The document summarizes a case study where researchers used a structured, user-centered design methodology called MUSE to redesign an existing genealogical information system (GIS) that had usability problems. The researchers applied all stages of the MUSE methodology, supplemented with object modeling techniques, to analyze requirements and design the new GIS. This resulted in a design with improved support for key tasks like searching and a more usable interface based on the conceptual data model. Some limitations of MUSE were also discovered regarding object modeling and detailed interface design guidelines.
Towards Method Engineering ofModel-Driven User Interface Development Jean Vanderdonckt
The document discusses model-driven user interface development and the need for flexible methods that can be adapted to specific projects. It proposes using business process modeling notation and software process engineering metamodels to define customizable model-driven user interface development methods. The goal is to make these methods more applicable and efficient for software development organizations.
TOWARDS A NEW METHODOLOGY FOR WEB GIS DEVELOPMENTijseajournal
There has been an increasing need for geospatial information that is delivered through internet
technologies. This broad category of systems is referred to as Web Geographic Information Systems (Web
GIS). These systems exhibit characteristics common to both stand-alone and web-based systems making it
necessary to apply a hybrid methodology during their development. This paper proposes a methodology for
developing Web GIS that is herein referred to as the Y-Model Web GIS Development Methodology
(YWDM) which has been adapted from existing software development methodologies and applied to the
context of Web GIS development. The paper outlines in details the phases of the methodology. Its viability
as a methodology has been tested through its use in the implementation of the Emuhaya Web GIS portal.
The methodology presented here is not intended to be a rigid guide for web GIS development but instead it
provides a useful framework for guiding the process.
Selecting A Development Approach For Competitive Advantagemtoddne
Companies that rely on their information systems to provide a competitive advantage must employ development methodologies that: facilitate innovation, improve customer and supplier relationships, and enable change at the speed of business. Potential development approaches include traditional, object-oriented, and vision and value oriented methodologies. The recommended approach is a hybrid methodology that incorporates agility, adaptability, reuse, collaborative thinking, and evolving innovation. At the foundation of this approach are agile development philosophies and practices, and the system designer. From an architectural perspective, the approach utilizes SOAs and SOMA methods. And, design thinking and innovation evolution cycle principles are incorporated to drive system innovations.
ITERATIVE AND INCREMENTAL DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS STUDY OF VOCATIONAL CAREER INF...ijseajournal
Software development process presents various types of models with their corresponding phases required to be accordingly followed in delivery of quality products and projects. Despite the various expertise and skills of systems analysts, designers, and programmers, systems failure is inevitable when a suitable development process model is not followed. This paper focuses on the Iterative and Incremental Development (IID)model and justified its role in the analysis and design software systems. The paper adopted the qualitative research approach that justified and harnessed the relevance of IID in the context of systems analysis and design using the Vocational
Career Information System (VCIS) as a case study. The paper viewed the IID as a change-driven software development process model. The results showed some system specification, functional specification of system and design specifications that can be used in implementing the VCIS using the IID model. Thus, the paper concluded that in systems analysis and design, it is imperative to consider a suitable development process that reflects the engineering mind-set, with heavy emphasis on good analysis and design for quality assurance.
Paper 25 agent-oriented_software_testing_role_oriented_approachFraz Awan
This document proposes a role-oriented approach to testing agent-oriented software. It begins by discussing limitations in existing agent-oriented software engineering methodologies, noting that most do not adequately address the testing phase. It then introduces the concept of roles as an important attribute of agents. The proposed approach uses a V-model framework with testing occurring on the right side to mirror development activities on the left. Testing is focused on roles and responsibilities, beginning with unit testing of individual agent responsibilities, then integration testing of agent interactions, and finally system-level testing. A role schema is presented as a way to define roles, associated agents, goals, protocols, permissions and responsibilities to support the role-oriented testing approach.
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCEvivatechijri
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE was innovatively created by Google engineers and it is ready for production in record time. The success of Google is to attributed the efficient search algorithm, and also to the underlying commodity hardware. As Google run number of application then Google’s goal became to build a vast storage network out of inexpensive commodity hardware. So Google create its own file system, named as THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE that is GFS. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is one of the largest file system in operation. Generally THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is a scalable distributed file system of large distributed data intensive apps. In the design phase of THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE, in which the given stress includes component failures , files are huge and files are mutated by appending data. The entire file system is organized hierarchically in directories and identified by pathnames. The architecture comprises of multiple chunk servers, multiple clients and a single master. Files are divided into chunks, and that is the key design parameter. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE also uses leases and mutation order in their design to achieve atomicity and consistency. As of there fault tolerance, THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is highly available, replicas of chunk servers and master exists.
A Survey on Design Pattern Detection ApproachesCSCJournals
Design patterns play a key role in software development process. The interest in extracting design pattern instances from object-oriented software has increased tremendously in the last two decades. Design patterns enhance program understanding, help to document the systems and capture design trade-offs.
This paper provides the current state of the art in design patterns detection. The selected approaches cover the whole spectrum of the research in design patterns detection. We noticed diverse accuracy values extracted by different detection approaches. The lessons learned are listed at the end of this paper, which can be used for future research directions and guidelines in the area of design patterns detection.
Using Model-Driven Engineering for Decision Support Systems Modelling, Implem...CSCJournals
Following the principle of everything is object, software development engineering has moved towards the principle of everything is model, through Model Driven Engineering (MDE). Its implementation is based on models and their successive transformations, which allow starting from the requirements specification to the code’s implementation. This engineering is used in the development of information systems, including Decision-Support Systems (DSS). Here we use MDE to propose an DSS development approach, using the Multidimensional Canonical Partitioning (MCP) design approach and a design pattern. We also use model’s transformation in order to obtain not only implementation codes, but also data warehouse feeds.
Towards Method Engineering ofModel-Driven User Interface Development Jean Vanderdonckt
The document discusses model-driven user interface development and the need for flexible methods that can be adapted to specific projects. It proposes using business process modeling notation and software process engineering metamodels to define customizable model-driven user interface development methods. The goal is to make these methods more applicable and efficient for software development organizations.
TOWARDS A NEW METHODOLOGY FOR WEB GIS DEVELOPMENTijseajournal
There has been an increasing need for geospatial information that is delivered through internet
technologies. This broad category of systems is referred to as Web Geographic Information Systems (Web
GIS). These systems exhibit characteristics common to both stand-alone and web-based systems making it
necessary to apply a hybrid methodology during their development. This paper proposes a methodology for
developing Web GIS that is herein referred to as the Y-Model Web GIS Development Methodology
(YWDM) which has been adapted from existing software development methodologies and applied to the
context of Web GIS development. The paper outlines in details the phases of the methodology. Its viability
as a methodology has been tested through its use in the implementation of the Emuhaya Web GIS portal.
The methodology presented here is not intended to be a rigid guide for web GIS development but instead it
provides a useful framework for guiding the process.
Selecting A Development Approach For Competitive Advantagemtoddne
Companies that rely on their information systems to provide a competitive advantage must employ development methodologies that: facilitate innovation, improve customer and supplier relationships, and enable change at the speed of business. Potential development approaches include traditional, object-oriented, and vision and value oriented methodologies. The recommended approach is a hybrid methodology that incorporates agility, adaptability, reuse, collaborative thinking, and evolving innovation. At the foundation of this approach are agile development philosophies and practices, and the system designer. From an architectural perspective, the approach utilizes SOAs and SOMA methods. And, design thinking and innovation evolution cycle principles are incorporated to drive system innovations.
