This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including: 1) It defines what a network is and describes the basic components of a network like cables, devices, and operating systems. 2) It discusses different types of networks including LANs, WANs, and examples of networking technologies and topologies used. 3) It covers IP addressing fundamentals like IP classes and private IP ranges. 4) It describes common networking devices like switches, routers, and their functions. 5) It provides steps for basic router configuration and setting up RIP routing protocol.

1. NETWORKING BY:-SUBAHSH DUDI 08EBTCS054 CSE

2. CONTENTS Introduction Types Of Network IP Addressing Cables Networking Devices Router Configuration Routing Protocol Conclusion

3. DEFINATION A network is a system that transmits any combination of voice, video and/or data between users. It consists of:- Network operating system Cables connecting all network devices Network components

4. TYPES OF NETWORK LAN(Local Area Network) WAN(Wide Area Network)

5. LAN These are privately owned networks within a single building or campus of up to a few a kilometers in size.

6. Contd…. LAN’s are distinguished from other networks by three characteristics: 1) Their size. 2) Their transmission technology. 3) Their topology. LANs run at speeds of 10 to 100 Mbps.

7. WAN It is a Computer network that spans a relatively large geographical area, often a country or continent. Typically a WAN consists of two or more Local Area Network. .WANs run at speed of maximum 2 to 10 Mbps. . The largest WAN in existence is Internet.

8. Contd….

9. IP ADDRESSING Every machine on the internet has a unique identifying number, called an IP Address. A typical; IP address looks like this: 216.27.61.45 IP ADDRESS is a 32-bit number, usually written in dotted decimal form Each IP address is split into 2 sections: Network address Host address

10. Contd…. There are five IP classes:- 1. Class A:- Range – 1.0.0.0 t0 126.255.255.254 Private IP - 10.0.0.1 to 10.255.255.244 2. Class B:- Range - 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.254 Private IP – 172.16.0.1 to 172.34.255.254 3.Class C:- Range - 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.254 Private IP - 192.168.0.0

11. Contd…. 4. Class D:- Range – 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.254 5.Class E:- Range – 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.254 It is used for experimental purpose only. -127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.254 is also considered as Private IP.

12. CABLES There are different Cabling options depending on the access method: 1. Twisted Pair :- The wires are twisted around each other to minimize interference from other twisted pairs in the cable. Typical lengths are up to 100m. Twisted pair network uses a star topology. 2. Coaxial :- Coaxial cable uses BNC connectors. The maximum cable lengths are around 500m. Coaxial networks use a single bus topology

13. Contd…. 3. Fiber Optic:- By using the Fiber cables it is possible to send the data about 10 kilometers. In fiber cables the data is converted to light signals.

14. NETWORKING DEVICES Networking devices do various kind of jobs like transferring the data to signals, providing connectivity to different network devices, transferring the data in form of packets or frames form one device to other. 1. NETWORK INTERFACE CARD:- A Network Interface Card (NIC) is a circuit board that plugs into both clients and servers and controls the exchange of data between them. 2. HUB:- Hub is a layer one device. i.e. it operates on the physical layer of the OSI model. It is designed to do broadcasting.

15. 3. SWITCH:- Switches are intelligent devices which work on the Layer2 of the OSI model. Basically a switch keeps a record of MAC addresses of all the devices connected to it. Using this information, it builds a MAC address table. So when a frame is received, it knows exactly which port to send it to. 4. ROUTER:- For interconnecting two LAN or two or more different networks anther device known as router is used. Its main job is to route ( sends ) packets to other networks and to do the routing it uses the IP address. A router is typically connected to at least two networks, commonly two LAN’s or WAN’s or a LAN and its ISP’s network.

16. ROUTER CONFIGURATION The console port is used for configuring a router locally with the help of a PC or a Laptop. The console port of the router is connected to the serial port of the router. show running-config show startup-config Router> (user mode) Router> enable Router# (privilaged exec mode) Router#configure terminal Configuring a Router name: Router(config)#hostname xyz xyz(config)#

17. Set Passwords:- Router(config)#enable password 123 Router(config)#enable secret abc123 Router(config)#line con 0 Router(config-line)#password xyz123 Router(config)#line aux 0 Router(config-line)#password xyz123 Router(config)#line vty 0 4 Router(config-line)#password xyz123 For configuring ethernet interface: Router (config)# interface FA0/0 Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0

18. Contd…. Router (config-if)# no shutdown Router (config-if)# exit For configuring serial interface: Router (config)# interface serial 0 Router (config-if)# ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0 Router (config-if)# no shutdown Router (config-if)# exit Router (config)# interface serial 1 Router (config-if)# ip address 192.168.3.2 255.255.255.0 Router (config-if)# no shutdown Router(config-if)# exit

20. ROUTING PROTOCOL ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL (RIP):- RIP is a dynamic, distance vector routing protocol. RIP calculates the best route based on hop count. This makes RIP very fast to converge.RIP sends full table updates at regular intervals specified by the route-update timer . router> enable router# conf t router(config)#interface ethernet 0

21. Contd…. router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 router(config-if)# exit router(config)# router rip router(config-router)# network 192.168.2.1 router(config-router)# network 192.168.2.2 router(config-router)# exit router#wr

22. CONCLUSION Computer networks provide communication possibilities faster then other facilities because of these optimal information and communication possibilities , computer networks may increase organizational learning rate.

23. THANK YOU