The document summarizes several biochemical routes for producing renewable fuels and chemicals, including anaerobic digestion, transesterification, and photofermentation. It discusses the key steps and microorganisms involved in anaerobic digestion, including hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. It also explains the transesterification reaction used to convert triglycerides to biodiesel and glycerin, and some of the process considerations for biodiesel production. Photofermentation is mentioned but not described.
Biosorption is the process by which inactive microbial biomass binds and concentrates heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The cell walls of certain algae, fungi and bacteria are responsible for this phenomenon. It has advantages over conventional treatment methods like low cost and high efficiency. Biosorption mechanisms can be metabolism-dependent or non-metabolism dependent, and removal can occur extracellularly, on the cell surface, or intracellularly. Factors like pH, biomass concentration, and interaction of metal ions affect biosorption. Common biosorbents include bacteria, fungi, algae and seaweed. Biosorption has environmental and industrial uses such as filtering wastewater and recovering metals.
Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic materials by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. There are three types of biodegradation: primary, acceptable, and ultimate. Primary biodegradation changes the structure but not fully degrade, acceptable removes toxicity, and ultimate fully mineralizes into CO2, H2O and minerals. Factors like substrate properties, microbe characteristics, and environment conditions affect biodegradation rate. Common microbes responsible include bacteria and fungi in soil and water. Substrates can be categorized as immediately usable, usable after acclimatization, or recalcitrant.
This document discusses biodegradation, which is the breakdown of materials by bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms. Biodegradation can occur aerobically with oxygen or anaerobically without oxygen. It breaks down organic materials into basic components like carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Factors that affect biodegradation include the microbial community present, oxygen levels, temperature, pH and the presence of light and water. Biodegradable plastics have been treated to break down when discarded using additives. While biodegradation can help eliminate waste, some chemicals cannot degrade and unknown byproducts may form.
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
Biosensors show the potential to complement laboratory-based analytical methods for
environmental applications. Although biosensors for potential environmental-monitoring
applications have been reported for a wide range of environmental pollutants, from a regulatory
perspective the decision to develop a biosensor method for an environmental application should
consider several interrelated issues. These issues are discussed in terms of the needs, policies,
and mechanisms associated with the identification and selection of appropriate monitoring
methods.
1) Biofilm reactors use microbial biofilms attached to surfaces to increase biomass density and productivity. This allows higher production rates and stability.
2) Biofilms can be grown on static media in fixed-bed reactors or on continuously moving media in expanded-bed reactors. Common configurations include submerged beds, trickling filters, and membrane biofilm reactors.
3) The support media must promote microbial adhesion while withstanding shear forces. Properties like surface charge, porosity and roughness affect adhesion. Polypropylene rings and tubes with embedded nutrients are effective supports.
The document discusses various types of interactions between microorganisms including mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, predation, competition, and synergism. Specific examples are provided for each type of interaction such as lichens exhibiting mutualism between fungi and cyanobacteria. Both beneficial and harmful relationships between microbes and other organisms like plants, animals, and humans are explored.
Biosorption is the process by which inactive microbial biomass binds and concentrates heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The cell walls of certain algae, fungi and bacteria are responsible for this phenomenon. It has advantages over conventional treatment methods like low cost and high efficiency. Biosorption mechanisms can be metabolism-dependent or non-metabolism dependent, and removal can occur extracellularly, on the cell surface, or intracellularly. Factors like pH, biomass concentration, and interaction of metal ions affect biosorption. Common biosorbents include bacteria, fungi, algae and seaweed. Biosorption has environmental and industrial uses such as filtering wastewater and recovering metals.
Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic materials by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. There are three types of biodegradation: primary, acceptable, and ultimate. Primary biodegradation changes the structure but not fully degrade, acceptable removes toxicity, and ultimate fully mineralizes into CO2, H2O and minerals. Factors like substrate properties, microbe characteristics, and environment conditions affect biodegradation rate. Common microbes responsible include bacteria and fungi in soil and water. Substrates can be categorized as immediately usable, usable after acclimatization, or recalcitrant.
This document discusses biodegradation, which is the breakdown of materials by bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms. Biodegradation can occur aerobically with oxygen or anaerobically without oxygen. It breaks down organic materials into basic components like carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Factors that affect biodegradation include the microbial community present, oxygen levels, temperature, pH and the presence of light and water. Biodegradable plastics have been treated to break down when discarded using additives. While biodegradation can help eliminate waste, some chemicals cannot degrade and unknown byproducts may form.
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
Biosensors show the potential to complement laboratory-based analytical methods for
environmental applications. Although biosensors for potential environmental-monitoring
applications have been reported for a wide range of environmental pollutants, from a regulatory
perspective the decision to develop a biosensor method for an environmental application should
consider several interrelated issues. These issues are discussed in terms of the needs, policies,
and mechanisms associated with the identification and selection of appropriate monitoring
methods.
1) Biofilm reactors use microbial biofilms attached to surfaces to increase biomass density and productivity. This allows higher production rates and stability.
2) Biofilms can be grown on static media in fixed-bed reactors or on continuously moving media in expanded-bed reactors. Common configurations include submerged beds, trickling filters, and membrane biofilm reactors.
3) The support media must promote microbial adhesion while withstanding shear forces. Properties like surface charge, porosity and roughness affect adhesion. Polypropylene rings and tubes with embedded nutrients are effective supports.
The document discusses various types of interactions between microorganisms including mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, predation, competition, and synergism. Specific examples are provided for each type of interaction such as lichens exhibiting mutualism between fungi and cyanobacteria. Both beneficial and harmful relationships between microbes and other organisms like plants, animals, and humans are explored.
Xenobiotics and Microbial and Biotechnological approacheshanugoudaPatil
This document discusses xenobiotics and biotechnological approaches to remediating them. It defines xenobiotics as foreign compounds found within organisms. Environmental xenobiotics include pollutants like pesticides, petrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Recalcitrant xenobiotics persist in the environment and resist degradation. The document outlines genetic engineering approaches used to create genetically modified microbes (GEMs) that can biodegrade various xenobiotics through enhanced or novel metabolic pathways. GEMs show promise for more effective bioremediation of contaminated environments.
This document summarizes microbial degradation of various xenobiotics and pollutants. It discusses how microbes like bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes are able to degrade compounds like hydrocarbons, PAHs, pesticides, dyes and other xenobiotics. The microbes produce enzymes that allow them to use these compounds as carbon and energy sources and breakdown the compounds into simpler molecules like carbon dioxide and water.
Continuous and batch culture are two methods for culturing microorganisms. Continuous culture aims to keep microbes growing indefinitely by continually supplying nutrients and removing waste through dilution. It is used industrially to harvest primary metabolites. Batch culture inoculates microbes in a fixed vessel volume, allowing growth until nutrients are depleted and conditions become unsuitable, after which secondary metabolites are often harvested. Both methods have advantages - continuous culture is higher productivity while batch culture is easier to set up and can induce secondary metabolite production.
This document presents information on upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. It discusses that the UASB technology was developed in the 1970s to treat industrial and sewage wastewater using anaerobic digestion. The key factors affecting UASB reactor performance are identified as organic loading rate, nutrients, hydraulic retention time, volatile fatty acids, operational temperature, and operational pH. Advantages of UASB reactors include high efficiency, simplicity, flexibility, low space and energy requirements, and low sludge production, while disadvantages include low pathogen/nutrient removal, long start-up times, potential for odors, and need for post-treatment.
