This document contains summaries of key topics related to computer networking: - Cisco Systems was founded in 1984 by computer scientists from Stanford University who invented a technology to link computer systems together. Cisco is now the worldwide leader in networking for the Internet. - The OSI model is a standard that characterizes communication between devices using a 7-layer architecture. Each layer performs particular functions to enable communication. - Subnetting and supernetting are methods to divide IP networks. Subnetting divides a network into smaller subnetworks, while supernetting combines class C addresses to create a larger address range.

1. NIKHIL SONI
16IT29
ON

2. About CISCO
• In 1984 Computer scientists, Len Bosack and
Sandy Lerner, from Stanford University, found
Cisco Systems. They invented this technology to
link their computer systems together.
• Cisco Systems, Inc. is the worldwide leader in
networking for the Internet. Today, networks are
an essential part of business, education,
government and home communications, and Cisco
Internet Protocol-based (IP) networking solutions
are the foundation of these networks.

3. OSI MODEL
• The Open System Interconnection(OSI) Model is a
reference model to standardize and characterized
communications between computer devices.
• It consists of 7 layers, which
performs particular functions.

4. Subnetting and Supernetting
About subnetting & Supernetting
In subnetting, a network is divided into several smaller subnetwork with each
subnetwork(or subnet) having its own subnetwork address.
In supernetting, an organization can combine several class C addresses to create a
larger range of addresses(supernetwork).
SUBNETTING
Class A, B, C in IP addressing are designed with two levels of hierarchy.
The organization has two-level hierarchical addressing, but it cannot have
more than one physical network. The host cannot be organized into groups,
and all of the hosts are at the same level. The organization has one network
with many hosts.
One solution to this problem is subnetting, the further division of a
network into smaller networks calledsubnetworks.

6. PROTOCOLS:
DNS: Domain Name Server
• to resolve domain name
• convert IP into name and vice versa
DHCP: dynamic host configuration protocol
• Dynamically assign IP address
• Works on FIFO
FTP: File transmission protocol
• To download or upload the data
• Provide guarantee of transmission of data

7. PAN
• PERSONAL AREA NETWORK
• Cheap
• Easy manageable
• Easy troubleshoot
• Small area network
• Less devices
• Works on layered 2 or layered 3 devices
Types of Network:

8. LAN
• Within organizations, buildings
• Uses private IPs (free IPs)
• Uses star topology
• Works on same type of network
• Uses same class IPs
• Based on hierarchical model

9. Network devices
• Very cheap device
• Doesn’t support any type of configuration
• Doesn’t support unicasting and multicasting
• Single broadcasting domain and multiple
collision domain
• Memory-less device it can’t create or maintain
tables
• Works on layer 1 of OSI model
• Divides bandwidth as it supports broadcasting
only
• Doesn’t support acknowledgement
1.HUB

10. There are 3 types of switches:
i)Unmanageable switches
ii)Manageable switches
iii)Multilayer switches
2.SWITCH

11. • Same properties as hub but provides better
speed than hub
• More number of devices can be added with
unmanageable switches as compared to hub
1.Unmanageable switch

12. • Intelligent device
• Has its own memory like RAM ROM flash
• Based on full duplex
• Uses dedicated path for uploading or downloading data
• Multiple collision domain multiple broadcasting domain
• No collisions
• Works on OSI model layer 2
• Configuration is possible
• Responsible for end to end delivery of frames
• Manages MAC address table
• Provides port security
• Multiple virtual broadcast domain can be created
2.Manageable switch

13. • Works on both layer 2 and layer 3 of OSI
model
• Can manage traffic, filter traffic
• Provide IP address to the PCs
• Able to filter route as well
3.Multilayer switch

14. • Works on layer 3 of OSI model
• Used to connect two different network
• Used to find best path between source and
destination
• Packet filtering
• Route filtering
ROUTER

15. • Connects two networks on intranet
• With the help of bridge , we can connect same
type of network
For example connect different floor of a
company
Bridge

16. • Usermode-Allows userto performfew
commands,configurations cannot be changed.
• Privilege mode- It enablesusertoview and changefew
configurations.
• Globalconfiguration mode- It allowsuserto changethose
configurationswhich effectsthe working ofrouter.

17. • RIP is a distance vector routing protocol
• Hop count is used as the metric for path
selection
• If the hop count is greater than 15, the
packet will be discarded
• By default, routing updates are broadcast
every 30 Seconds
• Configuring RIP
Router(config)#router rip
Routing Information
Protocol (RIP)

18. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol (EIGRP)
• Ciscoproprietary routing protocol
• Advanceddistance vector/ hybridrouting
protocol with features suchasdynamic
neighbor discovery.
• Classless/ VLSM
• Metric: bandwidth, delay, load,reliability
• Hop count 255
• Multicast 224.0.0.10

19. • VLAN stands for virtual local area network.
• Devices on different VLAN must have a router
to communicate with each other.
• If devices are on the same VLAN, then they
can communicate through a switch.
VLAN

23. THANK YOU