ITERATIVE AND INCREMENTAL DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS STUDY OF VOCATIONAL CAREER INF...ijseajournal
Software development process presents various types of models with their corresponding phases required to be accordingly followed in delivery of quality products and projects. Despite the various expertise and skills of systems analysts, designers, and programmers, systems failure is inevitable when a suitable development process model is not followed. This paper focuses on the Iterative and Incremental Development (IID)model and justified its role in the analysis and design software systems. The paper adopted the qualitative research approach that justified and harnessed the relevance of IID in the context of systems analysis and design using the Vocational
Career Information System (VCIS) as a case study. The paper viewed the IID as a change-driven software development process model. The results showed some system specification, functional specification of system and design specifications that can be used in implementing the VCIS using the IID model. Thus, the paper concluded that in systems analysis and design, it is imperative to consider a suitable development process that reflects the engineering mind-set, with heavy emphasis on good analysis and design for quality assurance.
Paper 25 agent-oriented_software_testing_role_oriented_approachFraz Awan
This document proposes a role-oriented approach to testing agent-oriented software. It begins by discussing limitations in existing agent-oriented software engineering methodologies, noting that most do not adequately address the testing phase. It then introduces the concept of roles as an important attribute of agents. The proposed approach uses a V-model framework with testing occurring on the right side to mirror development activities on the left. Testing is focused on roles and responsibilities, beginning with unit testing of individual agent responsibilities, then integration testing of agent interactions, and finally system-level testing. A role schema is presented as a way to define roles, associated agents, goals, protocols, permissions and responsibilities to support the role-oriented testing approach.
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCEvivatechijri
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE was innovatively created by Google engineers and it is ready for production in record time. The success of Google is to attributed the efficient search algorithm, and also to the underlying commodity hardware. As Google run number of application then Google’s goal became to build a vast storage network out of inexpensive commodity hardware. So Google create its own file system, named as THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE that is GFS. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is one of the largest file system in operation. Generally THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is a scalable distributed file system of large distributed data intensive apps. In the design phase of THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE, in which the given stress includes component failures , files are huge and files are mutated by appending data. The entire file system is organized hierarchically in directories and identified by pathnames. The architecture comprises of multiple chunk servers, multiple clients and a single master. Files are divided into chunks, and that is the key design parameter. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE also uses leases and mutation order in their design to achieve atomicity and consistency. As of there fault tolerance, THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is highly available, replicas of chunk servers and master exists.
A Survey on Design Pattern Detection ApproachesCSCJournals
Design patterns play a key role in software development process. The interest in extracting design pattern instances from object-oriented software has increased tremendously in the last two decades. Design patterns enhance program understanding, help to document the systems and capture design trade-offs.
This paper provides the current state of the art in design patterns detection. The selected approaches cover the whole spectrum of the research in design patterns detection. We noticed diverse accuracy values extracted by different detection approaches. The lessons learned are listed at the end of this paper, which can be used for future research directions and guidelines in the area of design patterns detection.
Using Model-Driven Engineering for Decision Support Systems Modelling, Implem...CSCJournals
Following the principle of everything is object, software development engineering has moved towards the principle of everything is model, through Model Driven Engineering (MDE). Its implementation is based on models and their successive transformations, which allow starting from the requirements specification to the code’s implementation. This engineering is used in the development of information systems, including Decision-Support Systems (DSS). Here we use MDE to propose an DSS development approach, using the Multidimensional Canonical Partitioning (MCP) design approach and a design pattern. We also use model’s transformation in order to obtain not only implementation codes, but also data warehouse feeds.
The document provides an overview of the user interface development process, including analysis, design, prototyping, and usability principles. It discusses tasks such as defining user profiles and scenarios, wireframing, information architecture, visual design, and standards compliance. Web 1.0 is contrasted with newer collaborative and interactive aspects of Web 2.0.
Multi Agent Based Software Engineering Models : A Review ijseajournal
Software testing is a critical and labor-intensive activity in software engineering. Much research has been
done to help automate test case generation. This research proposes a new approach to structural test case
generation. It uses a specialized genetic algorithm called Dynamic-radius Species-conserving Genetic
Algorithm (DSGA) to find a structurally complete set of test cases for the Triangle Classification algorithm.
DSGA is a Niche Genetic Algorithm (NGA) that uses a short-term memory structure to store optima. Each
individual of the NGA represents the inputs for a test case. The fitness function encourages the algorithm to
locate test cases that cover large areas of the structure of the program. A shared fitness encourages the
NGA to locate other areas of the structure. DSGA is a novel approach to structurally complete test case
generation
The Application of Function Models In Software Design: A Survey Within the So...CSCJournals
Numerous function modelling approaches exist for software design. However, there is little empirical evidence on how these approaches are used in the early stages of software design. This article presents the results of an online survey on the application of function models in the academic and industrial software development community. The results show that more than 90% of the 75 respondents agreed with the statement that software projects that use function modelling techniques have a higher chance of success than other projects. UML is the most widely accepted and used modelling approach among the respondents, but only a handful of UML diagrams appear to be prominently addressed during the early software design stages. Asked for reasons for selecting or rejecting UML models the majority of respondents mentioned using function models to understand software requirements and communicate these with clients and technical teams, whereas lack of familiarity, the time-consuming nature of some models and data redundancy are widely mentioned reasons for not or seldomly using certain models. The study also shows a strong relationship between model usage and respondents’ professions. We conclude that improvements are required to ensure the benefits of the various available models and the links between the models can be fully exploited to support individual designers, to improve communication and collaboration, and to increase project success. A short discussion on the chosen solution direction - a simplified function modelling approach – closes the paper.
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE was innovatively created by Google engineers and it is ready for production in record time. The success of Google is to attributed the efficient search algorithm, and also to the underlying commodity hardware. As Google run number of application then Google’s goal became to build a vast storage network out of inexpensive commodity hardware. So Google create its own file system, named as THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE that is GFS. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is one of the largest file system in operation. Generally THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is a scalable distributed file system of large distributed data intensive apps. In the design phase of THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE, in which the given stress includes component failures , files are huge and files are mutated by appending data. The entire file system is organized hierarchically in directories and identified by pathnames. The architecture comprises of multiple chunk servers, multiple clients and a single master. Files are divided into chunks, and that is the key design parameter. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE also uses leases and mutation order in their design to achieve atomicity and consistency. As of there fault tolerance, THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is highly available, replicas of chunk servers and master exists.
A Model-Driven Approach to Support Cloud Migration Process- A Language Infras...Mahdi_Fahmideh
Adoption of cloud computing as a new outsourcing strategy has grown rapidly among IT-based organisations in recent years. Research around migrating legacy systems to cloud environments is proliferated with a variety of approaches that often narrow down in technical details. However, an overarching and integrated view of cloud migration process does not exist in the current literature. As an at-tempt to ameliorate this shortcoming, this research applies a metamodeling approach and develops a generic cloud migration process model derived from the extant cloud migration literature. The proposed metamodel is not dependent or restricted to any specific cloud platform; rather it is an abstraction of phases, activities, tasks, and work-products that are incorporated in a typical migration process. It underpins a high-level and conceptual view of cloud migration process and acts as a reusable knowledge repository to design situation-specific migration process models for a given migration scenario at hand.
Software Cost Estimation Using Clustering and Ranking SchemeEditor IJMTER
Software cost estimation is an important task in the software design and development process.
Planning and budgeting tasks are carried out with reference to the software cost values. A variety of
software properties are used in the cost estimation process. Hardware, products, technology and
methodology factors are used in the cost estimation process. The software cost estimation quality is
measured with reference to the accuracy levels.