Lignocelluloses, the major component of biomass, makes up about half of the matter produced by photosynthesis. It consists of three types of polymers – cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin – that are strongly intermeshed and chemically bonded by non-covalent forces and by covalent cross-linkages. A great variety of fungi and bacteria can fragment these macromolecules by using a battery of hydrolytic or oxidative enzymes. In native substrates, binding of the polymers hinders their biodegradation. Molecular genetics of cellulose-, hemicellulose- and lignin-degrading systems advanced considerably during the 1990s. Most of the enzymes have been cloned, sequenced, and expressed both in homologous and in heterologous hosts. Much is known about the structure, genomic organization, and regulation of the genes encoding these proteins.
Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of methane by microbes known as methanogens. Organisms capable of producing methane have been identified only from the domain Archaea, a group phylogenetically distinct from both eukaryotes and bacteria, although many live in close association with anaerobic bacteria.
This document discusses biogas production. It begins by defining biogas as a mixture of gases including methane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide that can be used as an energy source. Common substrates used for biogas production include animal and agricultural waste. The process of biogas production occurs anaerobically in sealed digesters through four microbial phases that ultimately produce methane. Key factors that affect biogas production are temperature, pH, substrate composition, inhibitors, and maintaining anaerobic conditions. The advantages are that wastes are converted to a biofuel and fertilizer while preventing environmental pollution.
Degradative plasmids & superbug for oil spillsAnu Sreejith
The document discusses the development of a "superbug" bacterium for oil spill cleanup. It describes how researchers genetically engineered Pseudomonas putida by transferring plasmids containing genes for degrading various hydrocarbons. This created a strain that could break down compounds like camphor, octane, xylene and naphthalene. The superbug was the first genetically engineered microorganism to be patented. While genetically engineered microbes show promise for bioremediation, they also risk disturbing ecosystems if released.
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbonsHamza Shiekh
Petroleum hydrocarbons are a major source of pollution that can be degraded through microbial processes. Microbes like bacteria, yeast and fungi produce enzymes that allow them to break down the four classes of petroleum hydrocarbons. Biodegradation occurs through attachment of microbes to the hydrocarbons and production of biosurfactants and central precursor metabolites. Both aerobic and anaerobic degradation processes are possible. While temperature, nutrients and the type of hydrocarbon influence biodegradation rates, microbial activity is an effective natural mechanism for cleaning up petroleum spills.
Environmental Microbiology: Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compoundsTejaswini Petkar
A brief presentation on 'Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compounds'- their classes,their sources, the microorganisms involved and their modes of degradation,
Biosorption uses inactive microbial biomass to bind and concentrate heavy metals from aqueous solutions, even very dilute ones. It is a promising alternative to traditional chemical precipitation for treating industrial effluents due to its low cost and high metal binding capacity. Biosorption is a metabolically passive process where heavy metals bind to functional groups on the cell surface through mechanisms like ion exchange, complexation, and chelation. Algae, fungi, bacteria, and plants have all been studied for their ability to biosorb and bioremediate heavy metals through various metabolic and non-metabolic pathways.
This document discusses hydrocarbon bioremediation. It defines hydrocarbons and explains that they are readily degraded by microorganisms under aerobic conditions. Both bacteria and fungi can aerobically degrade alkenes, alkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons through different metabolic pathways. While aerobic degradation is faster, some microbes can also anaerobically degrade hydrocarbons through pathways like fumarate addition, oxygen-independent hydroxylation, and carboxylation. The document concludes that bioremediation removes hydrocarbons that are environmental pollutants and contribute to health and climate issues.
Methanogenesis is the biological production of methane through two pathways. It is carried out by methanogenic archaea under strictly anaerobic conditions. These archaea use one-carbon compounds like carbon dioxide, methanol, or methylamines as substrates. They reduce these substrates using coenzymes like coenzyme M, coenzyme F420, methanofuran, and tetrahydromethanopterin to produce methane as the end product through a series of reduction steps. Methanogenesis provides an important source of energy for the methanogenic archaea in environments like wetlands, digestive systems, and anaerobic digesters.
This document discusses various microbial insecticides, including bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. It focuses on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) as one of the most prominent bacterial insecticides. Bt produces crystal proteins that are toxic to certain insects when ingested. Other microbial insecticides discussed include fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, as well as baculoviruses and the protozoan Nosema locustae, which are pathogenic to various insect pests. Microbial insecticides provide alternatives to chemical pesticides and have favorable environmental and toxicity profiles.
Biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic matter such as manure, food waste, and crops. It is comprised primarily of methane and carbon dioxide. The digestion occurs in anaerobic digesters, which are air-tight tanks that transform biomass into methane gas. This biogas can then be used as an energy source for heating, electricity, or transportation fuel after processing. Producing biogas also has environmental benefits as it manages waste and provides renewable energy.
Strain improvement technique (exam point of view)Sijo A
The development of industrial strains, that can tolerate cultural environment and produces the desired metabolite in large amount from wild type strain is called strain improvement.
The rate of production is controlled by genome of an organism.
Hence the rate of production can be increased by inducing necessory changes in genome of the organism. Hence it is also called genetic improvement of microbial strain.
This document provides an overview of bioremediation. Some key points:
- Bioremediation uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to remove or break down pollutants in the environment. It can be used to treat contamination in soil, water, and solid waste.
- There are different types of bioremediation including biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and intrinsic bioremediation. Genetically engineered microbes are also used.
- The microbes degrade pollutants through redox reactions and metabolic pathways. Bioremediation can be done on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material to another location (ex situ).
This document provides an overview of probiotics and biofilms. It begins with definitions of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. The mechanisms of action of probiotics are then described, including anti-cancer, anti-diarrheal, immunomodulation, and anti-allergy effects. Biofilm formation, development, and dispersal are explained. Key properties of biofilms like their structure, quorum sensing, and antibiotic resistance are covered. The roles of biofilms in infectious diseases and examples like dental caries are highlighted. Control and removal of biofilms is also discussed.
Xenobiotics and Microbial and Biotechnological approacheshanugoudaPatil
This document discusses xenobiotics and biotechnological approaches to remediating them. It defines xenobiotics as foreign compounds found within organisms. Environmental xenobiotics include pollutants like pesticides, petrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Recalcitrant xenobiotics persist in the environment and resist degradation. The document outlines genetic engineering approaches used to create genetically modified microbes (GEMs) that can biodegrade various xenobiotics through enhanced or novel metabolic pathways. GEMs show promise for more effective bioremediation of contaminated environments.
This document summarizes microbial degradation of various xenobiotics and pollutants. It discusses how microbes like bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes are able to degrade compounds like hydrocarbons, PAHs, pesticides, dyes and other xenobiotics. The microbes produce enzymes that allow them to use these compounds as carbon and energy sources and breakdown the compounds into simpler molecules like carbon dioxide and water.
Continuous and batch culture are two methods for culturing microorganisms. Continuous culture aims to keep microbes growing indefinitely by continually supplying nutrients and removing waste through dilution. It is used industrially to harvest primary metabolites. Batch culture inoculates microbes in a fixed vessel volume, allowing growth until nutrients are depleted and conditions become unsuitable, after which secondary metabolites are often harvested. Both methods have advantages - continuous culture is higher productivity while batch culture is easier to set up and can induce secondary metabolite production.
