levels, temperature, and pH also influence bacterial growth.
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Nutrients play a vital role in bacterial growth and are organism-specific. There are two main types of nutrients - macronutrients which are needed in large amounts like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and micronutrients which are needed in smaller amounts like manganese, copper, and zinc. Carbon makes up 50% of bacterial dry weight while other major components include oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and phosphorus. Nutrients serve various functions as components of cellular material, in energy production, and as enzyme cofactors. Trace elements are also required in very small amounts as cofactors. Growth can be controlled by the availability and concentration of limiting nutrients.
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Chemolithotrophs are bacteria or archaea that derive energy from inorganic chemical reactions. They can synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide using inorganic energy sources like hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, ferrous iron, or molecular hydrogen. Most chemolithotrophs are found in extreme environments like deep sea vents or volcanoes. They include nitrifying bacteria that play a key role in the nitrogen cycle, as well as bacteria that oxidize hydrogen, iron, or sulfur. The process of chemolithotrophy allows these organisms to act as primary producers in ecosystems where organic material is scarce.
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2. Nutrients are substances used in biosynthesis and
energy release and therefore are required for microbial
growth
INTRODUCTION
3. Common Nutrient Requirements
The first six (C, O, H, N, S and P) : components of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
K+ : enzyme -protein synthesis
Ca2+ : heat resistance of bacterial endospores
Mg2+ : cofactors, stabilise the cell membrane and ribosomes
Fe2+ and Fe3+ : part of cytochrome and cofactors for enzymes and ECP
95%
cells dry
weight
Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Calcium
Hydrogen
Potassium
Magnesium
Sulphur
Iron
Macroelements/
Macronutrients
4. Micronutrients/ Trace elements : Several nutrients which are required in small
amounts
Ubiquitous and normally part of enzymes and cofactors
Aid in catalysis of reaction and maintenance of protein structure
Mn2+: transfer of phosphate groups
Mo2+ : nitrogen fixation
Co2+ : component of vitamin B12
Hence microorganisms require a balanced mixture of nutrients
Micro
nutri
ents
Manganese
Zinc
Cobalt
Molybdenum
Nickel
Copper
5. Requirements for Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and
Electrons
All organisms need carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and source of
electrons
CARBON : Skeleton/backbone of all organic molecules from which
the organism is built
HYDROGEN & OXYGEN: Important elements found in the organic
molecules
ELECTRONS
Electron transport chain and the oxidation reduction reactions-
energy for use in cellular work
Reduce molecules during biosynthesis (CO2 organic
molecules)
reduced
6. AUTOTROPHS : use only CO2 as a sole source of carbon
obtain energy from light or reduced inorganic molecule
Because CO2 cannot supply their energy needs, they must obtain energy
from other sources, such as light or reduced inorganic molecules
HETEROTROPHS : organisms that use reduced, preformed organic
molecules as their carbon source
Heterotrophic microorganisms has extraordinary flexibility with respect
to carbon sources
Actinomycetes : common soil bacteria
degrade the paraffin, amyl alcohol and even rubber
Burkholderia cepacia : use 100 different carbon compounds
Leptospira : use long chain fatty acids as the major source of carbon
7. Nutritional Types of Microorganisms
Source of Carbon, Energy and Electrons
CARBON SOURCES
Autotrophs CO2 sole or principle biosynthetic carbon
source
Heterotrophs Reduced, performed, organic molecules
from other organisms
ENERGY SOURCES
Phototrophs Light
Chemotrophs Oxidation of organic or inorganic
compounds
ELECTRON SOURCES
Lithotrophs Reduced inorganic molecules
Organotrophs Organic molecules
Microorganisms can be classified as autotrophs or heterotrophs on the
basis of the preferred source of carbon.