Software cost estimation is carried out using three types of techniques. They are regression based
model, anology based model and machine learning model. Each model has a set of technique for the
software cost estimation process. 11 cost estimation techniques fewer than 3 different categories are
used in the system. The Attribute Relational File Format (ARFF) is used maintain the software product
property values. The ARFF file is used as the main input for the system.
The proposed system is designed to perform the clustering and ranking of software cost
estimation methods. Non overlapped clustering technique is enhanced with optimal centroid estimation
mechanism. The system improves the clustering and ranking process accuracy. The system produces
efficient ranking results on software cost estimation methods.
The article proposes a new model for optimizing software effort and cost estimation based on code reusability. The model compares new projects to previously completed, similar projects stored in a code repository. By searching for and retrieving reusable code, functions, and methods from old projects, the model aims to reduce effort and cost estimates for new software development. The model is described as being based on the concept of estimation by analogy and using innovative search and retrieval techniques to achieve code reuse and thus decreased cost and effort estimates.
Reverse Engineering for Documenting Software Architectures, a Literature ReviewEditor IJCATR
Recently, much research in software engineering focused on reverse engineering of software systems which has become one
of the major engineering trends for software evolution. The objective of this survey paper is to provide a literature review on the
existing reverse engineering methodologies and approaches for documenting the architecture of software systems. The survey process
was based on selecting the most common approaches that form the current state of the art in documenting software architectures. We
discuss the limitations of these approaches and highlight the main directions for future research and describe specific open issues for
research.
USER EXPERIENCE EVALUATION OF A STUDENT INFORMATION SYSTEMijcsit
Today's academic environment, many students use technology as an integral aspect of their studies; as a
result, higher education (HE) institutions have been compelled to design student information systems (SIS)
that can facilitate students' online learning processes. However, SIS must be aligned with user needs and
should provide a pleasant user experience (UX) that enables students to attain their goals. The current
research looked at how students rated an SIS. The study was based on the responses of 307 students at
Kuwait's College of Business Studies (CBS) provided within a questionnaire. The survey's findings
revealed that students had a generally favourable impression of the SIS, with perceptions of the pragmatic
quality of the system being somewhat higher than the perceptions of hedonic quality. The findings of this
research may be valuable to authorities working to design improved SIS, particularly in terms of the
hedonic system components.
This document outlines a Ph.D. proposal to examine the use of workflow engines and coupling frameworks in developing hydrologic modeling systems. Specifically, it will develop hydrologic models within the TRIDENT workflow engine and OpenMI coupling framework to evaluate their capabilities for building community modeling systems. The research will include developing component models, building sample workflows, and testing models on three sites. The goal is to contribute optimized hydrologic modeling tools and assess the suitability of these approaches for collaborative hydrologic modeling.
Software Quality Engineering is a broad area that is concerned with various approaches to improve software quality. A quality model would prove successful when it suffices the requirements of the developers and the consumers. This research focuses on establishing semantics between the existing techniques related to the software quality engineering and thereby designing a framework for rating software quality.
This document proposes an integrated framework for IDEF method-based simulation model design and development. The framework uses IDEF0 for functional modeling, IDEF3 for process modeling, and IDEF1X for data modeling. A common data model is constructed from these IDEF models and then multiple simulation models are automatically generated from the data model using a database-driven approach. The framework aims to improve knowledge reuse, communication, and model maintainability. It is evaluated using a semiconductor fabrication case study. The case study shows the framework can help improve simulation project processes by leveraging descriptive IDEF models and a relational database.
This document describes a study that combined usability heuristics with Markov models of user behavior to assess interactive system effectiveness. Researchers developed a method to calculate an overall system effectiveness score by combining subjective user ratings based on a usability framework with an objective measure of average clicks predicted by a Markov model. They applied this method to compare an old and new version of an e-commerce website. Results showed the new site received significantly higher effectiveness scores, and its average clicks were accurately predicted by the Markov model, supporting the combined quantitative/qualitative approach.
Insights on Research Techniques towards Cost Estimation in Software Design IJECEIAES
This document summarizes research on techniques for cost estimation in software design. It begins by describing common cost estimation techniques like Constructive Cost Modeling (COCOMO) and Function Point Analysis. It then analyzes research trends in cost estimation, effort estimation, and fault prediction based on literature from 2010 to present. Fewer than 50 papers were found related to overall cost estimation, less than 25 for effort estimation, and only 9 for fault prediction. The document then reviews existing research addressing general cost estimation, enhancement of Function Point Analysis, statistical modeling approaches, cost estimation for embedded systems, and estimation for fourth generation languages and NASA projects. Most techniques use COCOMO or extend existing models with techniques like fuzzy logic, neural networks, or statistical
The document provides an overview of object-oriented technology and software engineering approaches. It describes the structured and object-oriented approaches, the roles of modeling, notation, process and techniques in software development. It also summarizes the Unified Modeling Language (UML), Unified Process, View Alignment techniques, and the Visual Paradigm for UML (VP-UML) CASE tool.
In the present paper, applicability and
capability of A.I techniques for effort estimation prediction has
been investigated. It is seen that neuro fuzzy models are very
robust, characterized by fast computation, capable of handling
the distorted data. Due to the presence of data non-linearity, it is
an efficient quantitative tool to predict effort estimation. The one
hidden layer network has been developed named as OHLANFIS
using MATLAB simulation environment.
Here the initial parameters of the OHLANFIS are
identified using the subtractive clustering method. Parameters of
the Gaussian membership function are optimally determined
using the hybrid learning algorithm. From the analysis it is seen
that the Effort Estimation prediction model developed using
OHLANFIS technique has been able to perform well over normal
ANFIS Model.
This document provides an overview of usability evaluation techniques for formative testing. It defines usability and discusses the purpose of usability evaluation to identify problems, inform requirements, and optimize design early. A variety of formative techniques are described, including thinking aloud, heuristic evaluation, and paper prototyping. The document emphasizes that usability evaluation should have specific, measurable goals and provide both qualitative and quantitative data to analyze and interpret results to improve the design.
Systems variability modeling a textual model mixing class and feature conceptsijcsit
System’s reusability and cost are very important in software product line design area. Developers’ goal is
to increase system reusability and decreasing cost and efforts for building components from scratch for
each software configuration. This can be reached by developing software product line (SPL). To handle
SPL engineering process, several approaches with several techniques were developed. One of these
approaches is called separated approach. It requires separating the commonalities and variability for
system’s components to allow configuration selection based on user defined features. Textual notationbased
approaches have been used for their formal syntax and semantics to represent system features and
implementations. But these approaches are still weak in mixing features (conceptual level) and classes
(physical level) that guarantee smooth and automatic configuration generation for software releases. The
absence of methodology supporting the mixing process is a real weakness. In this paper, we enhanced
SPL’s reusability by introducing some meta-features, classified according to their functionalities. As a first
consequence, mixing class and feature concepts is supported in a simple way using class interfaces and
inherent features for smooth move from feature model to class model. And as a second consequence, the
mixing process is supported by a textual design and implementation methodology, mixing class and feature
models by combining their concepts in a single language. The supported configuration generation process
is simple, coherent, and complete.
This document summarizes a research paper on developing a feature-based product recommendation system. It begins by introducing recommender systems and their importance for e-commerce. It then describes how the proposed system takes basic product descriptions as input, recognizes features using association rule mining and k-nearest neighbor algorithms, and outputs recommended additional features to improve the product profile. The paper evaluates the system's performance on recommending antivirus software features. In under 3 sentences.
The document provides a 5-step process for requesting and obtaining writing assistance from the HelpWriting.net service:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications.
4. Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied.
5. Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund offered for plagiarized work.
