This presentation will help to understand the various microbes involved in the sewage treatment, also included the data regarding some sewage treatment plants present in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
it include a summary for stater culture (Def, types, application, factors) beside the fermented dairy products as yogurt including its manufacture . the lecture was presented 27.2.2020
-Introduction
-About bacteriocins
-Classification of bacteriocins
-Role in food preservation
-How to add bacteriocins in foods
-Advantages and disadvantages
-Conclusion.
it include a summary for stater culture (Def, types, application, factors) beside the fermented dairy products as yogurt including its manufacture . the lecture was presented 27.2.2020
-Introduction
-About bacteriocins
-Classification of bacteriocins
-Role in food preservation
-How to add bacteriocins in foods
-Advantages and disadvantages
-Conclusion.
Bio oxidation- a technology for sustainable pollution controlPriyam Jyoti Borah
Bio-oxidation is a. biological air pollution. control technology. that utilizes bacteria & fungi to biologically absorb and digest vapor-phase VOCs and odorous compounds commonly found in industrial and municipal applications.
Bioremediation
Bioremediation refers to the use of either naturally occurring or
deliberately introduced microorganisms to consume and break down
environmental pollutants, in order to clean a polluted site.
The process of bioremediation enhances the rate of the natural
microbial degradation of contaminants by supplementing the
indigenous microorganisms (bacteria or fungi) with nutrients, carbon
sources, or electron donors (biostimulation, biorestoration) or by
adding an enriched culture of microorganisms that have specific
characteristics that allow them to degrade the desired contaminant at
a quicker rate (bioaugmentation).
It is a cleaning process that degrades dangerous contaminants using
naturally existing microbes. These bacteria may consume and
degrade organic chemicals as a source of food and energy, degrade
organic substances that are dangerous to living creatures, including
humans, and degrade the organic pollutants into inert products.
Because the bacteria already exist in nature, they offer no pollution
concern
Bioremediation is the use of
microorganisms or microbial processes
to detoxify and degrade environmental
contaminants.
Microorganisms have been used for the
routine treatment and transformation
of waste products for several decades
Bioremediation strategies rely on
having the correct microorganisms in
the right location at the right time in the
right environment for degradation to
occur. The appropriate microorganisms
are bacteria and fungi that have the
physiological and metabolic
competence to breakdown pollutants
Objective of Bioremediation
The objective of bioremediation is to decrease pollutant levels to
undetectable, nontoxic, or acceptable levels, i.e., within regulatory
limits, or, ideally, to totally mineralize organopollutants to carbon
dioxide
BIOREMEDIATION AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN ENVIRONMENT
PROTECTION
Bioremediation is defined as ‘the process of using microorganisms to remove
the environmental pollutants where microbes serve as scavengers’.
• The removal of organic wastes by microbes leads to environmental clean-up.
The other names/terms used for bioremediation are biotreatment,
bioreclamation, and biorestoration.
• The term “Xenobiotics” (xenos means foreign) refers to the unnatural, foreign
and synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, herbicides, refrigerants, solvents
and other organic compounds.
• The microbial degradation of xenobiotics also helps in reducing the
environmental pollution. Pseudomonas which is a soil microorganism
effectively degrades xenobiotics.
• Different strains of Pseudomonas that are capable of detoxifying more than
100 organic compounds (e.g. phenols, biphenyls, organophosphates,
naphthalene, etc.) have been identified.
• Some other microbial strains are also known to have the capacity to degrade
xenobiotics such as Mycobacterium, Alcaligenes, Norcardia, etc.
Factors affecting biodegradation
The factors that affect the
biodegradation are:
• the chemical nature of
xenobiotics,
• the conc
It is probably not unscientific to suggest that somewhere or other some
microorganism exists which can, under suitable conditions, oxidize
any substances which is theoretically capable of being oxidized.
E.F. Gale, The Chemical Activities of Bacteria (1952)
Primary treatment devices are referred to as sedimentation tanks, primary tanks, primary clarifiers or primary settling tanks, some of which have the further function of providing an additional compartment for the decomposition of settled organic solids which is known as sludge digestion.
Secondary wastewater treatment is the second stage of wastewater treatment that takes place after the primary treatment process. The process consists of removing or reducing contaminants or growths that are left in the wastewater from the primary treatment process. Usually biological treatment is used to treat wastewater in this step because it is the most effective type of treatment on bacteria, or contaminant, growth.