This document presents information on upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. It discusses that the UASB technology was developed in the 1970s to treat industrial and sewage wastewater using anaerobic digestion. The key factors affecting UASB reactor performance are identified as organic loading rate, nutrients, hydraulic retention time, volatile fatty acids, operational temperature, and operational pH. Advantages of UASB reactors include high efficiency, simplicity, flexibility, low space and energy requirements, and low sludge production, while disadvantages include low pathogen/nutrient removal, long start-up times, potential for odors, and need for post-treatment.
Lignocelluloses, the major component of biomass, makes up about half of the matter produced by photosynthesis. It consists of three types of polymers – cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin – that are strongly intermeshed and chemically bonded by non-covalent forces and by covalent cross-linkages. A great variety of fungi and bacteria can fragment these macromolecules by using a battery of hydrolytic or oxidative enzymes. In native substrates, binding of the polymers hinders their biodegradation. Molecular genetics of cellulose-, hemicellulose- and lignin-degrading systems advanced considerably during the 1990s. Most of the enzymes have been cloned, sequenced, and expressed both in homologous and in heterologous hosts. Much is known about the structure, genomic organization, and regulation of the genes encoding these proteins.
Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of methane by microbes known as methanogens. Organisms capable of producing methane have been identified only from the domain Archaea, a group phylogenetically distinct from both eukaryotes and bacteria, although many live in close association with anaerobic bacteria.
This document discusses biogas production. It begins by defining biogas as a mixture of gases including methane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide that can be used as an energy source. Common substrates used for biogas production include animal and agricultural waste. The process of biogas production occurs anaerobically in sealed digesters through four microbial phases that ultimately produce methane. Key factors that affect biogas production are temperature, pH, substrate composition, inhibitors, and maintaining anaerobic conditions. The advantages are that wastes are converted to a biofuel and fertilizer while preventing environmental pollution.
Degradative plasmids & superbug for oil spillsAnu Sreejith
The document discusses the development of a "superbug" bacterium for oil spill cleanup. It describes how researchers genetically engineered Pseudomonas putida by transferring plasmids containing genes for degrading various hydrocarbons. This created a strain that could break down compounds like camphor, octane, xylene and naphthalene. The superbug was the first genetically engineered microorganism to be patented. While genetically engineered microbes show promise for bioremediation, they also risk disturbing ecosystems if released.
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbonsHamza Shiekh
Petroleum hydrocarbons are a major source of pollution that can be degraded through microbial processes. Microbes like bacteria, yeast and fungi produce enzymes that allow them to break down the four classes of petroleum hydrocarbons. Biodegradation occurs through attachment of microbes to the hydrocarbons and production of biosurfactants and central precursor metabolites. Both aerobic and anaerobic degradation processes are possible. While temperature, nutrients and the type of hydrocarbon influence biodegradation rates, microbial activity is an effective natural mechanism for cleaning up petroleum spills.
Environmental Microbiology: Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compoundsTejaswini Petkar
A brief presentation on 'Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compounds'- their classes,their sources, the microorganisms involved and their modes of degradation,
Biosorption uses inactive microbial biomass to bind and concentrate heavy metals from aqueous solutions, even very dilute ones. It is a promising alternative to traditional chemical precipitation for treating industrial effluents due to its low cost and high metal binding capacity. Biosorption is a metabolically passive process where heavy metals bind to functional groups on the cell surface through mechanisms like ion exchange, complexation, and chelation. Algae, fungi, bacteria, and plants have all been studied for their ability to biosorb and bioremediate heavy metals through various metabolic and non-metabolic pathways.
This document discusses hydrocarbon bioremediation. It defines hydrocarbons and explains that they are readily degraded by microorganisms under aerobic conditions. Both bacteria and fungi can aerobically degrade alkenes, alkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons through different metabolic pathways. While aerobic degradation is faster, some microbes can also anaerobically degrade hydrocarbons through pathways like fumarate addition, oxygen-independent hydroxylation, and carboxylation. The document concludes that bioremediation removes hydrocarbons that are environmental pollutants and contribute to health and climate issues.
Methanogenesis is the biological production of methane through two pathways. It is carried out by methanogenic archaea under strictly anaerobic conditions. These archaea use one-carbon compounds like carbon dioxide, methanol, or methylamines as substrates. They reduce these substrates using coenzymes like coenzyme M, coenzyme F420, methanofuran, and tetrahydromethanopterin to produce methane as the end product through a series of reduction steps. Methanogenesis provides an important source of energy for the methanogenic archaea in environments like wetlands, digestive systems, and anaerobic digesters.
This document discusses various microbial insecticides, including bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. It focuses on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) as one of the most prominent bacterial insecticides. Bt produces crystal proteins that are toxic to certain insects when ingested. Other microbial insecticides discussed include fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, as well as baculoviruses and the protozoan Nosema locustae, which are pathogenic to various insect pests. Microbial insecticides provide alternatives to chemical pesticides and have favorable environmental and toxicity profiles.
Biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic matter such as manure, food waste, and crops. It is comprised primarily of methane and carbon dioxide. The digestion occurs in anaerobic digesters, which are air-tight tanks that transform biomass into methane gas. This biogas can then be used as an energy source for heating, electricity, or transportation fuel after processing. Producing biogas also has environmental benefits as it manages waste and provides renewable energy.
Strain improvement technique (exam point of view)Sijo A
The development of industrial strains, that can tolerate cultural environment and produces the desired metabolite in large amount from wild type strain is called strain improvement.
The rate of production is controlled by genome of an organism.
Hence the rate of production can be increased by inducing necessory changes in genome of the organism. Hence it is also called genetic improvement of microbial strain.
This document provides an overview of bioremediation. Some key points:
- Bioremediation uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to remove or break down pollutants in the environment. It can be used to treat contamination in soil, water, and solid waste.
- There are different types of bioremediation including biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and intrinsic bioremediation. Genetically engineered microbes are also used.
- The microbes degrade pollutants through redox reactions and metabolic pathways. Bioremediation can be done on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material to another location (ex situ).
This document provides an overview of probiotics and biofilms. It begins with definitions of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. The mechanisms of action of probiotics are then described, including anti-cancer, anti-diarrheal, immunomodulation, and anti-allergy effects. Biofilm formation, development, and dispersal are explained. Key properties of biofilms like their structure, quorum sensing, and antibiotic resistance are covered. The roles of biofilms in infectious diseases and examples like dental caries are highlighted. Control and removal of biofilms is also discussed.
This seminar discusses quorum sensing in bacteria and the potential to develop natural quorum sensing inhibitors from marine algae as anti-fouling agents. Quorum sensing allows bacteria to communicate and coordinate behaviors at high cell densities through signaling molecules. The speaker aims to screen marine algae for compounds that can inhibit quorum sensing and thereby prevent biofilm formation and fouling of marine structures. Inhibiting quorum sensing could provide a non-toxic alternative to toxic anti-fouling paints currently used.
Dental plaque begins as a conditioning film that forms on teeth within minutes of cleaning. Bacteria then adhere through reversible and irreversible binding. As bacteria multiply, they synthesize extracellular polymeric substances to form a biofilm matrix. Co-adhesion and co-aggregation allow more bacteria to attach, leading to microcolony formation. Over time, this results in a mature dental plaque biofilm embedded within the matrix on the tooth surface.