There are two sources of energy available to organisms
Light energy
Energy derived from oxidising organic or inorganic molecules
PHOTOTROPHS : Use light as energy source
CHEMOTROPHS : energy obtained from oxidation of chemical compound
LITHOTROPHS (rock eaters) : Reduced inorganic substance as energy source
ORGANOTROPHS : extract electrons from reduced organic source
Majority of the microorganisms studied so far are Photolithotrophic
autotrophs or chemoorganotrophic heterotrophs
8. Major nutritional types of microorganisms
NURTIONAL TYPE CARBON
SOURCE
ENERGY
SOURCE
ELECTRON
SOURCE
REPRESENTATIVE
MICROORGANISMS
Photolithography CO2 Light Inorganic e-
donor
Purple and green sulfur
bacteria, cynobacteria
Photoorganoheterophy Organic
carbon
Light Organic e-
donor
Purple nonsulfur
bacteria, green
nonsulfur bacteria
Chemolithoautotrophy CO2 Inorganic
chemicals
Inorganic e-
donor
Sulfur, iron, hydrogen-
oxidizing bacteria,
methanogens
Chemolithoheterotrophy Organic
carbon
Inorganic
chemicals
Inorganic e-
donor
Some sulfur oxidizing
bacteria
Chemoorganoheterotrophy Organic
carbon
Organic
chemicals
Organic e-
donor
Fungi, protists and
many archaea
9. Phototrophic bacteria play important roles in aquatic ecosystems, where they can
cause blooms
(a) A cyanobacterial and an algal bloom in a eutrophic pond
(b) Purple sulfur bacteria growing in a bog
(c) A bloom of purple sulfur bacteria in a sewage lagoon
Phototrophic Bacteria
10. Chemolithotrophic Bacteria
(a)Transmission electron micrograph of Nitrobacter winogradskyi, an organism that
uses nitrite as its source of energy
(b) Light micrograph of Beggiatoa alba, an organism that uses hydrogen sulfide as its
energy source and organic molecules as carbon sources. The dark spots within the
filaments are granules of elemental sulfur produced when hydrogen sulfide is oxidized
11. Requirements for Phosphorus, Nitrogen and
Sulfur
Nitrogen : synthesis of amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, some
carbohydrates and lipids, enzyme cofactor
Some incorporate ammonia directly through the action of enzymes such
as glutamate dehydrogenase or glutamine synthetase and glutamine
synthase
Phototrophs and chemotrophic microbes
Nitrogen Fixation :
Variety of bacteria (Cyanobacteria, Symbiotic bacterium Rhizobium)
Assimilate atmospheric nitrogen (N2) by reducing it to ammonium
Nitrate Ammonia Incorporated
Assimilatory
nitrate reduction
12. Phosphorus
Phosphorus present in nucleic acid, phospholipids, nucleotides (ATP),
cofactors, some proteins and other cell components
Use of inorganic phosphate as phosphorous source which is directly
incorporated
Aquatic environments : Low phosphate levels limits microbial growth
E.coli uses organic and inorganic phosphate
Organophosphate
Hexose 6-phosphate
Taken up directly
by the cell
Others
Inorganic
Phosphate
Transported across
plasma membrane
14. Growth Factors
Organic compounds that are essential cell components or precursors of such
components but cannot be synthesised by the organism
Protein synthesis
Nucleic acid
synthesis
All or some part of
enzyme cofactors
Vitamin Functions Examples
Biotin One carbon
metabolism, CO2
fixation
Leuconostoc mesenteroids
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Acanthamoeba castellanii
Folic acid One carbon
metabolism
Tetrahymena spp.
Enterococcus fecalis
Riboflavin (B2) Precursor of FAD &
FMN
Caulobacter vibriodes
Dictyostellium spp.
Thiamine (B1) Aldehyde group
transfer
Bacillus anthracis
Colpidium campylum
Ochromonas malhamensis
Pantothenic acid Precursor of
coenzyme A
Proteus morganii
Paramecium spp.
Functions of some common vitamins in microorganism
16. A solid/liquid preparation used to grow, transport, and
store microorganisms
Complex liquid media (urine, chicken/ meat broth)- Louis
Pasteur
Solid media (Potato surface, gelatin): Robert Koch
• Gelatin melts at 24ºC
• Microbes used it as a substrate
Agar was first described for use in microbiology by Walter Hesse
Culture Media
17. Culture Media
Requirement
s of culture
media
Carbon
source Energy
source
Nitrogen
source
Salts
pH
Growth
factors
Indicator
s
Inhibitor
s
Oxidatio
n
reductio
n
potential
19. Liquid and solidified media are routinely used in microbiology labs, solidified media
are particularly important
Both defined and complex media can be solidified with the addition of 1.0 to 2.0%
agar; most commonly 1.5% is used
Agar –
Sulphated polymer (D-galactose, 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose, and D-glucuronic
acid)
Extracted from red algae
Melting temperature- about 90°C and Solidifying temperature- 45°C
Microbes growing on agar medium can be incubated at a wide range of
temperatures
Agar is an excellent hardening agent because most microorganisms cannot
degrade it
Other solidifying agents -silica gel is used to grow autotrophic bacteria
Culture Media
20. Defined or Synthetic medium
• All chemical components are known in defined medium.
