The primary treatment goals for patients with hepatitis B (HBV) infection are to prevent progression of the disease, particularly to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Risk factors for progression of chronic HBV include the following :
Persistently elevated levels of HBV DNA and, in some patients, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as the presence of core and precore mutations seen most commonly in HBV genotype C and D infections
Male sex
Older age
Family history of HCC
Alcohol use
Elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
Coinfection with hepatitis D (delta) virus (HDV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
A synergistic approach of suppressing viral load and boosting the patient’s immune response with immunotherapeutic interventions is needed for the best prognosis. The prevention of HCC often includes the use of antiviral treatment using pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) or nucleos(t)ide analogues.
HBV infection can be self-limited or chronic. No specific therapy is available for persons with acute hepatitis B; treatment is supportive.
chronic myeloid leukemia, CML, epidemiology, BCR ABL1 gene, philadelphia chromosome, t(9;22), CML incidence, etiology of CML, pathophysiology of CML, phases of CML, treatment of CML, Allogenic stem cell transplant, TKI therapy for CML, Sokal index for CML,
The primary treatment goals for patients with hepatitis B (HBV) infection are to prevent progression of the disease, particularly to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Risk factors for progression of chronic HBV include the following :
Persistently elevated levels of HBV DNA and, in some patients, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as the presence of core and precore mutations seen most commonly in HBV genotype C and D infections
Male sex
Older age
Family history of HCC
Alcohol use
Elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
Coinfection with hepatitis D (delta) virus (HDV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
A synergistic approach of suppressing viral load and boosting the patient’s immune response with immunotherapeutic interventions is needed for the best prognosis. The prevention of HCC often includes the use of antiviral treatment using pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) or nucleos(t)ide analogues.
HBV infection can be self-limited or chronic. No specific therapy is available for persons with acute hepatitis B; treatment is supportive.
chronic myeloid leukemia, CML, epidemiology, BCR ABL1 gene, philadelphia chromosome, t(9;22), CML incidence, etiology of CML, pathophysiology of CML, phases of CML, treatment of CML, Allogenic stem cell transplant, TKI therapy for CML, Sokal index for CML,
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing. Severity is variable.
Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases. Risk factors include cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, diabetes, heart failure, a history of smoking, a poor ability to cough such as following a stroke, and a weak immune system. Diagnosis is often based on the symptoms and physical examination. Chest X-ray, blood tests, and culture of the sputum may help confirm the diagnosis. The disease may be classified by where it was acquired with community, hospital, or health care associated pneumonia.
Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available. Other methods of prevention include handwashing and not smoking. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics. If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is generally hospitalized. Oxygen therapy may be used if oxygen levels are low.
Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people globally (7% of the population) and results in about four million deaths per year. Pneumonia was regarded by William Osler in the 19th century as "the captain of the men of death". With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century, survival improved. Nevertheless, in developing countries, and among the very old, the very young, and the chronically ill, pneumonia remains a leading cause of death. Pneumonia often shortens suffering among those already close to death and has thus been called "the old man's friend"
Aplastic anemia is one of the stem cell disorder which leads to pancytopenia in the peripheral blood and decrease production of all cell line in bone marrow. it require bone marrow transplantation to cure the patient.
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a very fast-growing type of cancer. It is a form of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Signs and symptoms may differ depending on the form of BL and the organs or body systems involved. When it spreads, weakness and fatigue often develop. Lymphoma cells may build up in the lymph nodes and other organs, causing swelling. Central nervous system involvement is possible with all forms of BL, particularly when there is advanced-stage disease. The exact cause of BL is not known. EBV infection appears to play a role in some cases. While acquired (not inherited) genetic changes involving the MYC gene and other genes are present within BL cancer cells, it is unclear what causes these genetic changes to occur.
Wesley Campbell, MD, of U.S. Navy Medicine, presents "An AIDS-Defining Illness Presenting during Acute Retroviral Syndrome: A Case Discussion and Review of the Literature" for AIDS Clinical Rounds at UC San Diego
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing. Severity is variable.
Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases. Risk factors include cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, diabetes, heart failure, a history of smoking, a poor ability to cough such as following a stroke, and a weak immune system. Diagnosis is often based on the symptoms and physical examination. Chest X-ray, blood tests, and culture of the sputum may help confirm the diagnosis. The disease may be classified by where it was acquired with community, hospital, or health care associated pneumonia.
Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available. Other methods of prevention include handwashing and not smoking. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics. If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is generally hospitalized. Oxygen therapy may be used if oxygen levels are low.
Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people globally (7% of the population) and results in about four million deaths per year. Pneumonia was regarded by William Osler in the 19th century as "the captain of the men of death". With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century, survival improved. Nevertheless, in developing countries, and among the very old, the very young, and the chronically ill, pneumonia remains a leading cause of death. Pneumonia often shortens suffering among those already close to death and has thus been called "the old man's friend"
Aplastic anemia is one of the stem cell disorder which leads to pancytopenia in the peripheral blood and decrease production of all cell line in bone marrow. it require bone marrow transplantation to cure the patient.
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a very fast-growing type of cancer. It is a form of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Signs and symptoms may differ depending on the form of BL and the organs or body systems involved. When it spreads, weakness and fatigue often develop. Lymphoma cells may build up in the lymph nodes and other organs, causing swelling. Central nervous system involvement is possible with all forms of BL, particularly when there is advanced-stage disease. The exact cause of BL is not known. EBV infection appears to play a role in some cases. While acquired (not inherited) genetic changes involving the MYC gene and other genes are present within BL cancer cells, it is unclear what causes these genetic changes to occur.
Wesley Campbell, MD, of U.S. Navy Medicine, presents "An AIDS-Defining Illness Presenting during Acute Retroviral Syndrome: A Case Discussion and Review of the Literature" for AIDS Clinical Rounds at UC San Diego
A slideshow for my collegues in hospitals on 2014 Oct 15th.
This presentation is about a case who developed resistance to lamivudine, an anti-HBV agent, during treatment. We discussed about how resistance develop, how to interpret resistance result, and how to optimize the therapy in lamivudine-resistant settings. Time to stop anti-viral agents is also discussed.
Susanna Naggie, M.D., M.H.S., of Duke Clinical Research Center, presents "HIV/HCV Co-Infection: The Journey of a Special Population" at AIDS Clinical Rounds
Christian B. Ramers, M.D., M.P.H., of Family Health Centers of San Diego, presents "The HCV Treatment Revolution: A View from the Community Health Center" for AIDS Clinical Rounds at UC San Diego
Basil Donovan from NCHECR addresses the global context; Australian trends in infectious syphilis; enhanced surveillance for syphilis; and the effects of syphilis on HIV infection, at AFAO's syphilis forum in May 2009.
ABSTRACT- Aim: The present study was to know the seroprevalence of Hepatitis C virus among indoor and outdoor patients of a teaching ter-tiary care hospital in North India. Study design: Place and duration of study: Department of Microbiology, Pt. B. D. Sharma PGIMS Rohtak, Haryana, India, between August 2013 to July 2014. Methodology: This is a retrospective study performed on blood samples collected from patients of all ages and both sexes. Commercially available Erba Lisa Hepatitis C ELISA kits were used which detects anti-HCV IgG antibodies. Statistical analysis was performed when two or more variables were needed to compare. SPSS version 17 was used to calculate P value. Results: The prevalence of HCV was 3.74% in our study. 72.7% were from males and 27.3% were from females. Highest number of positive sam-ples was from 11-20 years age group (5.6%). The positivity for anti-HCV antibodies was higher in indoor samples (7.8%) as compared to outdoor samples (2.3%). Conclusion: Strict need to follow universal precautions for HCV control and education of public so that high risk activities should be controlled. KEYWORDS: Hepatitis C virus, Seroprevalence, anti-HCV antibodies, Indoor, HCV control
Epidermiologic pattern of viral hepatitis in afghanistanIslam Saeed
Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis in Afghanistan. The presentation is prepared by Dr. Islam Saeed, Director for Surveillance/DEWS at Afghan National Public Health Institute (ANPHI), MoPH
Background: Cervical screening through conventional cervical cytology is most commonly used throughout the world. The Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide and in developing countries, the leading cause of death. It is one of the most preventable and curable of all cancers.
Objective: To Study the role of Pap smear in detecting neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of cervix and to determine the occurrence of various lesions in remote area of Bagalkot.
Methods: This is prospective study of 240 women with age group 20 to 60 years was carried out from May 2015 to June 2016 cytology section of pathology department, S. Nijalingappa Medical College & H.S.K Hospital & Research Centre, Bagalkot, India. Pap smears were prepared, fixed, stained and carefully examined.
Results: In this study, Reactive cellular changes associated with inflammation was the most common with 182 cases (75.8%) followed by Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) with 11 cases (4.5%), then atypical squamous epithelial cells of undetermined significance 8 cases (3.3%), High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions with 5 cases (2.1%), Atrophy with 3 cases (1.3%) and Atypical Glandular Cell in 3 cases (1.3%). The average age of women for all the epithelial abnormalities was 40 years.