This document discusses biofilm in endodontics. It defines biofilm as a community of microorganisms attached to a surface and embedded in a self-produced matrix. The document covers the ultrastructure of biofilm, its characteristics, development, and how it provides protection and benefits to microbes. Biofilm formation involves initial attachment, growth and maturation of microcolonies, and dispersion. Quorum sensing allows for genetic exchange between bacteria in biofilm. Due to its structure and physiology, biofilm exhibits high resistance to antimicrobial agents.
Actinomycetes are filamentous, gram-positive bacteria that have characteristics of both bacteria and fungi. They form a mycelium like fungi but have bacterial cell walls lacking chitin and cellulose. Common genera found in soil include Streptomyces, Nocardia, and Micromonospora. Streptomyces and Nocardia are important because they produce many antibiotics and can cause infections in humans. Nocardia forms branching filaments and causes pneumonia and brain infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals.
Dental plaque is a biofilm that forms on teeth. It consists of microbial communities embedded in an extracellular matrix. Bacteria in plaque interact through quorum sensing, metabolic cooperation, and horizontal gene transfer. As plaque matures, physiological heterogeneity develops within the biofilm as bacteria occupy different microenvironments. Plaque is resistant to antibiotics due to slow growth and matrix protection. Factors like saliva, nutrients, and surface properties influence plaque development and behavior. Effective strategies are needed to control the oral biofilm and prevent dental diseases.
Bacteria use quorum sensing to regulate virulence gene expression in response to population density. As bacteria density increases and autoinducer molecule concentration rises, bacteria transition from individual to group behaviors. This allows precise coordination of virulence factors. The document examines quorum sensing in pathogenic bacteria like S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. It describes the autoinducer molecules and regulatory pathways that control virulence factors important for bacterial infection and pathogenesis.
Biological control is a component of integrated pest management that involves using natural enemies like predators, parasitoids, and pathogens to reduce pest populations. It typically requires active human involvement. Biological control can be used against insect pests, weeds, and plant diseases. While it has advantages like being selective and inexpensive, it also has disadvantages like taking a long time to become established and not eliminating pest populations entirely.
This document provides a summary of soil microorganisms and their functions in 3 sentences or less:
Soil is teeming with life including bacteria, fungi, protists, and animals that carry out essential functions like decomposing organic matter, fixing nitrogen, and forming symbiotic relationships with plant roots. There can be thousands of species of microbes like bacteria and fungi, and dozens of species of larger organisms like earthworms, mites and nematodes in a single handful of healthy soil. These diverse soil microorganisms interact and carry out critical processes in the soil ecosystem that support plant growth and agricultural production.
Microbiology plays an important role in endodontic infections. Bacteria enter the root canal system through caries, periodontal disease, trauma, or cracks in the tooth. The root canal system becomes infected as bacteria colonize necrotic pulp tissue. Primary endodontic infections involve polymicrobial communities containing 10-30 bacterial species per canal, most of which are strict anaerobes. Key pathogens involved in endodontic disease include black-pigmented Prevotella and Porphyromonas bacteria, as well as Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium, and Candida albicans. Bacterial virulence factors like lipopolysaccharide and capsules allow pathogens to evade the
Actinomycetes are filamentous, Gram-positive bacteria that can cause several types of infections in humans and animals. Actinomyces bacteria like Actinomyces israelii are anaerobic and cause cervicofacial, thoracic, abdominal, or pelvic actinomycosis by forming sulfur granules in tissues. Nocardia bacteria are aerobic, sometimes acid-fast, and can cause cutaneous, subcutaneous, or systemic infections. Streptomyces bacteria are the source of many antibiotics. Diagnosis involves identifying the sulfur granules in tissues which contain bacterial colonies and filaments. Treatment involves long-term high dose penicillin or tetracycline antibiotics.
This document discusses biological control of plant diseases. It describes biological control as using natural enemies like beneficial microorganisms to control pathogen populations. Mechanisms of biological control include competition, parasitism, predation, induced resistance, and antimicrobial production. While biological control shows promise, its use can be limited by environmental conditions. Integrated disease management is presented as a better approach, combining biological, cultural, and chemical controls tailored to each crop system. The disease triangle concept illustrates how a pathogen, susceptible host, and favorable environment must intersect for disease to occur.
The document discusses biofuels and lignocellulosic biomass processing. It describes:
1) The types and generations of biofuels including ethanol from sugars/starches and lignocellulosic biomass.
2) The composition and pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass to break down lignin and increase accessibility of cellulose and hemicellulose.
3) The enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated biomass into glucose and other sugars and models for consolidated bioprocessing using single or consortia of microbes.
Soil microorganisms play important roles in maintaining soil health and fertility. They are involved in nutrient cycling by decomposing organic matter, fixing nitrogen, and carrying out other biochemical processes. The main types of microbes found in soil are bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Soil microbes affect soil structure, plant growth, and carry out important processes like nitrogen fixation, nutrient availability, and degradation of pollutants. However, human activities like agricultural practices, urbanization, and climate change threaten soil microbes by reducing organic matter, increasing salinity, and introducing pollutants. Proper management is needed to protect these vital soil microorganisms.
The document discusses microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which generate electricity through the catalytic reactions of microorganisms. It describes the basic components and principles of MFCs, including how bacteria at the anode convert organic substrates into protons and electrons. The protons pass through a membrane to the cathode, where the electrons from the external circuit also travel to recombine with the protons and oxygen, producing water. The document outlines various MFC designs, microbes, substrates, and applications. While MFCs can simultaneously treat wastewater and generate electricity, the technology still has low power densities and high costs compared to other energy sources.
The document discusses various methods for remediating contaminated land, including conventional methods and bioremediation. Conventional methods are very expensive, involve transporting hazardous materials, and do not destroy contaminants. Bioremediation uses natural biological processes and is a potentially better approach. It can destroy or immobilize contaminants on-site inexpensively using microorganisms and plants. The document outlines different types of bioremediation including in situ and ex situ techniques like bioaugmentation, phytoremediation, and rhizofiltration that use microbes and plants to remediate contamination.
This document discusses biological control of plant diseases. Biological control involves using living organisms to control pests. It has received more attention recently. Some advantages are that it is specific to pests and cheaper after initial costs. Disadvantages include narrow effectiveness and high start-up expenses. Biological control agents include parasitoids, pathogens, and predators. Parasitoids lay eggs on or in a host insect and kill it. Pathogens infect insects and kill them or affect future generations. Predators are larger than prey and eat several. The document also discusses antagonists that compete with or produce toxins against plant pathogens. Common release methods are inoculative, where small numbers are released to spread, and augmentation, where organisms are mass
1) Anaerobic treatment is a biological process that occurs without oxygen to stabilize organic materials by converting them to methane, carbon dioxide, and ammonia.
2) It has several advantages over aerobic treatment including lower energy requirements, energy generation in the form of methane gas, and lower sludge production.
3) The process involves several groups of microorganisms that break down organic matter in stages through hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis.
The document discusses anaerobic digestion monitoring at a plant in Mafra, Portugal under high ammonia concentrations. Key findings include:
- The plant achieves an average biogas productivity of 600 Nm3/t VS at a loading rate of 7.2 t VS/m3.d, with waste feeding TS averaging 50% VS.