How To Write An Essay For Grad School Admission CEmma Burke
The document analyzes the Green Day song "American Idiot" and how it responded to political events in the early 2000s. The song criticized the US government's decision to go to war in the Middle East after 9/11. Many people opposed the war but it occurred due to patriotism and following the orders of President George W. Bush. The song was one of many musical responses to the post-9/11 political climate and the beginning of wars in the Middle East.
The document provides an overview of the user interface development process, including analysis, design, prototyping, and usability principles. It discusses tasks such as defining user profiles and scenarios, wireframing, information architecture, visual design, and standards compliance. Web 1.0 is contrasted with newer collaborative and interactive aspects of Web 2.0.
Multi Agent Based Software Engineering Models : A Review ijseajournal
Software testing is a critical and labor-intensive activity in software engineering. Much research has been
done to help automate test case generation. This research proposes a new approach to structural test case
generation. It uses a specialized genetic algorithm called Dynamic-radius Species-conserving Genetic
Algorithm (DSGA) to find a structurally complete set of test cases for the Triangle Classification algorithm.
DSGA is a Niche Genetic Algorithm (NGA) that uses a short-term memory structure to store optima. Each
individual of the NGA represents the inputs for a test case. The fitness function encourages the algorithm to
locate test cases that cover large areas of the structure of the program. A shared fitness encourages the
NGA to locate other areas of the structure. DSGA is a novel approach to structurally complete test case
generation
The Application of Function Models In Software Design: A Survey Within the So...CSCJournals
Numerous function modelling approaches exist for software design. However, there is little empirical evidence on how these approaches are used in the early stages of software design. This article presents the results of an online survey on the application of function models in the academic and industrial software development community. The results show that more than 90% of the 75 respondents agreed with the statement that software projects that use function modelling techniques have a higher chance of success than other projects. UML is the most widely accepted and used modelling approach among the respondents, but only a handful of UML diagrams appear to be prominently addressed during the early software design stages. Asked for reasons for selecting or rejecting UML models the majority of respondents mentioned using function models to understand software requirements and communicate these with clients and technical teams, whereas lack of familiarity, the time-consuming nature of some models and data redundancy are widely mentioned reasons for not or seldomly using certain models. The study also shows a strong relationship between model usage and respondents’ professions. We conclude that improvements are required to ensure the benefits of the various available models and the links between the models can be fully exploited to support individual designers, to improve communication and collaboration, and to increase project success. A short discussion on the chosen solution direction - a simplified function modelling approach – closes the paper.
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE was innovatively created by Google engineers and it is ready for production in record time. The success of Google is to attributed the efficient search algorithm, and also to the underlying commodity hardware. As Google run number of application then Google’s goal became to build a vast storage network out of inexpensive commodity hardware. So Google create its own file system, named as THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE that is GFS. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is one of the largest file system in operation. Generally THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is a scalable distributed file system of large distributed data intensive apps. In the design phase of THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE, in which the given stress includes component failures , files are huge and files are mutated by appending data. The entire file system is organized hierarchically in directories and identified by pathnames. The architecture comprises of multiple chunk servers, multiple clients and a single master. Files are divided into chunks, and that is the key design parameter. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE also uses leases and mutation order in their design to achieve atomicity and consistency. As of there fault tolerance, THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is highly available, replicas of chunk servers and master exists.
A Model-Driven Approach to Support Cloud Migration Process- A Language Infras...Mahdi_Fahmideh
Adoption of cloud computing as a new outsourcing strategy has grown rapidly among IT-based organisations in recent years. Research around migrating legacy systems to cloud environments is proliferated with a variety of approaches that often narrow down in technical details. However, an overarching and integrated view of cloud migration process does not exist in the current literature. As an at-tempt to ameliorate this shortcoming, this research applies a metamodeling approach and develops a generic cloud migration process model derived from the extant cloud migration literature. The proposed metamodel is not dependent or restricted to any specific cloud platform; rather it is an abstraction of phases, activities, tasks, and work-products that are incorporated in a typical migration process. It underpins a high-level and conceptual view of cloud migration process and acts as a reusable knowledge repository to design situation-specific migration process models for a given migration scenario at hand.
Software Cost Estimation Using Clustering and Ranking SchemeEditor IJMTER
Software cost estimation is an important task in the software design and development process.
Planning and budgeting tasks are carried out with reference to the software cost values. A variety of
software properties are used in the cost estimation process. Hardware, products, technology and
methodology factors are used in the cost estimation process. The software cost estimation quality is
measured with reference to the accuracy levels.
Software cost estimation is carried out using three types of techniques. They are regression based
model, anology based model and machine learning model. Each model has a set of technique for the
software cost estimation process. 11 cost estimation techniques fewer than 3 different categories are
used in the system. The Attribute Relational File Format (ARFF) is used maintain the software product
property values. The ARFF file is used as the main input for the system.
The proposed system is designed to perform the clustering and ranking of software cost
estimation methods. Non overlapped clustering technique is enhanced with optimal centroid estimation
mechanism. The system improves the clustering and ranking process accuracy. The system produces
efficient ranking results on software cost estimation methods.
The article proposes a new model for optimizing software effort and cost estimation based on code reusability. The model compares new projects to previously completed, similar projects stored in a code repository. By searching for and retrieving reusable code, functions, and methods from old projects, the model aims to reduce effort and cost estimates for new software development. The model is described as being based on the concept of estimation by analogy and using innovative search and retrieval techniques to achieve code reuse and thus decreased cost and effort estimates.
Reverse Engineering for Documenting Software Architectures, a Literature ReviewEditor IJCATR
Recently, much research in software engineering focused on reverse engineering of software systems which has become one
of the major engineering trends for software evolution. The objective of this survey paper is to provide a literature review on the
existing reverse engineering methodologies and approaches for documenting the architecture of software systems. The survey process
was based on selecting the most common approaches that form the current state of the art in documenting software architectures. We
discuss the limitations of these approaches and highlight the main directions for future research and describe specific open issues for
research.
USER EXPERIENCE EVALUATION OF A STUDENT INFORMATION SYSTEMijcsit
Today's academic environment, many students use technology as an integral aspect of their studies; as a
result, higher education (HE) institutions have been compelled to design student information systems (SIS)
that can facilitate students' online learning processes. However, SIS must be aligned with user needs and
should provide a pleasant user experience (UX) that enables students to attain their goals. The current
research looked at how students rated an SIS. The study was based on the responses of 307 students at
Kuwait's College of Business Studies (CBS) provided within a questionnaire. The survey's findings
revealed that students had a generally favourable impression of the SIS, with perceptions of the pragmatic
quality of the system being somewhat higher than the perceptions of hedonic quality. The findings of this
research may be valuable to authorities working to design improved SIS, particularly in terms of the
hedonic system components.
This document outlines a Ph.D. proposal to examine the use of workflow engines and coupling frameworks in developing hydrologic modeling systems. Specifically, it will develop hydrologic models within the TRIDENT workflow engine and OpenMI coupling framework to evaluate their capabilities for building community modeling systems. The research will include developing component models, building sample workflows, and testing models on three sites. The goal is to contribute optimized hydrologic modeling tools and assess the suitability of these approaches for collaborative hydrologic modeling.
Software Quality Engineering is a broad area that is concerned with various approaches to improve software quality. A quality model would prove successful when it suffices the requirements of the developers and the consumers. This research focuses on establishing semantics between the existing techniques related to the software quality engineering and thereby designing a framework for rating software quality.