Conclusion: This study will increase awareness of the Pap test and cervical cancer, thereby paving a way for the prevention of cervical cancer.
Key-words- Pap smear, Cervical cancer, The Bethesda System, Squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL)
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
1. ACUTE VIRAL HEPATITIS
CLINICAL PRESENTATION.
DIGNOSIS.
EPEDEMOLOGY OF VIRAL
HEPATITIS INFECTION A,B,C IN
KSA.
MANAGEMENT.
2. Viral Hepatitis - Overview
Viral Hepatitis - Overview
A
A B
B C
C D
D E
E
Source of
virus
feces blood/
blood-derived
body fluids
blood/
blood-derived
body fluids
blood/
blood-derived
body fluids
feces
Route of
transmission
fecal-oral percutaneous
permucosal
percutaneous
permucosal
percutaneous
permucosal
fecal-oral
Chronic
infection
no yes yes yes no
Prevention pre/post-
exposure
immunization
pre/post-
exposure
immunization
blood donor
screening;
risk behavior
modification
pre/post-
exposure
immunization;
risk behavior
modification
ensure safe
drinking
water
Type of Hepatitis
Type of Hepatitis
19. • Sexual
• Parenteral
• Perinatal
Hepatitis B Virus
Modes of Transmission
Hepatitis B Virus
Modes of Transmission
20. Concentration of Hepatitis B Virus
in Various Body Fluids
Concentration of Hepatitis B Virus
in Various Body Fluids
High Moderate
Low/Not
Detectable
blood semen urine
serum vaginal fluid feces
wound exudates saliva sweat
tears
breastmilk
21. Possible transmission route of HBV
in KSA
1-Horisontal transmission (person to person) is the main
transmission route
2-Perintal transmission (positive HBSAG mothers)
especially if they are HBEAG positive
3- Heterosexual transmission
4-Illegal injection drug use
5- Contaminated equipment used for therapeutic
injections and other health care related procedures
6- Folk medicine practice
7-Blood and blood products transfusion without prior
screening
23. OVERALL PREVALENCE OF HBsAg AMONG
SAUDIS IN THE 80’S ACCORDING TO REGIONS
5.5
8.9
9.6
8.3
0
2
4
6
8
10
Central (n=6649) South-western
(n=7235)
Eastern
(n=8300)
Total (n=32183)
Positivity
(%)
Al-Faleh. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 1988
24. PREVALENCE OF HBeAg AMONG HBsAg POSITIVE
SAUDIS PREGNANT WOMEN (n = 20920)
3.7
5.4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
%of HBsAg pos. %of HBeAg Pos.
Al-Faleh, Annals of Saudi Medicine, 1988
25. FREQUENCY OF HBeAg AMONG HBsAg
POSITIVE SAUDI CHILDREN (n=307)
17.2
19.4
17.1
17.9
15.5
16
16.5
17
17.5
18
18.5
19
19.5
Percent
1-3 years
(93/16)
4-6 years
(103/20)
7-10 years
(111/19)
Total
(307/55)
Al-Faleh et al. Journal of Infection, 1992
26. PREVENTION STRATEGIES OF
MINISTRY OF HEALTH IN KSA
Introducing HBV vaccine in EPI program; and
Mandatory screening of blood donors
and expatriates.
Vaccination of risk groups.
Health education especially among
medical personnel.