- Ammonia nitrogen levels up to 4±1g/L did not inhibit methanogens due to the mesophilic operating temperature and pH.
- The liquid effluent has a soluble COD of 25g/L including 2-4g/L of VFA and 2-4g/L of ammonia nitrogen, and is sent to an
The document discusses anaerobic digestion monitoring at a plant in Mafra, Portugal under high ammonia concentrations. Key findings include:
- The plant achieves an average biogas productivity of 600 Nm3/t VS at a loading rate of 7.2 t VS/m3.d, with waste feeding TS averaging 50% VS.
- Ammonia nitrogen levels up to 4±1g/L did not inhibit methanogens due to the mesophilic operating temperature and pH.
- The liquid effluent has a soluble COD of 25g/L including 2-4g/L of VFA and 2-4g/L of ammonia nitrogen, and is sent to an
MECHANISM OF ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION new.pptxmuskanmahajan24
ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION:Anaerobic degradation is defined as the biological process that produce a gas mixture (called biogas) that contains methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as its primary constituents, through the concerted action of a mixed microbial population under conditions of oxygen deficiency.
Biological methane production was first noticed by Volta in 1776, who described the release of methane from a swamp.
Anaerobic digestion is most widely used and one of the oldest methods for sewage sludge stabilization.
It was first used for high-solids municipal wastewater treatment toward the end of the nineteenth century by Louis H. Mouras, who designed and constructed sewage sludge digesters in Vesoul, France.
Complete Aerobic digestion of glucose to carbon-dioxide yields up to 38 mole ATP/mole glucose while Anaerobic fermentation to mixed organic acids yields 2-4 mole ATP/mole glucose.
Microorganisms involved in degradation: Acid - forming bacteria : Clostridium sp , Corynebacterium sp , Lactobacillus sp ,Actinomycetes sp, Staphylococcus sp,Peptococcus anaerobus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas,Bifidobacterium, Propionibacterium, Enterobacteriaceae .
Methanogenic bacteria: Methanobacterium formicium,Methanobacterium bryantii, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum,Methanosarcina barkeri, Methanobrevibacte ruminantiurn,Methanobrevibacter smithii ,Methanobrevibacter arboriphilus, Methanococcus vannielii , Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus, Methanobacterium cariaci, Methanobacillus omelianskii.
Stages of Anaerobic biodegradation
Hydrolysis, Acidogenesis, Acetogenesis and Methanogenesis
Anaerobic Degradation of Carbohydrates: The anaerobic degradation of cellulose, can be divided into hydrolytic, fermentative, acetogenic and methanogenic phases.
The hydrolysis of carbohydrates proceeds favourably at a slightly acidic pH.
Hemicellulose and pectin are hydrolyzed 10 times faster than lignin-encrusted cellulose.
In the methane reactor, beta-oxidation of fatty acids,especially of propionate or n-butyrate, is the rate limiting step.
Anaerobic degradation of Proteins: Hydrolysis of precipitated or soluble protein is catalyzed by several types of proteases that cleave membrane-permeable amino acids, dipeptides, or oligopeptides.
The hydrolysis of proteins requires a neutral or weakly alkaline pH.
For complete degradadtion of amino acids in an anaerobic system , a syntrophic relationship of amino acids-fermenting anaerobic bacteria with methanogens or sulfate reducers is required.
Anaerobic degradation of Neutral fats and Lipids: Glycerol and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids(palmitic acid,linolic acid,stearic acid etc.) are formed from neutral fats.
The long chain of fatty acids are degraded by acetogenic bacteria by beta-oxidation to acetate and molecular hydrogen.
If acetate and molecular hydrogen accumulate, the anaerobic digestion process is inhibited.
Very low H2 partial pressure is mainatained by hydrogen-utilizing methanogens .
This document discusses biogas production through the methane fermentation process. It describes how biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic waste by bacteria. The document outlines the typical composition of biogas, which is mostly methane and carbon dioxide. It also provides details on the multi-step methane fermentation process and diagrams of biogas plant infrastructure. Practical uses of biogas include generating electricity and heat from the methane produced. The document concludes that Poland has significant potential to develop its biogas energy sector near sources of organic waste.
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Anaerobic treatment and biogas (short).pptArshadWarsi13
The document discusses anaerobic treatment of industrial wastewater. It provides an overview of the historical development of anaerobic waste treatment and increasing popularity since the 1970s energy crisis. The document describes the multi-step microbial process of anaerobic digestion involving acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis. It compares anaerobic and aerobic treatment processes and lists some of the best industrial wastewaters suited for anaerobic treatment. The document also discusses important environmental factors like temperature and pH that must be maintained for efficient anaerobic treatment.
The document discusses anaerobic treatment of industrial wastewater. It provides an overview of the historical development of anaerobic waste treatment and increasing popularity since the 1970s energy crisis. The document describes the multi-step microbial process of anaerobic digestion involving acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis. It compares anaerobic and aerobic treatment processes and discusses factors important for efficient anaerobic treatment such as temperature, pH, nutrients and microbial populations.
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TEXTILE SLUDGE DEGRADATION USING WATER HYACINTH AND BIOGAS GENERATIONijiert bestjournal
Textile industry is growing on an enormous rate due to the cap ital demand of the product cotton,wool and synthetics. The waste water generated from different manufacturing processes in a point to treat because of its toxicity. The toxici ty mainly comes from pr esence of heavy metals,chemicals and different compounds used in di fferent manufacturing processes;among these heavy metals is of great concerns. The heavy su ch as Pb,Cd,Ni,Cu,As,Cr etc. are found in textile sludge. water hyacinth (Eic hhornia crassipes) has received great attention because of its obstinacy and high productivity.
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Anaerobic digestion (ad) of biomass renewable energy resourcesDrBilalAhmadZafarAmi
This document provides an overview of anaerobic digestion as a renewable energy resource. It discusses:
1. The stages of anaerobic digestion including hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis in which complex organic matter is broken down by microorganisms into methane and carbon dioxide.
2. The history of anaerobic digestion and some key developments such as the first digestion plant being built in 1859 and regulations supporting renewable energy in Germany in 2000.
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4. Fact
Nutritional requirement by microorganismsSuchittaU
Nutrients are required for microbial growth and act as building blocks and energy sources. The main nutrient requirements for microorganisms include carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and trace elements. Microorganisms can be classified based on their carbon, energy and electron sources as photolithotrophs, photoorganoheterotrophs, chemolithoautotrophs, chemolithoheterotrophs or chemoorganoheterotrophs. Culture media are used to grow microorganisms and include defined, complex, liquid, solid, supportive, enriched, selective and differential media depending on their composition and purpose.
The document discusses the nutritional requirements of microorganisms. It explains that microorganisms require carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and other macro and micronutrients to support growth. Specific requirements include carbon sources, energy sources, and electron sources. The document also discusses nutrient uptake mechanisms in microbes and different types of culture media used for growing microorganisms, including defined, complex, supportive, enriched, selective, and differential media. Finally, it describes several techniques for isolating pure cultures of microbes, including spread plating, streak plating, and pour plating.
