This document discusses key concepts in traffic engineering. It begins by defining traffic engineering as the branch of civil engineering dealing with the safe and efficient movement of people and goods using roads. It then outlines some basic components of traffic engineering like road users, vehicles, roads/highways, and control devices. The majority of the document defines and explains important traffic flow parameters like speed, volume, density, spacing, headway, clearance, gap, and lane occupancy. It provides equations relating parameters and discusses units of measurement. The document aims to introduce foundational traffic engineering concepts.
Capacity & Level of Service: Highways & Signalized Intersections (Indo-HCM)Vijai Krishnan V
This presentation gives a glimpse on estimating the capacity and Level of Service (LOS) of highway midblock sections and signalized intersections under heterogeneous traffic conditions using the Indo-HCM 2017 Manual. It also compares the Indo-HCM LOS estimation methods with US-HCM. Some practice questions are also included.
I acknowledge the co-author Ms. Sethulakshmi G (Ph. D. Scholar, NIT Surathkal) for her valuable contribution to this presentation.
"Traffic Flow" is a PowerPoint for primary and secondary students that introduces the concept of traffic flow, issues that may present with traffic and ways to resolve these problems. This lesson can also be paired with a "Redesign and Intersection" activity.
Capacity & Level of Service: Highways & Signalized Intersections (Indo-HCM)Vijai Krishnan V
This presentation gives a glimpse on estimating the capacity and Level of Service (LOS) of highway midblock sections and signalized intersections under heterogeneous traffic conditions using the Indo-HCM 2017 Manual. It also compares the Indo-HCM LOS estimation methods with US-HCM. Some practice questions are also included.
I acknowledge the co-author Ms. Sethulakshmi G (Ph. D. Scholar, NIT Surathkal) for her valuable contribution to this presentation.
"Traffic Flow" is a PowerPoint for primary and secondary students that introduces the concept of traffic flow, issues that may present with traffic and ways to resolve these problems. This lesson can also be paired with a "Redesign and Intersection" activity.
Two Phase At-Grade Enhanced Intersection "2pi" System created by: Belisario Hernandez Romo P.E., Ph.D. P.T.O.E., Ph. 858-3668128 All directional traffic movements plus pedestrian crossings are negotiated at the intersection in two phases per semaphore controlled cycle. Capacity is increased at least 200%
Adjusting the flow in crucial areas can maximize the overall throughput of traffic along a stretch of road. This is of particular interest in regions of high traffic density, which may be caused by high volume peak time traffic, accidents or closure of one or more lanes of the road.
In many countries, cities are expanding in terms of size, number residents and visitors, etc. The resulting increase in concentration of people, with their mobility needs, causes major traffic and transportation problems in and around our cities. Next to the economic impacts due to delay and unreliability of travel time, concerns regarding safety and security, emissions and sustainability become more and more urgent.
ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems) hold the potential to reduce these issues. In the past decade, we have been more and more successful in making better use of the available infrastructure by using traditional ITS measures. As we will show in this talk, key to this success has been in achieving a profound understanding of what are the key phenomena that characterise network traffic flows, and designing solutions that capitalise on this.
The playing field is however rapidly changing. For one, we see a transition from road-side to in-car technology in terms of sensing and actuation. This provides great opportunities, but making best use of these is not trivial and requires a paradigm shift in the way we think about managing traffic flows where collaboration between the old stakeholders (e.g. road authorities) and the new stakeholders (e.g. companies like Google, and TomTom) becomes increasingly important. This will be illustrated in this talk by some examples showing how we can put the transition to in-car traffic management to use, both in terms of making optimal use of the new data sources and the use of the car as an actuator.
With respect to the latter, we will see that even for low penetration levels, which will occur in the transition phase towards a more highly automated traffic stream, considerable impacts can be achieved if we adequately consider the non-automated vehicles. Furthermore, it requires vehicles to be able to communicate and cooperate with each other.
These two elements are two of the five steps that was identified in the transition towards a fully automated system.
