WAN (wide area network)

WAN (Wide Area Network)
A WAN (Wide Area Network) is a network that covers a broad area (i.e., any telecommunications
network that links across metropolitan, regional, national or international boundaries) using leased
telecommunication lines. Business and government entities utilize WANs to relay data among
employees, clients, buyers, and suppliers from various geographical locations. In essence, this mode of
telecommunication allows a business to effectively carry out its daily function regardless of location. The
Internet can be considered a WAN as well, and is used by businesses, governments, organizations, and
individuals for almost any purpose imaginable.
Related terms for other types of networks are personal area networks (PANs), local area networks
(LANs), campus area networks (CANs), or metropolitan area networks (MANs) which are usually limited
to a room, building, campus or specific metropolitan area (e.g., a city) respectively.
Figure 1 WAN (Wide Area Network)
Figure 2 WAN Terms

CPE (Customer Premises Equipment)- CPE is equipment that’s typically owned by the subscriber and
located on the subscriber premises.
Demarcation Point- The demarcation point is the precise spot where the service provider’s
responsibility ends and the CPE begins. It’s generally a device in a telecommunications closet owned and
installed by the telecommunications company. It’s your responsibility to cable from this box to CPE,
connection would be CSU/DSU or ISDN interface.
Co-Central Office- this point connects the customer’s network to the providers switching network.
Local Loop- The local loop connects the Demark to the closet switching office, which is called Central
Office.
Toll Network- The toll network is a trunk line inside a WAN provider’s network. This network is a
collection of switches and facilities owned by the ISP.
T1 = 1.544 Mbps
E1 = 2.048 Mbps (Europe)
T3 = 44.736 Mbps (45 Mbps)
WAN Connection Type
1. Leased lines- These are referred to as a point to point or dedicated connection. A leased line is a
pre-established WAN communication path that goes from the CPE, through the DCE switch, then
over to the CPE of the Remote site. Allowing DTE networks to communicate at any time with no
setup procedures before transmitting data. When cost is no object, it’s really the best choice. It
uses the synchronous serial lines up to 45 Mbps. HDLC and PPP encapsulations are frequently
used on leased lines.
2. Circuit Switching- When we hear the term circuit switching, think phone calls. The big advantage
is cost. We only pay for the time we actually use. No data can transfer before an end to end
connection is established. Circuit Switching uses dial-up modems or ISDN, and is used for low
bandwidth data transfer.
3. Packet Switching- This is a WAN switching method, which allows us to share bandwidth with
other companies to save money. Packet switching can be thought of as network that’s designed
to look like a leased line yet charges you more like circuit switching. But there is a downside if
you need to transfer data constantly, just forget about this option. Instead, get yourself a leased
line. Packet switching will only really work for you if your data transfers are the busty type – not
continuous. Frame-relay and X.25 are packet switching technologies with speed can range from
56 kbps up to T3 (45 Mbps).

DLCI (Data Link connection Identifier)
Leased Lines – Dedicated Lines (T1-1.544 Mbps, E1-2.048 Mbps)
Circuit Switching- On demand bandwidth between locations. Dial up modems, ISDN.
Packet Switched- Shared, but guaranteed bandwidth between locations Frame-relay, ATM.
WIC (WAN Interface Card)
WIC-1T - One serial port per card (Older)
WIC-2T - Two serial ports per card (Newer)
T1 card - WIC T1 DSU (RJ-45 Female port)
HDLC (High Level Data link control (Cisco proprietary))
PPP (Point to Point (Industry standard protocol))
DB 60 – It would connect one side of WIC T1 and another side would be V.35 CSU/DSU.
LCP (Link Control Protocol)- If the authentication is match then. LCP allows opening connection. If the
username or password would not match then LCP will closed the connection.
Figure 3 WAN Connection Types

PAP (Password Authentication Protocol)- Older version, used to send password in clear text.
CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol)- Password Send in Hash format. We need to
configure the username and password same at both the ends
If the password would not match then LCP sent “trm” sent – means terminate the connection.
CIR (Committed Information Rate)
LAR (Local Access Rate)
LMI (Local Management Interface)- It is a language speak between customer router and service
provider’s router.
PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit)
DLCI’s are locally significant
Frame Relay PVC Design
1. Hub and spoke
2. Full Mash (Most Expensive)
3. Partial Mash.
4. Multipoint Design (In the same subnet)
5. Point to Point Design (If we use different subnet)
We can use DLCI number 16 to 2007
Router #sh frame-realy LMI
Router #sh frame-relay Map
Router #sh frame-relay PVC
LCP (Link Control Protocol)- A method of establishing configuring maintaining and terminating the point
to point connection. Authentication (PAP, CHAP).
NCP (Network Control Protocol)- A method of establishing and configuring diff network layer protocols
for transport across the PPP link.
Both LCP and NCP are Layer 2 Protocols.
SVC (Switched Virtual Circuits)- Are more likely phone calls. The virtual is established when data needs
to be transmitted after transmission the data, it would be terminated.
DLCCI Values are used on frame-relay interfaces to distinguish between different virtual circuits.