Tertiary treatment is the next wastewater treatment process after secondary treatment. This step removes stubborn contaminants that secondary treatment was not able to clean up. Wastewater effluent becomes even cleaner in this treatment process through the use of stronger and more advanced treatment systems.
STICKNEY WATER RECLAMATION PLANT, CHICAGO CAPACITY: 1.44 BILLION GALLONS PERWATE DAY
DEER ISLAND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT- BOSTON, USA CAPACITY: 1.27 BG\D.
DETROIT WASTE TREATMENT PLANT – Detroit , USA. CAPACITY: 930MG\D
It is our group presentation.
topic on effluent treatment plant.
From this presentation, you will be able to know elaborately about the ETP. And i hope, this presentation will be very helpful for your presentation, related this topic.
Moreover, from this content you can easily understand how to management wastewater, wastewater treatment etc.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Role of Microorganisms in Sewage Treatment by Usama Younas
1. AMNA SABA 1929-MSCBOT-19
HAFSA SHAFIQUE 1932-MSCBOT-19
USAMA YOUNAS 1942-MSCBOT-19
GHANWA SIDDIQUE 1959-MSCBOT-19
COURSE INSTRUCTOR: DR. MUHAMMAD HANIF
COURSE NAME: MICROBIOLOGY
COURSE CODE: BOT- 453
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY
LAHORE
DATED: 20 MARCH, 2021
Assignment Topic:
ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
2. INTRODUCTION:
• Sewage Treatment is a process in which the pollutants are removed. The
ultimate goal of sewage treatment is to produce an effluent that will not
impact the environment
•Microorganisms play a major role in decomposing waste organic matter,
removing carbonaceous BOD, coagulating non-settable colloidal solids, and
stabilizing organic matter
• These organisms convert colloidal and dissolved carbonaceous organic
matter, into various gases and cell tissue
• The cell tissues having a specific gravity greater than water, can then be
removed from sewage water treatment through gravity settling
• In the absence of sewage treatment, the results can be devastating as sewage
disrupt the environment completely
4. CLASSIFICATION:
The general processes of sewage treatment are may be:
Primary Treatment
Secondary Treatment
Tertiary Treatment
Primary Treatment involves physical separation of sewage into solids and liquid
by using a settling basin
The liquid sewage is then transferred to Secondary Treatment which focuses on
removing the biological compounds by use of microbial organisms. The
microorganisms usually use aerobic metabolism to degrade biological matter in
the liquid sewage. These majorly includes some species of Monera (Bacteria),
used to decompose some organic stuff present in sewage
Then, Tertiary Treatment is required to disinfect the sewage so that it can be
released into the environment
The solid sewage separated from primary treatment is transferred to a tank for
sludge digestion which includes anaerobic degradation using microbes
5. BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION:
The classification is based on whether the conversion of organic
matter where the process take place is Aerobic, Anaerobic or
Photosynthetic
Under Aerobic conditions, microorganisms utilize oxygen to oxidize
organic substances to obtain energy for maintenance and the
synthesis of cellular material
Under Anaerobic conditions, the microorganisms utilize, nitrates,
sulphates and other hydrogen acceptor to obtain energy for the
synthesis of cellular material
Photosynthetic organisms use carbon dioxide as a carbon source,
inorganic nutrients as source of phosphate , and nitrogen utilizing
light energy to drive the conversion process
Microorganisms also produce some waste products may desirable
or may undesirable
6. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT:
The environment of the Sewage Treatment Plant has to be controlled
precisely because bacteria are sensitive to Oxygen level, pH level,
Temperature and level of nutrients. In order for efficient degradation
of biological matter to occur, these factors are controlled manually:
OXYGEN LEVEL is an important factor to secondary and tertiary
treatment process.
In Secondary Treatment, oxygen is required as terminal electron
acceptor in organic matter degradation. For example, nitrification by
Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter species requires dissolved oxygen to
occur. Oxygen in secondary treatment is provided manually by
pumping oxygen into the sewage continuously which occurs in an
aeration tank.