The final part of the talk will deal with the other steps that are deemed important to understand which of the scenarios in a urban self-driving future will unfold. These pertain to the interaction between man and machine, the need and willingness to invest in separate infrastructure in city, and whether automated car can co-exist with other (active) travel modes. With respect to the latter, we will also consider what ITS can mean for the other modes of travel.
2016 D-STOP Symposium ("Smart Cities") session by CTR's Stephen Boyles. Get symposium details: http://ctr.utexas.edu/research/d-stop/education/annual-symposium/
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
7-Traffic-Introduction ( Transportation and Traffic Engineering Dr. Sheriff El-Badawy )
1. 1
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
Introduction to Traffic
Engineering
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
Traffic Engineering
Definition: Branch of civil engineering that uses
engineering techniques to achieve safe, efficient,
and economic movement of people and goods.
Traffic Engineers: manage, organize, and control
the actual movement of vehicles and pedestrians
on the facility.
Basic Components in Traffic Engineering:
• Road users (driver, pedestrian, cyclists)
• Vehicles
• Roads and highways
• Control Devices
2. 2
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
Traffic Flow
Characteristics
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
The theory of traffic flow can be defined as:
A mathematical study of the movement of vehicles
over road network.
Definition of Traffic Flow
3. 3
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
1. SPEED (V)
2. VOLUME (q) = FLOW
3. DENSITY (K)
1. HEADWAY (h)
2. SPACING (S)
3. OCCUPANCY ( R )
4. CLEARANCE (C )
5. GAP (g)
Traffic Flow Parameters
Primary Parameters
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
6
Traffic Flow Parameters
1. Speed
• In a moving traffic flow, each vehicle travels at
a different speed.
• Thus, the traffic stream does not have a single
characteristic speed but rather a distribution of
individual vehicle speeds.
• From the distribution of vehicle speeds, a
number of “average” or “typical” values may
be used to characterize the traffic stream as a
whole.
4. 4
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
7
Traffic Flow Parameters
Speed (contd..)
• Average or mean speeds can be computed in two
different ways:
1. Space Mean Speed (SMS) is defined as the average speed
of all vehicles occupying a given section of a highway over
some specified time period.
2. Time Mean Speed (TMS) is defined as the average speed of
all vehicles passing a point on a highway over some
specified time period.
• Time mean speed is a point measure, while space mean
speed is a measure relating to a length of highway or
lane.
it
nd
n
it
dSMS
n
it
d
TMS
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
8
Traffic Flow Parameters
Speed (contd..)
• where, d is the distance traversed, n is the
number of travel times observed and ti is
the travel time for i-th vehicle.
it
nd
n
it
dSMSand
n
it
d
TMS
5. 5
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة 9
Traffic Stream Parameters
Speed (contd..)
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة 10
Traffic Stream Parameters
Speed (contd..)
it
nd
n
it
dSMS
n
it
d
TMS
6. 6
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
SPEED ( V )
Rate of motion ( Distance / Unit time)
There are 3 more types of speeds:
3- Spot Speed
اللحظية السرعةوالتىالسيارة عداد على مالحظتها يمكن
4- Running Speed
فقط الحركة زمن أساس على مقاسة السرعة
5- Overall Speed
التأخيرات متضمنا للرحلة الكلى الزمن أساس على مقاسة السرعة
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
12
Traffic Flow Parameters
Volume and Flow
• Volume is defined as the number of vehicles that pass
a point on a highway, or a given lane or direction of a
highway, during a specified time interval.
• Usually expressed as vehicles per unit time, for
example, vehicles per hour or vph.
• Rate of Flow is the equivalent hourly rate at which
vehicles pass a point on a highway lane during a time
period less than 1 hour.
7. 7
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
13
Traffic Flow Parameters
• Volume and Rate of Flow are two different measures.
• Volume is the actual number of vehicles observed or
predicted to be passing a point during a given time
interval.
• Rate of flow represents the number of vehicles
passing a point during a time interval less than 1
hour, but expressed as an equivalent hourly rate.
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
14
Traffic Flow Parameters
• A volume of 200 vehicles observed in a 10-minute
period implies a rate of flow of:
(200 x 60)/10 = 1200 veh/hr
• Note that 1200 vehicles do not pass the point of
observation during the study hour, but they do pass
the point at that rate for 10 minutes.