27. THE CURRENT EPI IN THE
KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA
1. At birth BCG + HB1
2. At 6 weeks DPT1 + OPV1 Hb2
3. At 3 months DPT2 + OPV2
4. At 5 months DPT3 + OPV3
5. At 5months Measles HB3
6. At 12 months MMR
7. At 18 months (DPT + OPV) Booster 1
8. At 4-6 years (DPT + OPV) Booster 2
28. COMPARISON OF PREVALENCE OF HBsAg
AMONG SAUDI CHILDREN IN 1989 (n=4575)
AND 1997 (n=5355) – ACCORDING TO AGE
9.68
0 0
6.54
0.16
7.24
0.3
5.06
0
6.35
0
7.57
0.2
6.51
0.82
7.2
0.93
5.81
2.31
0
6
6.71
0.31
0
2
4
6
8
10
Percentage
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Total
(Age in years)
1989 1997
Al Faleh, J Infect 1999
29. COMPARISON OF PREVALENCE OF HBsAg
AMONG SAUDI CHILDREN IN 1989 (n=4575)
AND 1997 (n=5355) – ACCORDING TO REGION
8.63
0
3.48
0.52
2.87
0
5.83
0.83
5.71
0
10.29
1.52
7.59
0
8.83
0.77
5.22
0
9.04
0
12.67
0.47
3.14
0
3.73
0.3
7.53
0
6.71
0.31
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
Percentage
Riyadh
Qassim
Hail
Makkah
Medina
Aseer
Al-Baha
Gizan
Najran
Al-Jouf
Tabouk
Dammam
Jeddah
Taif
Total
1989 1997
Al Faleh, J Infect 1999
30. Prevalence Of HBsAg Among Saudi Population
Before & After Vaccination over 18 y
6.70%
0%
0.16%
0%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
1989 1992 1997 2007/8
After
Before
1-10yr
4575
1-2yr
637
1-12yr
3666
Age
numbers
16-18yr
1365
31. CHANGING PATTERNS OF HBsAg POSITIVITY
AMONG BLOOD DONORS IN MOH,CENTRAL
BLOOD BANK 1994-2005
4.4
3.25
1.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
1994
n=9690
2000
n=91695
2005
n=177037
40. Transmission of HCV
EGYPT, mass campaigns of parenteral
antischistosomal therapy(discontinued
only in the 1980 ) may represent the
WORLD, largest iatrogenic transmission of
BLOOD BORNN PATHOGENS
frank c,Moh m k et all lancet 2000
43. COMPARISON OF PREVALENCE OF ANTI-HCV IN
SAUDI CHILDREN IN 1989 AND 1997 STUDIES
1989 1997
No. of children Positive (%) No. of children Positive (%)
4496
39
(0.87%)
5350
2
(0.04%)
Diagnostic test only by
1st-generation EIA kit.
Diagnostic test by
3rd-generation EIA kit and
confirmatory test by RIBA
kit.
44. 1989 1997 2008
No. of
children
Positive (%)
No. of
children
Positive
(%)
No. of
students
Positive (%)
4496
39*
(0.87%)
5350
2**
(0.04%) 1357
(5)3
0.22%
Diagnostic test
only by
1st-generation EIA
kit.
Diagnostic test by
3rd-generation EIA
kit and confirmatory
test by RIBA kit.
Diagnostic test by
PCR for anti- HCV
Positive cases.
Overall prevalence rate of HCV infection in KSA
among children and adolescent during the last
18 yrs.
* ALFaleh et al. Hepatology 1991
** ALFaleh Ann Saudi Med. 2003
45. Prevalence of HCV Among Saudi
Blood donors (1998- 2002)
1.2
0.9
1.3
1.2
0.7
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Precentage
1998
(n=104003)
1999
(n=110608)
2000
(n=114122
2001
(n=115090)
2002
(n=113993)
Shobokshi et al , SMJ 2003
46. HCV positivity among blood donors in 2005 in
central blood bank of MOH in KSA according to
regions
0.2
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.3 0.3
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
R
i
y
a
d
h
(
n
=
3
1
2
6
8
)
M
a
k
k
a
h
(
n
=
2
3
3
4
8
)
A
s
e
e
r
(
n
=
2
0
8
4
0
)
A
l
b
a
h
a
(
n
=
9
8
4
8
)
N
a
j
r
a
n
(
n
=
1
2
7
5
0
)
J
e
z
a
n
(
n
=
5
3
1
4
)
E
a
s
t
r
e
n
P
r
o
v
i
e
n
c
e
(
n
=
2
9
6
7
4
)
A
l
q
a
s
e
e
m
(
n
=
2
6
0
9
4
)
T
o
t
a
l
(
n
=
1
7
2
6
5
)
47. HCV positivity among Saudi blood donors from
1996 – 2005 in KKUH (n=58910)
0.58 0.55
0.36
0.22
0.28 0.3 0.3
0.14
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Percentage
1996
(n=40)
1997
(n=35)
1998
(n=22)
1999
(n=13)
2000
(n=18)
2002
(n=15)
2003
(n=17)
2004
(n=11)
2005
(n=19)
KKUH Blood bank
48. HCV POSITIVITY AMONG SAUDI BLOOD DONORS
FROM 1996 TO 2000 IN KKUH
ACCORDING TO AGE GROUPS
0.17
0.53 0.69
4.4
0.38
0
1
2
3
4
5
Percentage
20-30 30-40 40-50 > 50 Total
(Age in years)
No. of blood donors = 32793
KKUH Blood bank
49. Prevalence of HCV Positivity
Among Different Saudi population
Type of patient number Prevalence(%)
Children from 1-18y 3854 0.1
Pregnant women 3127 0.7
Hemodialysis patients 29054 55.8
Drug addicts 9137 14
Shobokshi et al , SMJ 2003
50. Prevention Of HCV Transmission
Avoiding shared use of Razors or brushes
and any item that pierces the skin.