In Tertiary Treatment, the removal of excess organic matter is
enhanced by settling the sewage in a Lagoon. This process is also
aerobic but it depends on the diffusion of oxygen because most
organic matter has been graded by secondary treatment
7. PH LEVEL:
• Acidity plays a crucial role in the breakdown of organic
matter because pH affects the solubility of compounds
which indirectly affects the accessibility by bacteria.
• Also bacteria responsible for organic matter degradation
are sensitive to the pH of the enviornment.
• Extremely high or low pH are able to kill bacteria,
deposition of organic matter due to lack of degradation.
• The pH of sewage treatment is controlled to be around 7
• A nitrifier in secondary treatment, Nitrosomonas requires
a pH between 6-9 in order to be viable
8. TEMPERATURE:
The effect of temperature is influential for secondary treatment, but
it is not important in primary treatment
Bacterial growth is Sensitive to Temperature because high
temperature can increase the fluidity of the phospholipids bilayer
which leads to cell lysis
Bacteria have High Enzymatic Activity at high temperature due to
increased thermal energy
For example, when Thermophilic Sludge Treatment is compared to
Mesophilic Treatment, the sludge biodegradability is higher with
thermophilic degradation
Hence, we need to enhance the temperature precisely to maximize
the efficiency of degradation but also allow the cell to remain viable
9. NUTRIENTS AVAILABILITY:
• There are a lot of nutrients available in the sewage because of
Human waste and Agricultural runoff
• Bacteria can harvest the electron from organic matter and transfer it
to a terminal electron acceptor which results in the break down of
organic matter and energy
10. ROLE OF BACTERIA IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
• Bacteria present in sewage are essential component for decomposition of
waste material of sewage
• Important role of bacteria is as follows:
BOD ( Biological Oxygen Demand) reduction
COD ( Chemical Oxygen Demand) reduction
Fats, Oil and Grease removal
Removal of odor
Removal of suspended solid
• Basic Methodology used b bacteria to remove pollutants from sewage
Aerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion
11. DIFFERENT TYPES OF BACTERIA
Different types of bacteria plays different role:
Bacillus remove fats, oils, greases and proteins
12. DIFFERENT TYPES OF BACTERIA
Pseudomonas acts on sugar and starch, BOD
reduction
Putdia converts nitrites into nitrates
13. KEY MICROORGANISMS:
MICROORGANISMS CAN BE CATEGORIZED BY ITS METABOLISM:
Microorganism with Aerobic microbial process
Members of the Nitrosomonas genus is a gram negative bacterium
responsible for the first stage of nitrification sewage
N. eutropha, N. communis, N. marina
They oxidize ammonium into nitrite. This bacterium prefers a pH around 6-
9 and nitrify optimally at 20-30˚C
14. CONTINUED….
Members of Nitrobacter Genus is a gram negative bacterium responsible
for the second stage of nitrification for the sewage
N. vulgaris, N. winogradskyi, N. alkalicus
It oxidizes nitrite to nitrate using oxygen at a terminal electron acceptor
The bacteria has an optimum pH of 6-8 and an Optimum Temperature of
0-40 C
15. MICROORGANISMS WITH ANAEROBIC MICROBIAL
PROCESS:
Members of Pseudomonas Genus is a gram negative denitrifying
bacteria that use the chemical energy in organic matter to reduce nitrate
into dinitrogen gas
P. aeroginosa, P. putida, P. fluoresens
Also, members of the Bacteriodetes phylum are the gram negative
bacteria responsible for the anaerobic fermentation of the solid suldge
16. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS IN LAHORE
In Lahore, Pakistan there are many sewage treatment plants
located. The most famous ones are:
WATER CARE SERVICES (WCSP)
Located in Johar Town, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Environmental Zone Water Solution Services (EZ)
Located in Faisal Town, Block-D, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Water Engineering and Management Services (PVT.) Ltd.
Block-N, Model Town, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Aqua Plus Pakistan
11-Rana Plaza, opp.Rasheed Hospital, Iqbal Park, Lahore,
Punjab, Pakistan
17. CURRENT RESEARCH:
• A research has shown the correlation between nutrient removal efficiency,
light wavelength and light intensity
• A Chinese Researcher discovered that red and high intensity light maximizes
the nutrient removal efficiency
• Also, the use of pre-treated sludge is found to generate electricity in a
Microbial Fuel Cell.
• This can potentially lead to production of renewable energy