This document proposes an integrated framework for IDEF method-based simulation model design and development. The framework uses IDEF0 for functional modeling, IDEF3 for process modeling, and IDEF1X for data modeling. A common data model is constructed from these IDEF models and then multiple simulation models are automatically generated from the data model using a database-driven approach. The framework aims to improve knowledge reuse, communication, and model maintainability. It is evaluated using a semiconductor fabrication case study. The case study shows the framework can help improve simulation project processes by leveraging descriptive IDEF models and a relational database.
This document describes a study that combined usability heuristics with Markov models of user behavior to assess interactive system effectiveness. Researchers developed a method to calculate an overall system effectiveness score by combining subjective user ratings based on a usability framework with an objective measure of average clicks predicted by a Markov model. They applied this method to compare an old and new version of an e-commerce website. Results showed the new site received significantly higher effectiveness scores, and its average clicks were accurately predicted by the Markov model, supporting the combined quantitative/qualitative approach.
Insights on Research Techniques towards Cost Estimation in Software Design IJECEIAES
This document summarizes research on techniques for cost estimation in software design. It begins by describing common cost estimation techniques like Constructive Cost Modeling (COCOMO) and Function Point Analysis. It then analyzes research trends in cost estimation, effort estimation, and fault prediction based on literature from 2010 to present. Fewer than 50 papers were found related to overall cost estimation, less than 25 for effort estimation, and only 9 for fault prediction. The document then reviews existing research addressing general cost estimation, enhancement of Function Point Analysis, statistical modeling approaches, cost estimation for embedded systems, and estimation for fourth generation languages and NASA projects. Most techniques use COCOMO or extend existing models with techniques like fuzzy logic, neural networks, or statistical
The document provides an overview of object-oriented technology and software engineering approaches. It describes the structured and object-oriented approaches, the roles of modeling, notation, process and techniques in software development. It also summarizes the Unified Modeling Language (UML), Unified Process, View Alignment techniques, and the Visual Paradigm for UML (VP-UML) CASE tool.
In the present paper, applicability and
capability of A.I techniques for effort estimation prediction has
been investigated. It is seen that neuro fuzzy models are very
robust, characterized by fast computation, capable of handling
the distorted data. Due to the presence of data non-linearity, it is
an efficient quantitative tool to predict effort estimation. The one
hidden layer network has been developed named as OHLANFIS
using MATLAB simulation environment.
Here the initial parameters of the OHLANFIS are
identified using the subtractive clustering method. Parameters of
the Gaussian membership function are optimally determined
using the hybrid learning algorithm. From the analysis it is seen
that the Effort Estimation prediction model developed using
OHLANFIS technique has been able to perform well over normal
ANFIS Model.
This document provides an overview of usability evaluation techniques for formative testing. It defines usability and discusses the purpose of usability evaluation to identify problems, inform requirements, and optimize design early. A variety of formative techniques are described, including thinking aloud, heuristic evaluation, and paper prototyping. The document emphasizes that usability evaluation should have specific, measurable goals and provide both qualitative and quantitative data to analyze and interpret results to improve the design.
Systems variability modeling a textual model mixing class and feature conceptsijcsit
System’s reusability and cost are very important in software product line design area. Developers’ goal is
to increase system reusability and decreasing cost and efforts for building components from scratch for
each software configuration. This can be reached by developing software product line (SPL). To handle
SPL engineering process, several approaches with several techniques were developed. One of these
approaches is called separated approach. It requires separating the commonalities and variability for
system’s components to allow configuration selection based on user defined features. Textual notationbased
approaches have been used for their formal syntax and semantics to represent system features and
implementations. But these approaches are still weak in mixing features (conceptual level) and classes
(physical level) that guarantee smooth and automatic configuration generation for software releases. The
absence of methodology supporting the mixing process is a real weakness. In this paper, we enhanced
SPL’s reusability by introducing some meta-features, classified according to their functionalities. As a first
consequence, mixing class and feature concepts is supported in a simple way using class interfaces and
inherent features for smooth move from feature model to class model. And as a second consequence, the
mixing process is supported by a textual design and implementation methodology, mixing class and feature
models by combining their concepts in a single language. The supported configuration generation process
is simple, coherent, and complete.
This document summarizes a research paper on developing a feature-based product recommendation system. It begins by introducing recommender systems and their importance for e-commerce. It then describes how the proposed system takes basic product descriptions as input, recognizes features using association rule mining and k-nearest neighbor algorithms, and outputs recommended additional features to improve the product profile. The paper evaluates the system's performance on recommending antivirus software features. In under 3 sentences.
Similar to 6 Designing For Usability A Case Study (20)
The document provides a 5-step process for requesting and obtaining writing assistance from the HelpWriting.net service:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications.
4. Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied.
5. Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund offered for plagiarized work.
How To Write An Essay For Grad School Admission CEmma Burke
The document analyzes the Green Day song "American Idiot" and how it responded to political events in the early 2000s. The song criticized the US government's decision to go to war in the Middle East after 9/11. Many people opposed the war but it occurred due to patriotism and following the orders of President George W. Bush. The song was one of many musical responses to the post-9/11 political climate and the beginning of wars in the Middle East.
Printable Letter Writing Template Lovely 178 Best IEmma Burke
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting a request for writing assistance on the HelpWriting.net website. It explains that users must register with an email and password, then complete a form with assignment details and deadline. Writers will bid on the request, and the user can choose a writer based on qualifications. The user receives the paper and can request revisions until satisfied, with a full refund option if the paper is plagiarized.
The document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request through the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a form with assignment details. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work. The purpose is to guide users through obtaining high-quality, original content assistance with their assignments.
High School Essay Writing Guide - Getting Started - PEmma Burke
Here are the key characteristics of bespoke documents:
- Customized to meet specific business needs - Bespoke documents are tailored to the unique
requirements and workflows of an individual business rather than being generic.
- Personalized design and content - They have customized designs, branding, logos, color schemes,
and content specific to that particular company rather than using generic templates.
- Enhance professional image - A bespoke design presents the business in a polished, professional
light and allows the company's brand and message to stand out from competitors.
- Improve usability - Documents are designed specifically with the business's processes and users in
mind for maximum efficiency and ease of use.
- Maintain consistency
Five Paragraph Essay Examples For High SchoolEmma Burke
The document provides information about Igor Stravinsky's influential piece "The Rite of Spring", noting that it changed 20th century music. The summary discusses how the piece has a changing tempo that is sometimes fast and sometimes average pace. It also notes the melody is mostly disjointed and jumpy, while occasionally smooth. The chords and polyphonic nature of multiple melodies played simultaneously are highlighted.
The document discusses conducting a plant species observation project at the SCICON property to document the plant diversity and associations. Observations will be made of plant species, slope aspects, and soil conditions to determine vegetation composition and create vegetation profiles. The Sierra Nevada foothills are known for their high plant diversity and serve as an important transition zone between vegetation types. Distinct patterns of plant distributions are seen, with riparian areas along Bear Creek showing high diversity of moisture-loving plants, and south- and west-facing slopes supporting drought-tolerant species like blue oak.
Why College Is Worth It - Free Essay Example PapEmma Burke
The document discusses the concept of copying designs in the fashion industry. It notes that copying designs has occurred for over 100 years, since the early 1900s when designers began placing signatures on their creations. It also discusses some early designers like Charles Worth, Madeleine Vionnet, and Coco Chanel who dealt with having their designs copied without permission. The document states that counterfeiting has become a major issue for corporations in the fashion industry and is difficult to control as it weakens brands' reputations when fake versions of products become widely available.