8. 8
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
Density or Concentration
• It is defined as the number of vehicles occupying
a given length of a roadway, averaged over time,
usually expressed as vehicles per mile (veh./mi)
or vehicles per mile per lane (v/mi/ln).
q = v * k
where:
q = rate of flow (veh/hr)
v = average travel speed (mph)
k = average density (veh/mi)
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
Density
No of vehicles/Distance
Density
9. 9
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
Spacing (s)
• Front bumper to front bumper distance
between successive vehicles
S1-2S2-3
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
Spacing
Spacing
10. 10
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
T=0 sec
Headway (h)
• Time between successive vehicles
passing a fixed point
T=3 sec
h1-2=3sec
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
Clearance and Gap
Clearance: is defined as the distance
between successive vehicles in a traffic
stream as measured from front bumper of the
behind vehicle to back bumper of the front
vehicle
Gap: is the corresponding time between
end of the front vehicle and front of the behind
vehicle
11. 11
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
Clearance (c) and Gap (g)
• Front bumper to back bumper distance
and time
Spacing (ft) or headway (sec)
Clearance (ft) or Gap (sec)
Clearance (ft) =
(spacing) – (average
vehicle length)
Gap (sec) =
(headway) – (time
equivalence of the
average vehicle
length)
Gap: is the corresponding time between end of
the front vehicle and front of the behind
vehicle
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
Clearance
Clearance
12. 12
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
Lane Occupancy
• Ratio of roadway occupied by vehicles
L1L2L3
D
D
L
LO i
i
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
• Speed (v) – ft/sec or mph
• Flow (q) – veh/sec or vph
• Density (k) – veh/ft or vpm
• Spacing (s) – ft/veh
• Headway (h) – sec/veh
• Clearance (c) – ft/veh
• Gap (g) – sec/veh
Remember, units are critical!
Units
13. 13
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
Fundamental Relationships
• q = k v
(veh/hr) = (veh/mi) (mi/hr)
• h = 1 / q
(sec/veh) = 1 / (veh/hr) (3600)
• s = 1 / k
(ft/veh) = 1 / (veh/mi) (5280)
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
Types of Facilities
• Uninterrupted flow
• Freeways
• Multilane highways
• Two-lane highways
14. 14
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
Types of Facilities
• Interrupted flow
• Signalized streets
• Un-signalized
streets with stop
signs
• Transit lanes
• Pedestrian
walkways
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
35
Speed, Flow and Density Relationship
• Assume
• We have
BkAv
2
BkAkkvq
B
v
v
B
A
B
vAv
q
2
Jam
Density
A/2
q=kv
Jam
Density
15. 15
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
37
General properties for any
traffic flow model
• Need to satisfy four boundary conditions
• Flow is zero at zero density
• Flow is zero at maximum density
• Mean Free-Flow Speed occurs at zero density
• Flow-density curves are convex
(i.e. there is a point of max flow)
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة 38
Connections between speed,
density and flow
• A: almost zero density, free-flow speed, very low
volume
• B: increased density, reduced speed, increased
volume
• C: increased density, reduced speed, max volume
• D: jam density, min speed (crawling), very low
volume
16. 16
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
39
Traffic Stream Parameters
Since a given flow may occur under two completely
different operating conditions (stable and unstable),
volume or rate of flow cannot be used as a measure
describing the operational quality of the traffic
stream.
Speed and density, however, are good measures of
the quality of operations, as both uniquely describe
the state of the traffic stream.
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
Greenshield’s Model
• Assume a linear relationship between v and k:
High Density = Low
Speed
Low Density =
High Speed
vf
kj
k
k
v
vv
j
f
f
17. 17
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
Greenshield’s Model
K
Q
Max flow
qmax
K0 Kj
vf v0
2
k
k
v
kvq
j
f
f
k
k
v
vv
j
f
f
والتكنولوجيا للهندسة العالي مصر معهد–المدنية الهندسة قسم-المنصورة
Greenshield’s Model
Q
V
Max flow
Qma
x
Vf
V0
1/k0
Density=
inverse of slope