AIR POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL THROUGH BIOTECHNOLOGY

A SEMINAR
ON
AIR POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL THROUGH
BIOTECHNOLOGY
BY-
MISS. HUMA NAZ SIDDIQU
(ASST. PROF.)
G.D. RUNGTA COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
KOHKA KURUD ROAD BHILAI, 490023
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AIR POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL
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INTRODUCTION
AIR POLLUTANTS
METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF POLLUTANTS
METHOD USED FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
THROUGH BIOTECHNOLOGY
BIOTECHNOLOGY METHODS FOR MANAGEMENT
OF POLLUTION
SUMMARY
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE 2

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What is air pollution?
Air pollution is the introduction of particulates, biological
molecules or other harmful materials into the earth’s
atmosphere, possibly causing disease, death to humans,
damage to other living organisms such as food crop, or the
natural or built environment.
•Air monitoring-The harmful effects of air pollution can be
assessed only on the basis of adequate data
collected at properly selected sampling
stations using:-
 Well defined sampling procedures
Analytical techniques
Physiochemical
Biological monitoring
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Gravity
techniques
Great
sampling
Particulates Gaseous Pollutants
Filtration
techniques
Precipitation
techniques
Cold
trapping
Absorption Adsorption
Thermal
precipitation
Electro static
precipitation
Air Pollutants

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Particulates- They are tiny pieces of solid or liquid matter
associated with the earth’s atmosphere.
1. Gravity techniques- It is used to collect settleable
particulates in air. Device include dust fall sampling
instrument, such as dust fall bucket, dust fall jar etc.
2. Filtration technique- It is used for collecting suspended
particulates that do not settle out early. Devices used
include high volume sampler, paper tape sampler, etc.
3. Precipitation techniques-
 Thermal precipitation- When exposed to a high
temperature gradient, suspended particles tend to move to
lower temperature region. 5

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Electrostatic precipitation- In this technique, electrical
charge is used to force radioactive or other particulates in
the range of 0.001µ to 10µ to migrate out of the air stream
onto a collecting surface.
2.Gaseous pollutants-The major gaseous pollutants include
sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxide as well
as ozone.
i. Cold trapping- In this technique, the gaseous pollutants from
the air stream are trapped in different collecting chambers,
each maintained at progressively decreasing temperature,
ranging from 0˚C(in ice bath) to -196˚C(in liquid nitrogen
bath).
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ii. Absorption sampling- In this technique, the desired gaseous
contaminant in air is collected by closely contacting with or
bubbling through the corresponding absorbent solution.
iii. Adsorption sampling- In this technique, gases and vapours
in the polluted air are adsorbed on suitable adsorbents eg.
Activated charcoal, activated carbon.
iv. Great sampling- In this technique, a great sample is taken
out between suitable intervals and is allowed to come into
contact with a suitable absorbing solution in the sampling
apparatus.
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1. Dust fall jar-
Fig.No.1.-Dust fall jar
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2.Determination of suspended particulates with a high volume
sampler-
Fig.No.2.-High volume sampler, for collecting atmosphere particulates
matter.
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3. Determination of sulphation rate- Sulphation rate is a
cumulative index useful for evluating S02 and other
sulphur compounds in the atmosphere. it is determined by
lead peroxide method.
4.Estimation of hydrogen sulphide- A measured volume of air
at a suitable flow rate is passed through an absorbing
solution containing CdSO4 and NaOH, taken in an
impinger or an absorption bottle.
5.Analysis of carbon monoxide- Carbon monoxide strongly
absorbs I.R radiation at certain wavelength. Hence it can be
determined by non-dispersive infra-red spectrometry.
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Source Typical pollutant emissions
Petroleum
refineries and
petrochemical
industry
CO, particulate matter, smoke, hydrocarbon,
odours of mercatans.
Iron and steel
industry
SO2, CO, dust, particulates, acid fumes, odours,
smoke, NO2.
Cement industry Cement, lime dust, fly ash, smoke.
Automobiles Smoke, hydrocarbon, HCHO.
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Table No.1- Pollutant emission