Strict adherence of the universal
precautions in health facilities.
Educating and training of HCW’s to the
proper use of standard precautions
Folk medicine?!
56. COMPARISON OF PREVALENCE OF ANTI-HAV AMONG SAUDI
CHILDREN IN 1989 (n=4375) AND 1997 (n=5255) – ACCORDING
TO AGE
23.7
13.4
34.8
17.6
41.6
20.3
43.9
23.4
48.5
24
54.1
26.7
59.8
28
59.7
30.6
63.5
33.1
72.6
34.5
26.4
48.850.5
24.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Percentage
1 3 5 7 9 11 Total
(Age in years)
1989 1997
Al-Faleh et al. Saudi Med. J, 1999
57. COMPARISON OF PREVALENCE OF ANTI-HAV
AMONG SAUDI CHILDREN IN 1989 (n=4375) AND
1997 (n=5255) – ACCORDING TO REGION
39
16.1
62.7
31.6
56
20.4
55
20.1
59.5
28.2
44.5
19
43.6
25.4
81.6
82.2
79.1
51.3
64.4
47.9
76
45.6
38.4
18.2
51.1
17.5 19
9.6
50.5
24.9
1
11
21
31
41
51
61
71
81
91
Percentage
Riyadh
Qassim
Hail
Makkah
Medina
Aseer
Al-Baha
Gizan
Najran
Al-Jouf
Tabouk
Dammam
Jeddah
Taif
Total
1989 1997
58. COMPARISON OF PREVALENCE OF ANTI-HAV
IN ASEER REGION AMONG SAUDI CHILDREN
IN 1989 (n=476) AND 1997 (n=411)
44.5
19
1
11
21
31
41
51
61
71
81
91
Percentage
1989 1997
59. PREVALENCE OF ANTI-HAV IN SAUDI
CHILDREN IN 1997 ACCORDING TO SEX
25.75
24
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Percent
Male (n=2642) Female (n=2713)
No. of children = 5355
60. PREVALENCE OF ANTI-HAV IN SAUDI CHILDREN IN 1997
ACCORDING TO LOCATION
20.98
33.04
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Percent
Urban (n=3635) Rural (n=1715)
No. of children = 5255
61. AGE SPECIFIC PREVALENCE OF ANTI-HAV IN SAUDIS
FROM RIYADH, CENTRAL REGION
Age
(Years)
1986 1994
P
No. Positive/
No. Tested
%
No. Positive/
No. Tested
%
1 – 9 103/194 53.0 81/210 38.6 3.4 x 10.3
10 – 19 164/193 85.0 110/180 61.1 1 x 10.4
20 – 30 182/200 91.0 188/240 78.3 3 x 10.4
Total 449/587 76.5 379/630 60.2 1 x 10.4
Arif et al. Saudi J Gastroenterology, 1995
62. Changing pattern of Hepatitis A prevalence
within the Saudi population over 18 yrs
53
24.3
18.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1989 1999 2008
Age
Region
1-10 YRS
13
1-12 yrs
13
16-18 yrs
3
*
**
***
*AlRashed R. Ann SM 1997
** AlFaleh et al SMJ 1999
*** AlFaleh et al WJG 2008
73. • High (8%): 45% of global population
– lifetime risk of infection >60%
– early childhood infections common
• Intermediate (2%-7%): 43% of global population
– lifetime risk of infection 20%-60%
– infections occur in all age groups
• Low (<2%): 12% of global population
– lifetime risk of infection <20%
– most infections occur in adult risk groups
Global Patterns of Chronic HBV Infection
Global Patterns of Chronic HBV Infection
74. • High (8%): 45% of global population
– lifetime risk of infection >60%
– early childhood infections common
• Intermediate (2%-7%): 43% of global population
– lifetime risk of infection 20%-60%
– infections occur in all age groups
• Low (<2%): 12% of global population
– lifetime risk of infection <20%
– most infections occur in adult risk groups
Global Patterns of Chronic HBV Infection
Global Patterns of Chronic HBV Infection