Factors affecting biogas production during anaerobic decomposition of brewery...Alexander Decker
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The document discusses biohydrogen production from wastewater and provides an overview of key methods and factors. It notes that while biohydrogen is a sustainable fuel, large-scale commercial production faces challenges related to substrate conversion efficiency, product inhibition, and installation costs. The paper reviews various reactor configurations and pretreatment techniques used to optimize production. It finds that integrating dark and photo fermentation shows promise in addressing inhibition issues and improving yields, but widespread commercialization will require further reductions in costs.
Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Sewage Sludge and Waste – A Review with a Focus on ...IRJET Journal
The document reviews anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and food waste. It discusses key factors that affect co-digestion such as mixing ratios, temperature, pH, retention time, and the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. Co-digestion can overcome limitations of single substrate digestion and increase biogas production. However, food waste presents challenges like variability in biodegradability. Pretreatment and optimizing the substrate combination are important to maximize methane yields from anaerobic co-digestion.
This document describes research on engineering the methylotroph Methylorubrum extorquens AM1 to produce polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) terpolymers with higher compositions of 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) and 3-hydroxyhexanoate (3HHx) monomers from methanol. The researchers introduced genes involved in the reverse β-oxidation pathway and ethylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase to increase precursors for 3HV and 3HHx production. This severely impaired growth on methanol but growth was restored by addition of lanthanum, resulting in a strain that produced PHA terpolymer with 5.4% 3HV and 0.9% 3HHx
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
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Eric Nizeyimana's document 2006 from gicumbi to ttc nyamata handball play
Anurag ppt
1. SEMINAR ON
BIOCHEMICAL ROUTES :ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
TRANSESTERIFICATION
PHOTOFERMENTATION
By
ANURAG CHANDRA SHEKHAR
(M.TECH. FIRST YEAR )
ROLL No. 06
In The Expert Guidance Of
Dr. SONAL DIXIT
ASST. PROFESSOR(GUEST)
DEPT. ENVIROMENTAL SCIENCE
2. Anaerobic Digestion
Anaerobic digestion is the conversion of organic material in
the absence of oxygen to methane and carbon dioxide by a
microbial consortia.
CXHYOZ CO2 +CH4+ anaerobic bacterial
biomass
3. How Do We Get Methane?
Need Methanogens:
Either Hydrogen (Lithotrophic methanogens)
4H2 + CO2 CH4 + 2 H2O
Acetate (acetoclastic methanogens)
CH2COOH + H2O CH4 + CO2
But have a limited range of substrates can also include carbon
monoxide, formate, methanol.
4. The Anaerobic Digestion Microbial
Consortia
The production of biogas is dependant on the successful
interaction of interdependent microbial species.
The production of methane is a property of a (relatively)
limited number of micro-organism species, the
“methanogens”.
There is a limited number of substrates that the “methanogens”
can use to produce methane.
5. 5
Anaerobic Digestion Process
Liquefaction
Liquefying
Bacteria
Acid Production
Liquefied
soluble organic
compounds
Insoluble
Compounds
(organic,
inorganic,
water)
Acid-Forming
Bacteria
Biogas
Production
Simple
organic
acids
Methane-Forming
Bacteria
Manure
BiogasBiogas
(Methane,
CO2, misc.)
Effluent
End
Products
6. The Stages in Anaerobic Digestion
Hydrolysis
Long chain polymers broken down to smaller molecules.
Acidogenesis
Production of hydrogen and volatile fatty acids.
Acetogenesis
Alcohols, >C2 VFAs converted to acetate and hydrogen.
Methanogenesis
Hydrogen and acetate converted to methane.
7. The Steps in Anaerobic Digestion
Hydrolysis
Acidogenesis
Acetogenesis
Methanogenesis
Taken from Guwy, (1996). Modified from Mosey, (1983)
8. Factors Effecting the Rate of
Hydrolysis
Particle size of the waste, smaller is better.
Accessibility of the substrate i.e. how easy is it for the
enzymes to attack the substrate.
Problems with lipids .
Residence time in the reactor.
Chemical structure of substrate.
Negative impact of lignin and hydrocarbons,
Organic content of the substrate.
9. Acidogenesis
The sugars, amino acids and longer chain fatty acids are
then fermented to acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate,
ethanol, lactate, hydrogen, CO2, ammonia and sulphide by
the acidogenic bacteria.
The proportion of the organic products of the acidogenic
bacteria is determined by the H2 concentration and pH.
10. Acetogenesis
The acetogens (obligate hydrogen producing acetogenic
bacteria) convert the fermentation products which the
methanogens cannot use (alcohols, >C2 VFAs, aromatic
compounds) to the substrates which the methanogens can
utilise.
The Gibbs free energies for the conversion of ethanol,
propionic and butyric to acetate and hydrogen are
energetically unfavourable i.e. positive at standard free
biochemical energy levels (pH 7.0, 1 atm.).
11. Why are Propionic and Butyric Acids
bad?
Don`t smell very nice .
Wasted energy as methanogens can`t use them.
Very difficult to get rid of.
CH3CH2COOH + 2H2O CH3COOH + CO2+ 3H2
Propionic acid
NOT beneficial for the microorganisms as:
G0 =+ 76.1.9 KJ mol -1
Energy could be required to be put in to use the propionic acids.
12. Role of Interspecies Hydrogen
Transfer
The H2 partial pressure must be maintained at between 10-6
-10-4
atmospheres for sufficient energy for growth to be obtained
from propionic and butyric acids.
As H2 is continually being generated it must be continually be
removed for methanogenesis to occur.
The removal of H2 is achieved by conversion to methane by
the hydrogen utilising methanogens.
This symbiosis is known as interspecies hydrogen transfer and
is crucial to the success of the anaerobic digestion process.
13. Graphical representation of the hydrogen-dependant thermodynamic favourability of acetogenic
oxidations and inorganic respirations associated with the anaerobic degradation of waste organics.
(1) Propionic oxidation to acetic acid, (2) butyric oxidation to acetic, (3) ethanol to acetic, (4) lactic
to acetic, (5) acetogenic respiration of bicarbonate, (6) methanogenic respiration of bicarbonate, (7)
respiration of sulphate to sulphide, (8) respiration of sulphite to sulphide, (9) methanogenic
cleavage of acetic acid, (10) SRB-mediated cleavage of acetic acid. (From Harper and Pohland,
1985).
Methanogenic “Hydrogen” Niche
14. The Methanogens
A group of gram –ve bacteria.
Belong to the group of bacteria termed the Archaea or
archaebacteria.
Are strict anaerobes they evolved billions (3.5 billion) years
ago when the earth had very low or zero levels of oxygen.
Utilise simple inorganic substrates such as H2, CO2 or simple
organic substrates such as acetate, formate and methanol.
15. Image source: Dr L. Hulshoff and Professor van Lier; Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen
University, Netherlands
The Archaea
Scanning electron micrograph of archaea from the
genus Methanosaeta. Members of the genus
Methanosaeta are acetotrophic, i.e. they produce
methane from acetate.
Scanning electron micrograph of a
cocci-shaped archaea from the genus
Methanosarcina. Members of the
genus Methanosarcina can use all 3
routes to methane.
16. Specific Growth Conditions
These micro-organisms have been difficult to culture in vitro as in
nature they are dependant on other bacteria to provide a suitable
environment for their growth.
The fermentative bacteria provide a environment with :
Low redox potential (-330 mV).