The document discusses the history of women's rights in the United States from 1877 to the 1970s. It describes how women's rights activists began calling for equal voting rights after the 15th Amendment protected voting rights based on race but not sex. The women's suffrage movement gained momentum in the early 20th century, leading to women gaining the right to vote with the 19th Amendment in 1920. However, women continued to face discrimination in employment and were typically confined to traditional gender roles. The women's liberation movement of the 1960s-70s further advanced women's rights through new laws and social changes that improved women's access to education, jobs, and reproductive rights.
I Someone To Write My Essay, Write My UK EssayEmma Burke
The document discusses health promotion and its purpose of enabling people to increase control over their health through advising them on healthy living and addressing health issues. The aims of health promotion include helping individuals achieve complete physical and social well-being through environmental changes and raising awareness of health risks using campaigns. Different health promotion activities target specific issues like obesity and accidents by encouraging safety and reducing related deaths.
This document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request through the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a request form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and the company offers refunds for plagiarized work.
This document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting an assignment request on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account by providing a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with the option of a full refund for plagiarism. The process aims to match clients with qualified writers and ensure assignments meet expectations.
This Cute Frog Writing Paper Would Be Great To Use WithEmma Burke
This document discusses the persecution of Christians globally and efforts to support persecuted churches. It notes that the goal of terrorism is to demoralize through violence and killing. However, evil does not stand unopposed, as many Christians continue to demonstrate heroic virtue in the face of attacks. Some organizations, like Solidarity with the Persecuted Church (SPC), work to provide material assistance to local churches to help them endure persecution by supporting projects they request. SPC aims to be a vehicle for people who want to help persecuted Christians.
The document provides instructions for submitting a paper writing request to the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a form with paper details, sources, and deadline. 3) Writers will bid on the request and the customer can choose a writer. 4) The customer will receive the paper and can request revisions if needed. 5) HelpWriting.net guarantees original, high-quality content and refunds are offered for plagiarized work.
Thesis Statement In Comparison Essay - ThesiEmma Burke
The document provides instructions for creating an account on the HelpWriting.net site and submitting requests for paper writing assistance. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a form with paper details, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Receive the paper and approve payment after reviewing. 5) Request revisions until satisfied with the paper. The process aims to match clients with qualified writers and provide original, high-quality papers that meet the clients' needs.
Free Why I Want To Go To College Essay Example EssEmma Burke
Here are the key points about why IT security is important for ZXY's success:
- IT security is vital for any organization to succeed as it prevents external attacks and ensures proper internal operations.
- ZXY needs to conduct threat vulnerability assessments and risk likelihood determinations to understand its security risks.
- The results will help ZXY develop proper security plans and controls to protect its infrastructure, data, applications and other IT assets from cyber threats that could compromise operations and business objectives.
- With strong IT security measures in place, ZXY can ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of its systems and data. This gives customers confidence and supports the company's success.
- Neglecting IT security could expose Z
Pin For Later Mla Research Paper Format, Mla ResearcEmma Burke
Here are two key comparisons between the songs "Tombstone Blues" and "Desolation Row":
- Style: "Tombstone Blues" has a bluesy, rock sound with electric instruments while "Desolation Row" has a more surreal, folk style with acoustic instruments.
- Lyrics: The lyrics of "Tombstone Blues" tell a nonlinear story about various characters and events, similar to Dylan's surreal style in "Desolation Row" which depicts a carnival-like scene populated by obscure historical and literary figures.
- Themes: Both songs use nonlinear narratives and obscure references to historical and fictional figures to explore broad themes of disillusionment with modern society, the struggles
The document discusses a study analyzing the representation of female characters in Italian television programs. It finds that many of the representations are outdated and conform to stereotypes identified in previous research from the 1970s. Specifically, it finds that female characters are often depicted in subordinate or secondary roles, while male characters hold most positions of power. The study suggests little has changed in the portrayal of gender roles since previous analyses from decades ago.
1. The document provides instructions for writing an essay through an online service in 5 steps: registering, completing an order form, reviewing writer bids and choosing one, reviewing the paper, and requesting revisions if needed.
2. Writers bid on requests and use a quality assurance process, with refunds offered for plagiarized work.
3. The service aims to fully meet customer needs for original, high-quality content through an easy online process.
Research Proposal - Infographic Writing A ReseEmma Burke
The document provides instructions for having a tree stump ground and removed. It notes that stump grinding is the most efficient way to remove a stump compared to digging or pulling it out. For a single stump, it's best to hire a professional stump grinder rather than renting equipment. Getting multiple quotes can help determine the best option based on the size and type of tree. Renting a grinder may be worthwhile for multiple small to medium stumps. Safety precautions are important whether doing the work yourself or hiring a professional.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
2. 32 Part Two Technical Sessions
(SSADM) (DeMarco, 1978), which concentrates on
functional analysis, and Semantic Data Modelling
(SDM) (Hull, 1987), which focuses on data analysis.
These two different approaches were later combined
and replaced with Object-Oriented Analysis and Design
(OOAD), which encapsulates data and processes into
objects. During the past few years, several structured
HC! design methodologies have emerged. These
include the Method for Usability Engineering or MUSE
(Lim, 1994), the TRIDENT methodology (Bodart,
1995), and the Graphical User Interface and Design or
GUIDE method (Redmond-Pyle, 1995). These methods
are all based on task analysis but vary considerably in
stages covered, notation used, and degree of formality.
The use of a case study to evaluate a structured
method is motivated for several reasons. Few case
studies have been published reporting on the use of
structured methods and more empirical evidence is
needed to fully evaluate these methods. The case study
will be used to apply all the stages of the structured
method, and an evaluation made at several stages, in
order to evaluate not only the method, but also the fmal
product. This approach has also been used by other
authors to evaluate new design methods (Sullivan,
1996). The choice of the case study is important: the
nature of the case study should be highly interactive if
usability is to be seen as a critical factor. The case
study selected was a new genealogical information
system (GIS), to replace the University of Port
Elizabeth's Genealogical Information System
(UPEGIS). This system consists of a database of some
300 000 persons, representing the results of extensive
genealogical research relating to a period of some 350
years of South African history. The system is highly
interactive in nature, and exhibited many obvious
usability problems, particularly in the area of UI design
and task support.
2. COMPARISON OF STRUCTURED
DESIGN METHODOLOGIES
Several different design methodologies, including
both Software Engineering (SE), and Human-Computer
Interaction (HeI) methods were compared and
evaluated using a set of evaluation criteria. The purpose
. ofthis evaluation was to select the most suitable method
for the analysis and design of the case study. The
methodologies evaluated were Structured Systems
Analysis and Design (SSADM), Semantic Data
Modelling (SDM), the Object Modelling Technique
(OMT) (Rumbaugh, 1991), the Methodology for
Usability Engineering (MUSE) (Lim, 1994), the
TRIDENT methodology (Bodart, 1995), and the
GUIDE methodology (Redmond-Pyle, 1995). The
criteria selected were the following: support for the
entire software development lifecycle (SDLC), support
for extant systems analysis, task analysis, data (or
object) analysis, functional analysis, top-level VI
design, detailed UI design, data (or object) design,
functional design, and prototyping the UI design. The
results of this evaluation are contained in Table 1
below.
The MUSE methodology was selected as the most
suitable method, since it effectively covers the entire
lifecycle from task analysis to implementation, and
involves a detailed usability study of existing systems.
A number of limitations were however noted. The
conceptual model in MUSE is represented using a
semantic net, which is inadequate for the detailed design
of the database. No specific guidelines are given in
MUSE as to the selection and placement of interaction
objects on the screen. We suggest, however, that these
limitations can be overcome by extending the data
model to produce an object model, using techniques
from OMT, and by including detailed UI guidelines
from the TRIDENT methodology.