Point to Point- Used when a single virtual circuit connects one router to another. Each Point to Point
subinterface requires its own subnet.
Multi Point- This is when the router is the center of a star of virtual circuits that are using a single
subnet for all routers serial interfaces connected to the frame-relay clouds.
Practical
 HDLC
R1 (config) #int s0/0
R1 (config-if) #ip add 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
R1#no shut
R2 (config-if) #ip add 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
R2#no shut
R1#ping 192.168.1.2
Successful
Figure 4 Cisco HDLC Frame Format
Figure 5 Topology

Here we can see By default HDLC is running on both the routers Serial interfaces. That’s why routers
serial interface is able to ping.
If we want to change HDLC to PPP or Frame-realy, we can change it from it here
R1 (config-if) #encapsulation hdlc/ppp/frame-realy
Now we will use here PPP
R1 (config-if) #ip add 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
R1#no shut
R2 (config-if) #ip add 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
R2#no shut
R1 (config-if) #encapsulation ppp
R2 (config-if) #encapsulation ppp
Here we can see communication would be established
R1#ping 192.168.1.2 Successful
R2#ping 192.168.1.1 Successful
Now we will apply Authentication here (PAP & CHAP)
R1 (config) #username R2 password cisco
R2 (config) #username R1 password cisco
(Password must match on both sides)
R1 (config-if) #ppp authentication chap
R2 (config-if) #ppp authentication chap
R1#ping 192.168.1.2 successful
R2#ping 192.168.1.1 successful
Figure 6 Topology

Now we will use Frame-Relay
 Partial Mesh
Now we will configure first Frame-relay switch
Router (config) #host FRSW
Router (config) #frame-relay switching
FRSW (config) #int s0/0
FRSW (config-if) #encapsulation Frame-Relay
FRSW (config-if) #frame-relay intf-type dce
FRSW (config-if) #clock rate 64000
FRSW (config-if) #frame-relay route 102 interface s0/1 201
FRSW (config-if) #no shut
FRSW (config-if) #Int s0/1
FRSW (config-if) #encapsulation frame-relay
FRSW (config-if) #clock-rate 64000
Figure 7 Topology

Now we will go on HO Router
Router (config) #host HO
HO (config) #int s0/0
HO (config-if) #ip add 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
HO (config-if) #no shut
HO (config-if) #encapsulation frame-relay
Now we will go on Bo1 Router
Bo1 (config) #int s0/0
Bo1 (config-if) #ip add 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
Bo1 (config-if) #no shut
Bo1 (config-if) #encapsulation frame-relay

HO # ping 192.168.1.2
HO # ping 192.168.1.3
HO # ping 192.168.1.4
Successful
Bo1#ping 192.168.1.1
Successful
Bo1#ping 192.168.1.3
This will not ping, because this is partial mash. It will only ping HO.
Now on HO
HO #sh frame-realy pvc
HO #sh frame-relay map
Here we will see three map
Now on Bo1
Bo1#sh frame-relay map
Here we will see only one.
 Fully Mash
We will make it fully mesh now.
Figure 8 Topology

FRSW (config-if) #do sh history
Now on Bo1
Here we will see all three entries
Bo1#ping 192.168.1.3
Bo1#ping 192.168.1.4
Successful
Here we see all three entries
Bo2#ping 192.168.1.2
Bo2#ping 192.168.1.4
Now we will make it once again partial mash
FRSW (config-if) #no frame-relay route 203 interface s0/2 302
FRSW (config-if) #int s0/2
FRSW (config-if) #int s0/3
Now it is once again Partial mesh
Here we will use different subnets between HO and Bo.
Here we will change the IP of Bo3

Now Bo3 should not ping with the HO.
Here we will make some changes on HOs router.
HO (config) # int s0/0
HO (config-if) #no ip add
HO (config-if) #encapsulation frame-relay
Now here we will create sub interfaces
HO (config) #int s0/0.1 multipoint
HO (config-subif) #ip add 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
HO (config-subif) #frame-relay interface-dlci 102
HO (config-fr-dlci) #frame-relay interface-dlci 103
HO (config) #int s0/0.2 point to point
HO (config-subif) #ip add 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
HO (config-subif) #frame-relay interface-dlci 104
HO # sh frame-relay map
Serial0/0.1 (up): ip 192.168.1.2 dlci 102(0x66,0x1860), dynamic, broadcast,, status defined, active
Serial0/0.1 (up): ip 192.168.1.3 dlci 103(0x67,0x1870), dynamic, broadcast,, status defined, active
Serial0/0.2 (up): point-to-point dlci, dlci 104(0x68,0x1880), broadcast status defined, active
HO #ping 192.168.1.2
HO #ping 192.168.1.3
HO #ping 10.1.1.1
All successful
Now here we will create static map between Bo1 and Bo2
Bo1#Ping 192.168.1.3
It would not ping, because it has only the connectivity with HO.
Bo1 (config-if) #frame-relay map ip 192.168.1.3 201
Bo2 (config-if) #frame-relay map ip 192.168.1.2 301

We would see here two entries
Bo1#ping 192.168.1.3
Bo1#ping 192.168.1.1
Bo1#traceroute 192.168.1.3
Now we will perform routing between HO and Bo
HO (config) #int fa0/0
HO (config-if) #ip add 192.168.101.1 255.255.255.0
HO (config-if) #router ei 100
HO (config-router) #network 0.0.0.0
HO (config-router) #no auto summary
Now on Bo
Bo1 (config) #int fa0/0
Bo1 (config-if) #router ei 100
Bo1 (config-router) #network 0.0.0.0
Bo1 (config-router) #no auto summary
HO#sh ip route
HO#sh frame-relay PVC

WAN (wide area network)

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WAN (wide area network)