Extremely low in O2 .
Suitable range of substrates .
17. Analysing The Consortia
Traditional microbiology
“petri” dish technology (some problems here)
Enzymatic profiles
Molecular Biology Techniques
PCR/RT PCR
DGGE
FISH
Genomics and Proteomics
Microarrays
18. Limited Range of Substrates
Hydrogen (Lithotrophic methanogens)
4H2 + CO2 CH4 + 2 H2O
Very beneficial for the microorganisms as G0 =-138.9 KJ mol -1
is
gained.
But only 30% of methane produced via this route.
20. Other Anaerobic Processes
Unfortunately other gases are produced as well as methane
and CO2.
These include hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3).
Hydrogen Sulphide is produced by a competing group of
bacteria to the methanogens called the sulphate reducing
bacteria.
21. What Effects the % and amount of
Methane in the Biogas
Relative solubility of the gases.
Is alkalinity being destroyed?
Biodegradability of substrate.
Chemical composition of biodegradable substrate.
– Buswell equation
22. Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRBs)
Are a problem for methanogenesis as?
Compete with methanogens for their source of energy
(hydrogen and acetate).
Can become inhibitory (cellular toxin) at dissolved levels of
50 mg/l.
More of the dissolved form at lower pH.
23. Competitive Nature of SRBs
4H2 + SO4
2-
H2S + 2 H2O
Very beneficial for the micro-organisms as G0 =-154 KJ mol
-1
is gained.
CH2COOH + SO4
2-
H2S + 2HCO3
-
Not so beneficial for the micro-organisms as only G0 = - 43 KJ mol
-1
is gained BUT more than the methanogens
24. The bacterial consortium requires a number of
factors to be controlled to maintain performance.
These include:
Temperature
pH (related to buffering capacity)
Essential Nutrients
Avoid toxic compounds
Sufficient residence time to reproduce
25. The Effect of Temperature
Three temperature optima have been reported for the
anaerobic digestion process phsycrophilic (around 15o
C),
mesophilic (around 35o
C) and thermophilic (around 55o
C)
temperatures.
Methanogenesis has been found to occur upto 75o
C but the
optimum temperature is thought to be 55-60o
C.
The advantage of the higher temperature ranges is that the
process will proceed at a faster rate than the lower temperature
ranges as stated by the Arrhenius equation.
26. The Effect of pH
Different groups in the anaerobic consortia can cope with
different pH levels.
Methanogens prefer pH 6-5- 7.5
Acidogens also prefer pH 6.5-7.5 BUT can cope with pH 5.2
Therefore if pH is lowered methane production will slow and
consumption of VFA reduce while VFA production continues. Spiral
of Decline.
Effects methane production but also distribution of volatile
fatty acids.
27. Bicarbonate Alkalinity and pH
pH Scale is the log10 of the H+
concentration.
Bicarbonate alkalinity is a measure of the H+
buffering
capacity of the reactor. Measured in mg/l CaCO3
If you have a alkalinity buffer then difference is between walking
a tight rope and a plank when operating the digester.
If alkalinity is decreasing may be a sign of trouble before pH
drops below critical level.
28. Nutrient Requirements
The anaerobic consortia need nutrients to grow
their cells and drive their enzymes and
metabolic processes.
Can be divided up into macro and micro
nutrients.
Need to be “available”
29. Macro nutrients
Relatively large quantities
C/N/P ratios
Also need sulphur C N P S
500-1000:15-20: 5 : 3
Micronutrients (Trace Elements)
Needed in much lower quantities (g per m3
)
Required for enzyme activity
Ni, Fe, Co, Se, Mg etc.
30. Toxic or Inhibitory Compounds
Divided into two groups:
Too much of a good thing
Ammonia
Sulphate
Ca/Na/K
Should not be here at all
Cleaning compounds
Antimicrobials
Solvents
Heavy metals
31. 31
Environmental Benefits
Reduces odor from land
application.
Protects water resources.
Reduces pathogens.
Weed seed reduction.
Fly control after digestion.
Greenhouse gas reduction.
Help in bio gas generation &
WWT.
32. Conclusions
The anaerobic digestion process depends on the effective
working of a complex interaction of microorganisms.
It has been working successfully for 3.5 billion years.
However there a wide number of ways which we can make it
not work very well.
It can be breaking down and still seem to be working.
33. Transesterification
Transesterification is based on the chemical reaction of
triglycerides with Methanol to form methyl esters and glycerin
in the presence of an alkaline catalyst .
Methanol & Catalyst are injected into Light layer from
esterification and virgin oil and reacted in the Bio-Conversion
Processor (BCP).
Crude Biodiesel and Crude Glycerin are separated using
Centrifuge after completion of the transesterification reaction .
Crude Biodiesel and Crude Glycerin are refined using
distillation columns.
Use of Ultrasonication Conversion can speed up this process
significantly.
34. Transesterification RXN
O O
|| ||
CH2 - O - C - R1 CH3 - O - C - R1
|
| O O CH2 - OH
| || || |
CH - O - C - R2 + 3 CH3OH => CH3 - O - C - R2 + CH - OH
| (KOH) |
| O O CH2 - OH
| || ||
CH2 - O - C - R3 CH3 - O - C - R3
Triglyceride methanol mixture of fatty esters glycerin
37. Standard Recipe
100 lb oil + 21.71 lb methanol
→ 100.45 lb biodiesel + 10.40 lb glycerol + 10.86 lb
XS methanol
Plus 1 lb of NaOH catalyst
38. Competing Reactions
Free fatty acids are a potential contaminant of
oils and fats.
O
||
HO - C - R
Carboxylic Acid (R is a carbon chain)
O
||
HO - C - (CH2)7 CH=CH(CH2)7CH3
Oleic Acid
39.
O
|| + KOH
HO - C - (CH2
)7
CH=CH(CH2
)7
CH3
Oleic Acid Potassium
Hydroxide
O
||
→ K+ -
O - C - (CH2
)7
CH=CH(CH2
)7
CH3
+ H2
O
Potassium oleate (soap) Water
Fatty acids react with alkali catalyst to form
soap.
40. Water is also a problem
Water hydrolyzes fats to form free fatty acids,
which then form soap.
O
||
CH2 - O - C - R1 CH3 - OH
| |
| O | O O
| || | || ||
CH - O - C - R2 + H2O >>> CH3 - O - C - R2 + HO - C-R1
| |
| O | O
| || | ||
CH2 - O - C - R3 CH3 - O - C - R3
Triglyceride Water Diglyceride Fatty acid
41. Soap
Soaps can gel at ambient temperature causing the the entire
product mixture to form a semi-solid mass.
Soaps can cause problems with glycerol separation and
washing.
42. Process Issues
Feedstock requirements
Reaction time
Continuous vs. batch processing
Processing low quality feed stocks
Product quality
Developing process options
43. Feedstock Used in Biodiesel
Production
Triglygeride or fats and oils (e.g. 100 kg soybean oil) –
vegetable oils, animal fats, greases, soapstock, etc.
Primary alcohol (e.g. 10 kg methanol) – methanol or ethanol
(44% more ethanol is required for reaction)
Catalyst (e.g. 0.3–1.0 kg sodium hydroxide)
Neutralizer (e.g. 0.25 kg sulfuric or hydrochloric acid)
44. Reaction time
Transesterification reaction will proceed at ambient (70°F)
temperatures but needs 4-8 hours to reach completion.