• Can be in a liquid form (broth) or solidified by an agent such as
agar
• Widely used in research, as it is often desirable to know what
the experimental microorganism is metabolizing
• Culture photolithotrophic autotrophs (cyanobacteria and
photosynthetic protists), chemoorganotrophic heterotrophs
• All defined media are as simple, but may be constructed from
dozens of components
Culture Media
Medium for Escherichia coli Amount (g/litre)
Glucose 1.0
Na2HPO4 16.4
KH2PO4 1.5
(NH4)2SO4 2.0
MgSO4· 7H2O 200.0 mg
CaCl2 10.0 mg
FeSO4 · 7H2O 0.5 mg
Final pH 6.8–7.0
21. Complex media
Media that contain some ingredients of unknown chemical composition
Single complex medium may be sufficiently rich to completely meet the
nutritional requirements of many different microorganisms
The nutritional requirements of a particular microorganism are unknown, and
thus a defined medium cannot be constructed
Undefined components like peptones, meat extract, and yeast extract
Nutrient broth, tryptic soy broth, and MacConkey agar
Culture Media
Tryptic Soy Broth Amt (g/ltr)
Tryptone (pancreatic digest of
casein)
17
Peptone (soybean digest) 3
Glucose 2.5
Sodium chloride 5
Dipotassium phosphate 2.5
22. General purpose media or supportive media: they sustain the growth of
many microorganisms. Ex: tryptic soy broth and tryptic soy agar
Enriched media: Blood and other special nutrients may be added to general
purpose media to encourage the growth of fastidious microbes. These specially
fortified media (e.g., blood agar)
Selective media: favour the growth of particular microorganisms
Differential media: are media that distinguish among different groups of microbes
and even permit tentative identification of microorganisms based on their biological
characteristics (e.g., blood agar: hemolytic and non-hemolytic bacteria)
Functional types of media
23. Functional types of media
(a) Blood agar culture of bacteria from the human throat
(b) Chocolate agar, an enriched medium used to grow fastidious organisms such as
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
The brown color is the result of heating red blood cells and lysing them before adding
them to the medium
It is called chocolate agar because of its chocolate brown color
a
b
24. Pure culture: a population of cells arising from a single cell,
to characterize an individual species.
Pure culture techniques were developed by Robert Koch
Few common approach's to prepare the pure culture are
The spread plate and streak plate
The pour plate
Isolation of Pure Cultures
25. The spread plate is an easy, direct way of achieving this result.
The dispersed cells develop into isolated colonies
Isolation of Pure Cultures
Spread-Plate Technique
dilute microbial mixture (30 to 300 cells)
transferred
centre of an agar plate
a sterile bent-glass rod
spread evenly over the surface
26. Spread-Plate Technique
(a)The preparation of a spread plate.
(1) Pipette a small sample onto the centre of an
agar medium plate.
(2) Dip a glass spreader into a beaker of
ethanol.
(3) Briefly flame the ethanol-soaked spreader
and allow it to cool.
(4) Spread the sample evenly over the agar
surface with the sterilized spreader. Incubate.
(b)Typical result of spread-plate technique.
27. STREAK PLATE METHOD
Pure colonies also can be obtained from streak plates
The microbial mixture edge of an agar plate
streaked out over the surface in one of several patterns
Thus this is essentially a dilution process and single colonies are developed
Isolation of Pure Cultures
inoculating loop or swab
transferred
inoculating
loop is
sterilized
streaking the third sector
After the first sector is streaked
Inoculum for the second sector is obtained from the first sector
29. POUR PLATE
Isolation of Pure Cultures
Serial dilution of the originals sample
Small volume of the serially diluted sample
+ liquid agar (45ºC)
Mixture immediately transferred into the
sterile culture dishes
After the agar is hardened, each cell is fixed
in a place and forms a individual colony
Colonies growing on the surface can be
taken to prepare pure cultures