The next section will briefly review the MUSE
methodology, before going on to illustrate how this
method was used in the design and implementation of
the new GIS.
3. Designing for usability: a case study 33
Table 1 Evaluation of Structured Design Methodologies
3. METHOD FOR USABILITY
ENGINEERING (MUSE)
The MUSE method defmes the UI design process by
specifying the design products to be generated and the
procedures to be followed at each stage (Lim, 1994).
The MUSE method is structured into three phases, each
ofwhich is divided into several distinct stages:
1) The Information Elicitation and Analysis Phase is
concerned with capturing user requirements using
techniques such as task analysis. Existing and
related systems are analyzed to derive a high-level,
device-independent task model. The stages
included here are Extant Systems Analysis and the
Generalized Task Model Stage.
2) The Design Synthesis Phase is concerned with
deriving a conceptual design for the target system,
based on the task models produced earlier. The
stages involved here consist of the Statement of
User Needs, the Composite Task Model and the
System and User Task Model Stages.
3) The Design Specification Phase produces a device-
dependent specification of the UI design, including
descriptions of the screens, interaction objects and
dialogue design. Its stages comprise the Interaction
Task Model, Interface Model and Display Design
Stages.
Each stage of the method is characterized by a set of
design products, each with an associated set of
procedures and documentation or notation. Part of the
notation used has been adapted from existing SE
methods, such as the Jackson structured diagram (JSD)
notation (Jackson, 1983), and semantic nets. Integration
with existing SE methods is supported through the
existence of several handshake points, such as the
Functions List produced during the Design Synthesis
Phase. The basic focus of the method should be seen as
user-task oriented, implying that a user model may be
constructed or synthesized from the task model. The
focus of the method remains, however, on the UI
design, no explicit integration with a SE method is
proposed.
4. CASE STUDY: A GENEALOGICAL
INFORMATION SYSTEM
The MUSE method was used to analyze the detailed
requirements for a new genealogical information system
(GIS), to replace the University of Port Elizabeth's
Genealogical Information System (UPEGIS). This
method was supplemented in the Design Synthesis
Phase with object modelling techniques from OMT
(Rumbaugh, 1991). The object model derived using this
process was then used, together with design guidelines
from the TRIDENT methodology (Bodart, 1995), in the
Design Specification Phase to produce the user interface
(UI) specification. This process will be discussed briefly
in the sections that follow.
4. 1 Information and Elicitation Phase
Two extant systems: UPEGIS, and a related system,
Brother's Keeper for Windows (BKWIN), were
analyzed to characterize the user needs and problems.
4. 34 Part Two Technical Sessions
The products produced during this phase were those
prescribed by the MUSE method. In particular, the Task
Descriptions (TDs(ext)), and the summary of user
problems and needs (SUN(ext)), served to identify the
problems with both UPEGIS and BKWIN. The major
problems identified were the following:
• The crucial task of locating a person in the GIS
was not well supported. The search for a person
was based only on name or Id number, and did not
include any date or place information.
• The user view was limited to only two generations:
the current person, the spouse and the parents.
• In the case of UPEGIS, entering a person required
entering the Id numbers of both parents.
• In the case of UPEGIS, entering a marriage
required re-entering the Id numbers of both
spouses.
• UPEGIS only provided support for first-order
events: namely birth, baptism and death dates only.
Second-order events had to be encoded using
specialfield markers in the Information field.
• References and images could not be linked to
individual events as well as to persons.
The above problems are illustrated in the UPEGIS
screen contained in Figure 1 below. The names of the
father and mother are not displayed, only the Id
numbers. Note also the use of the field markers (*, =, #,
&, », in the information field to denote birth, baptism,
burial, other, and source information respectively.
Figure 1 Browse Screen in UPEGIS
The Generalized Task Model (GTM(y)), developed
during this phase provided a device-independent model
of the tasks in the target system. This model was used to
ultimately design the menu structure in the Design
Specification Phase (see section 4.3).
4.2 Design Synthesis Phase
During this phase, the results of the extant systems
analysis were summarized and extended to produce
several products. The MUSE method does not,
however, address the issue of a conceptual data model,
other than from the perspective of the Domain of
Design Discourse (DoDD(y)). The DoDD(y)
summarizes the semantics of the target system by
identifying explicit relationships among the various
domain entities and is represented using a semantic net
of nodes and relations. The DoDD(y) and the
Actions/Objects List were thus extended to produce an
object model using the Object Modelling Technique
(OMT), as initially proposed by Rumbaugh
(Rumbaugh, 1991) (see Figure 4).
The production of the object model was seen as
essential, not only for the design of the database for the
new GIS, but also for the detailed design of the user
interface. We consider that the objects in the user
interface (user view), should be based on the objects in
the conceptual data model. This approach to object-
oriented user interface (OOUl) design is supported by
several other authors (Collins, 1995), (Redmond-Pyle,
1995), but is significantly missing from the MUSE
methodology. The object model depicted in Figure 4
was used to decide both on the presentation units (PUs),
and the selection and placement of the abstract
interaction objects (AIOs). The actual method used to
derive these was based on the TRIDENT methodology,
and is discussed briefly in the next section.
4.3 Design Specification Phase
During this phase, the conceptual design was refmed
and decomposed to produce the UI specification. In
addition to the products prescribed in the MUSE
method, it was found necessary to draw an UI Class
Table for the target system. The purpose of this table is
to describe each of the screens in the System Task
Model (STM(y)), in terms of the user view, the domain
objects, and the user actions (tasks) supported in each
view. This concept of views of user objects is similar to
5. Designing for usability: a case study 35
that used in the GUIDE methodology (Redmond-Pyle,
1995), and may be compared to the concept of
presentation units (PUs), in the TRIDENT methodology
(Bodart, 1995). Separate screens were not designed for
each task: screens were designed for each visible UI
class. The selection of the UI classes were based both
on the task model, and the object model. This object-
oriented approach resulted in significantly less screens
than would have been produced by either the MUSE
methodology, or TRIDENT.
The MUSE method does not give detailed guidelines
as to the design and layout of the different screens. This
may be considered as one of the major shortcomings of
the MUSE method. Guidelines from the TRIDENT
methodology were therefore used to derive the layout of
these. These guidelines are the subject of several papers
(Bodart, 1993), (Bodart, 1994a), (Bodart, 1994b) and
(Bodart, 1995), and are summarized here as follows:
a) The selection of a suitable interaction style or UI
environment (UIE). In the case of the new GIS,
MS-Windows was selected as the target UIE.
b) The defmition of screens (PUs), based on both the
task and the object model.
c) The selection of applicable abstract interaction
objects (Alas), independent ofthe chosen UIE.
d) The translation of Alas into suitable concrete
interaction objects (CIOs), based on both the UIE
selected, and the object and user model.
e) The placement of the CIOs on the screen, using a
RightIBottom strategy.
Examples ofthe screens produced for the new GIS are
contained in Figures 2 and 3 below. The Browse screen
depicted in Figure 2 displays information for three
generations on one screen. The layout ofthis screen was
based both on the task model, and the object model.
Information for the current person, spouse, father,
mother or child is edited using the Edit screen in Figure
3. The Edit screen is also used for searching for a
person, the search process being based on all data
entered. The design of this screen thus encapsulates the
Person object, together with all the available operations
on this object, and is therefore seen to be object-
oriented. The use of object modelling as a basis for the
UI design is supported by several authors (Collins,
1995), (Redmond-Pyle, 1995). Object-oriented UIs -are
seen as providing isomorphism between the conceptual
model and the UI design. The main benefits of this are
in the area of learnability, where the simplicity and
consistency of the UI design can have significant
usability advantages (see section 6).
riEll. b..... B.owa. 'M'Mi-"""""" EM
"nit JbHInt QlEktc
-
Figure 2 Browse Screen in the New Genealogical System
6. 36 Part Two Technical Sessions
-.