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1.Zoning- The zoning of the industries is done on basis of the
type of industries, their functions etc. zoning
prevents the invasion of desirable industries in
industrial areas and harmful gases are prevented
from entering the atmosphere.
2.Control at the source- The air pollution can be prevented at
the source by the change of raw
materials or by the alteration in the
equipment or by the modification of
process or by the separation of
pollutants at source.
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3. Control by different devices-
I. For particulates-
CONTROL DEVICES FOR PARTICULATE MATTER
spray tower
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Internal separators wet collector devices electrostatic device
Gravity cyclone fabric
Settling collector filter
chamber
Cyclonic venturi packed
Scrubber scrubber bed
scrubber

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1. Gravity settling chambers-
Fig.No.3 - Gravitational settling chambers
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2.Cyclone collector-
Fig.No.4 –cyclone collector
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3.Fabric filters-
Fig.No.5- Fabric filter
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4. Spray towers-
Fig No.6:-spray tower 17

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5. Cyclonic scrubber-
Fig.No.7-Cyclonic scrubber
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6.Venturi scrubber-
Fig.No.8-venturi scrubber
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7. Packed bed scrubbers-
Fig.No.9- packed bed scrubber 20

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8. Electrostatic precipitator-
Fig No. 10:- Electrostatic precipitator
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2. For gaseous emissions-gaseous pollutants can be removed
from air stream by the following techniques-
1.absorption and adsorption
Table No.2- Different adsorbent and their uses 22
adsorbent Uses
Activated
carbon
Removal of odors and trace impurities from gases,
purification of industrial gases and hydrocarbon.
Activated
alumina
Dehydration of gases and liquids
Silica gel Dehydration and purification of gases
Bone charcoal Far decolorizing sugar solutions

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2.Condensation- At a given temperature condensation of a
compound will occur if its partial pressure is
increased till its vapour pressure
condensation is possible if gases
temperature reduced to its saturation
temperature and pressure is equal to its
vapour pressure.
 By the chemical alteration of the pollutant through
combustion or catalytic treatment.
1.Combustion-Combustion is a process in which a substance
reaches its kindling point(a temperature
where any substance catches fire or
burn).There are three methods of
combustion process-
a) Direct combustion
b) Thermal incineration or flame combustion
c) Catalytic oxidation
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3.Control by stacks- Small quantities of air pollutants can be
absorbed by the atmosphere but large
amount of pollutants cannot be absorbed
and cause serious problem in the
atmosphere. The pollutants are taken to a
high altitudes by means of stocks.
4.Control by planting trees and
vegetation- It has been found that the planting trees is very
helpful in reducing air pollution due to flyash
and coal dust. So more trees should
be planted all around.
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The different approaches for the management of environmental
pollution are describe by :-
Atmosphere CO2 reduction- The reduction in atmosphere CO2
concentration assumes significance. There are mainly two
approaches for the biotechnological reduction of CO2 in the
atmosphere.
1. Photosynthesis
2. Biological calcification,
1. Microalgal photosynthesis- certain microalgae are more
efficient than higher plants in utilizing atmosphere CO2 for
photosynthesis.
• These organisms are capable of generating more O2 than the
amount of CO2 consumed.
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• Growing microalgae in the vicnity of industries and power
plants where the production of CO2 is very high will help to
minimise the polluting effects of CO2.
2. Biological calcification to reduce atmosphere CO2- Certain
organisms present in the deep sea ( corals, green and red
algae) are capable of storing CO2 through a process of
biological calcification. As the CaCO3 gets precipitated,
more and more atmospheric CO2 can be utilized for its
formation.
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Y Fig.No.11.- Air pollution
Smog hanging over cities is the most familiar and obvious
of air pollution.
But there are different kinds of pollution some visible some
invisible that contribute to global warming. 27

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Air pollution is known as a substance in the air that cause
harm to humans and the environment.
Pollutants can be in the form of solids particles, liquid
droplets, or gases.
Carbon dioxide, a green house gas, is the main pollutant that
is warming earth.
Air pollutants at source level may be controlled by
separating the pollutants from the harmless gases, and by
converting the pollutants to innocuous product before their
release in the atmosphere.
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Indu
shekhar
thakur
2 nd edition Environment
biotechnology, basic
concept and
application
29

AIR POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL THROUGH BIOTECHNOLOGY

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