Reaction time can be shortened to 2-4 hours at 105°F and 1-2
hours at 140°F.
Higher temperatures will decrease reaction times but require
pressure vessels because methanol boils at 148°F (65°C).
High shear mixing and use of cosolvents have been proposed
to accelerate reaction.
45. Batch vs Continuous Flow
Batch is better suited to smaller plants (<1 million gallons/yr).
Batch does not require 24/7 operation.
Batch provides greater flexibility to tune process to feedstock
variations.
Continuous allows use of high-volume separation systems
(centrifuges) which greatly increase throughput.
Hybrid systems are possible.
46. Hybrid Batch/Continuous
Base Catalyzed Process
Ester
TG
Alcohol
TG
Alcohol
Catalyst
Ester
Biodiesel
Mixer
Glycerol
Decanter
CSTR 1 CSTR 2 Glycerol
Alcohol
Alcohol Water
Water
Dryer
Wash Water
Acid
Crude
Glycerol
47. Processing Lower Quality
Feedstock’s
Biodiesel feedstock’s vary in the amount of free fatty acids they
contain:
• Refined vegetable oils < 0.05%
• Crude soybean oil 0.3-0.7%
• Restaurant waste grease 2-7%
• Animal fat 5-30%
• Trap grease 75-100%
Price decreases as FFAs increase but processing demands
increase, also.
Not suitable for high FFA feeds because of soap formation.
48. Preferred method for High FFA
feeds: Acid catalysis followed by
base catalysis
Use acid catalysis for conversion of FFAs to methyl esters,
until FFA < 0.5%.
Acid esterification of FFA is fast (1 hour) but acid-
catalyzed transesterification is slow (2 days at 60°C).
Water formation by
FFA + methanol ==> methyl ester + water
can be a problem.
Then, add additional methanol and base catalyst to
transesterify the triglycerides.
49. Acid Catalyzed FFA Pretreat System
Hi-FFA TG Esters
to
Acid base-
process
Alcohol
Acid Reactor
Neutralize
Separate
Water
Methanol
recovery
50. Product Quality
Product quality is important – modern diesel engines are very
sensitive to fuel.
It is not biodiesel until it meets ASTM D6751.
Critical properties are total glycerol (completeness of reaction)
and acid value (fuel deterioration). Reaction must be >98%
complete.
51. Developing Process Options
Schemes for accelerating the reaction
Supercritical methanol
High shear mixing
Co solvents (Biox)
Solid (heterogeneous) catalysts
Catalyst reuse
Easier glycerol clean-up
52. Environmental Impacts of Biodiesel
Large Reductions in:
CO2
SOx
Particulates
Odor
Slight Increase in:
NOx
53. Conclusions
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines that can be
made from virtually any oil or fat feedstock.
The technology choice is a function of desired capacity,
feedstock type and quality, alcohol recovery, and catalyst
recovery.
Maintaining product quality is essential for the growth of the
biodiesel industry.
54. Photobiological
This method involves using sunlight, a biological component,
catalysts and an engineered system.
Specific organisms, algae and bacteria, produce hydrogen as a
byproduct of their metabolic processes.
These organisms generally live in water and therefore are
biologically splitting the water into its component elements.
Currently, this technology is still in the research and
development stage and the theoretical sunlight conversion
efficiencies have been estimated up to 24%.
55. Materials Requirements for
Photobiological Hydrogen Production
Biological H2 production is expected to be one of many processes that
contribute to the ultimate supply of H2.
But it is useful to consider that in an area of less than 5,000 square miles
(about 0.12 % of the U.S. land area) of bioreactor footprint in the desert
southwest, photobiological processes could in principle produce enough H2
to displace all of the gasoline currently used in the U.S. (236 million
vehicles).
The underlying assumptions are that H2 could be produced from water at 10
% efficiency (the maximum theoretical efficiency of an algal H2 production
system is about 13 %) and that fuel cell-powered vehicles could get 60
miles/kg of H2.
56. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS
The photobiological production of H2 is a property of only three classes of organisms
photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria, and green algae.
These organisms use their photosynthetic apparatus to absorb sunlight and convert it into
chemical energy.
Water (green algae and cyanobacteria) or an organic/inorganic acid (photosynthetic bacteria) is
the electron donor.
This review will focus on oxygenic organisms such as green algae and some cyanobacteria,
which produce hydrogen directly from water, without an intermediary biomass accumulation
stage.
This process is considered to have highest potential sunlight conversion efficiency to H2, which
as mentioned above, could be on the order of 10 to 13 %.
To accomplish this, green algae and cyanobacteria can utilize the normal components of
photosynthesis to split water into O2, protons, and electrons, deriving the requisite energy from
sunlight.
However, instead of using the protons and electrons to reduce CO2 and storing the energy as
starch molecules (the normal function of photosynthesis), these organisms can recombine the
protons and electrons and evolve H2 gas under anaerobic conditions (figure 5.1) using a reaction
catalyzed by an induced hydrogenate.
57.
58. Conti..
The enzymes responsible for H2 production are
metallocatalysts that belong to the classes of [NiFe]- (in
cyanobacteria) or [NiFe]- (in green algae) hydrogenases.
Although sustained and continuous photobiological H2
production has been achieved with green algae, the
establishment and maintenance of culture anaerobiosis is
currently a sine qua non for the process.
This requirement results from the following biological
realities.
59. Cont…
The hydrogenase genes in green algae and in some cyanobacteria are not
expressed (the genes are not turned on) in the presence of O2, and a
variable period of anaerobiosis is required to induce gene transcription.
The expression and function of the genes that catalyze the assembly of the
catalytic metallocluster of the algal [FeFe]-hydrogenases require
anaerobiosis, while in most cyanobacteria, the [NiFe]-hydrogenase genes
are expressed and the protein assembled in the presence of O2; in this case,
the proteins are assembled in an inactive form, but can be activated quickly
when exposed to anaerobic conditions.
The activity of the catalytic metallocluster of the hydrogenases is inhibited
reversibly (in cyanobacteria) or irreversibly (in green algae) by the
presence of O2.
60. Reactor Materials
Engineering design of full-scale photobioreactors and the
balance of the facility for photobiological hydrogen
production has not been considered beyond very general
concepts.
Consequently, there has been little effort to identify
construction material and establish boundaries for specifying
materials performance and properties.
61.
62. Major Benefits Of The Method
High theoretical conversion yields.
Lack of oxygen involving , which causes problem of oxygen
in activation of different biological systems.
Ability to use wide spectrum of light.
Ability to consume organic substrates derivable from waste
and then , for their potential to be used in association with
wastewater treatment.
63. Conclusions
The photo biological hydrogen production processes are mostly
operated at ambient temperature and pressure, but less energy
intensive. These process are not only environment friendly, but
also they lead to opening of new avenues for the utilization of
renewable energy resources , which are inexhaustible. They can
also use various waste material , which facilitate waste
recycling.
Editor's Notes
Figure77. Schematic of the biological processes involved with methane production from manure.
Suitable feedstocks for a base-catalyzed process require FFA &lt; 1 % and preferably &lt; 0.05 %. The oil must be dry, preferably &lt; 0.5 % moisture.