- fil e Surch
- - -
i .. 100tIG3I1:1fi1 ~ (PIIIIEiR........
i ...... I01IUi11S1511 ~ ISt J.... N....... Pwt(Iiz. . .
· _I""'-~I
Figure 3 Edit Screen in the New Genealogical System
5. OBSERVATIONS
The use of the MUSE method to design the new GIS
resulted in several observations. The major advantages
of using the method are seen to be the following:
• The MUSE method is based on task analysis and
adopts a user-centered approach. This was found to
be particularly important when designing a highly
interactive system, like a GIS.
• A single notation is used throughout the method,
namely that ofthe structured diagram.
• MUSE is one of the few methodologies which
prescribes an in-depth study of the usability of
extant and partially related systems. This enabled
us to identify the usability problems of both
UPEGIS and BKWlN.
The above must, however, be seen in the light of several
disadvantages which were encountered in the use of the
method:
• The use of the structured diagram is inappropriate
for describing device-level interaction in a
Windows-based interface. As a result of this,
difficulties were experienced in modelling the
dialogue in both BKWlN and the new GIS.
• The method produces a large number of
intermediate design products and is very time-
consuming;
• The method does not currently have any computer-
aided support tools. The structured diagrams and
supporting tables had to be drawn with a word
processor, and the screens were created using
Visual Basic.
• The method needs to be explicitly integrated with
an object-oriented analysis and design method
(Booch, 1994), (Rumbaugh, 1991), (Yourdon,
1994). The object model for the new GIS was
essential both for the presentation design, and for
the database design.
• The presentation design stage does not provide any
explicit human factors guidelines and fails to take
into account the data model of the target system.
This stage had to be supplemented with guidelines
from the TRIDENT methodology.
6. DESIGN EVALUATION
A detailed usability analysis of the design of the new
GIS, BAOBAB, was performed by conducting an
analytical evaluation (Newman, 1995). This comprised
a heuristic evaluation of the VI design, a comparative
keystroke-level analysis of two critical tasks, and a
cognitive walkthrough of the same two tasks. The
heuristic evaluation revealed that the overall system
usability was good. Minor design problems were
identified in the areas of leamability and flexibility, but
7. Designing for usability: a case study 37
the area of robustness was found to be particularly
strong (Dix, 1993), (Nielsen, 1993). The observability
and recoverability of the systems were found to be
good, and a high degree of task conformance was
evident.
Keystroke-level analysis was used to compare the
methods used in UPEGIS, BKWIN and the new GIS
(BAOBAB), to perform the critical tasks of inserting
and updating person information. BAOBAB was found
to exhibit the lowest interaction time for the two tasks.
This we attribute both to the object-oriented design of
the UI, and the user-centered design approach of the
MUSE methodology.
Cognitive Walkthroughs were used to assess the
degree of user support provided in the UI design. The
results obtained here corresponded closely with the
heuristic evaluation: no user problems were encountered
in the performance of either the two critical tasks.
7. CONCLUSIONS
Although the subject of this paper has discussed the
design of only a single case study, yet several
conclusions can be made. Firstly, since significant gains
in usability have been achieved in the design of the
new GIS, the use of structured methods to produce
useable systems is supported. These gains are attributed
to the broad lifecycle support provided by the MUSE
methodology, and in particular, the study of extant
systems. The problem had to be approached, however,
from two sides: UI design and object modelling. More
work is needed, therefore, to develop an integrated,
user-centered design methodology which will
seamlessly integrate UI design with an object-oriented
design approach.
REFERENCES
Bodart, F., Hennebert, A., Leheureux, J., Sacre, I., and
Vanderdonckt, J. (1993) Architecture Elements for
Highly-Interactive Business-Oriented Applications,
in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 753,
L.Bass, J. Gornostaev and C. Unger (ed.), Springer-
Verlag, Berlin, 83-104.
Bodart, F., Hennebert, A., Leheureux, J., and
Vanderdonckt, J. (1994a) Towards a Dynamic
Strategy for Computer-aided Visual Placement, in
Proceedings of AVI'94. T.Catarci, M. Costaile, S.
Levialdi and G. Santucci (ed.), ACM Press, 78-87.
Bodart, F. and Vanderdonckt, J. (I994b) On the
Problem of Selecting Interaction Objects, in
Proceedings of HCI'94. G. Cockton, S. Draper, G.
Weir (ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
25-39.
Bodart, F., Hennebert, A., Leheureux, J., Provot, I.
Vanderdonckt, J., Zucchinetti, G. (1995) Key
Activities for a Development Methodology for
Interactive Applications. In D. Benyon and Ph.
Palanque (ed.), Critical Issues in User Interface
Systems Engineering, chapter 7. Springer-Verlag.
Booch, G. (1994) Object-Oriented Analysis and Design,
with Applications. Benjamin/Cummings, 2nd Edition.
Collins, Dave. (1995) Designing Object-Oriented User
Interfaces. Benjamin/Cummings.
DeMarco, Tom. (1987) Structured Analysis and System
Specification. Yourdon Press.
Dix, A., Finlay, J., Abowd, G., Beale, R. (1993)
Human-Computer Interaction. Prentice-Hall.
Hull, R. and King, R. (1987) Semantic Database
Modeling: Survey, Applications and Research Issues.
ACM Computing Surveys, 19(3).
Jackson, M. (1983) Systems Development. .Prentice-
Hall.
Lim, K.Y. and Long, J. (1994) The MUSE Method for
Usability Engineering. Cambridge series on Human-
Computer Interaction. Cambridge University Press.
Newman, W.M. and Lamming, M.G. (1995) Interactive
Systems Design. Addison-Wesley.
Nielsen, Jacob. (1993) Usability Engineering.
Academic Press.
Redmond-Pyle, D. and Moore, A. (1995) Graphical
User Interface and DeSign (GUIDE): A practical
process. Prentice-Hall.
Rumbaugh, J., Blaha, M., Premerlani, W., Eddy, F.,
Lorensen, W. (1991) Object-Oriented Modeling and
Design. Prentice-Hall.
Sullivan KJ., Kalet, U., and Notkin, D. (1996)
Evaluating the Mediator Method: Prism as a Case
8. 38 Part Two Technical Sessions
Study. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering,
22(8), 563-569.
Walsh, P., Lim, K.Y., Long, J. and Carver, M.K.
(1989) JSD and the Design of User Interface
Software. In P. Barber and J. Laws, (ed.) Ergonomics
AType
. )
Husband Alt-Pa:,:.ntl
- Person
Wife ..Surname
. ) -Firstnames
Nicknames
Separation Marriage
Sex
SType For
MType
Sep_Date
It- Child-Of Get_Spouse
..kTet Child
-Get Father
Get Mother
Get_Sibling
"7 Has
(Special Issue on Methodological Issues in Cognitive
Economics),32(11), 1483-1498.
Yourdon, E. (1994) Object-Oriented Systems
Development: An Integrated Approach. Prentice-Hall.
lAlt-Child
Image
Depicts
IType
-
- toilename
..
Specification -
IDate
Caption
View_Image
I Refers-To
Topic
Refers-To
Reference
Has Topic
RType
Ia
Source
Location
RDate
1-
Annotates
• (
Event Information
EType Annotates Details
Start_Date rFootnote
End Date
Place
Refers-To
l •
Depicts
Figure 4 OMT Model for the Target Genealogical System