This document summarizes battery waste management and recycling. It discusses that battery waste has become a major problem due to the large quantities generated and potential hazards. It then covers the types of batteries like lead-acid, alkaline, button cells, and lithium, as well as recycling processes like smelting to recover materials like lead. The document emphasizes the importance of battery recycling to conserve resources and reduce environmental impacts compared to extracting raw materials.
From battery-to-precursor - Recycling of Lithium-Ion BatteriesChristian Hanisch
The use of lithium-ion batteries has grown since the market entry of portable power tools and consumer electronic devices. Soon, the need for lithium-ion batteries (LIB) will rise, when they are used in hybrid and full electric vehicles as well as in energy storage systems to enable the use of renewable energies. To prevent a future shortage of cobalt, nickel and lithium and to enable a sustainable life cycle of these technologies, new recycling processes for LIBs are needed. These new processes have to regain not only cobalt, nickel, copper and aluminum from spent battery cells, but also a significant share of lithium. Therefore, this presentation approaches unit operations and their combination to set up for efficient LIB recycling processes, especially considering the task to recover high rates of valuable materials with regard to involved safety issues. Further discussed unit operations are:
• Deactivation / Discharging of the battery
• Disassembly of battery systems (specifically for EV-Battery Systems)
• Mechanical Processes (inert crushing, sorting, sieving and thermo-mechanical separation)
• Hydro-metallurgical processes
• Pyro-metallurgical processes
From battery-to-precursor - Recycling of Lithium-Ion BatteriesChristian Hanisch
The use of lithium-ion batteries has grown since the market entry of portable power tools and consumer electronic devices. Soon, the need for lithium-ion batteries (LIB) will rise, when they are used in hybrid and full electric vehicles as well as in energy storage systems to enable the use of renewable energies. To prevent a future shortage of cobalt, nickel and lithium and to enable a sustainable life cycle of these technologies, new recycling processes for LIBs are needed. These new processes have to regain not only cobalt, nickel, copper and aluminum from spent battery cells, but also a significant share of lithium. Therefore, this presentation approaches unit operations and their combination to set up for efficient LIB recycling processes, especially considering the task to recover high rates of valuable materials with regard to involved safety issues. Further discussed unit operations are:
• Deactivation / Discharging of the battery
• Disassembly of battery systems (specifically for EV-Battery Systems)
• Mechanical Processes (inert crushing, sorting, sieving and thermo-mechanical separation)
• Hydro-metallurgical processes
• Pyro-metallurgical processes
Recycling Technology For Spent Lithium-ion batteriesbmeshram
#technologies for recycling spent batteries in economical and best ways
#under a lowest or minimum energy requirements in high sunlight area overall area in earth
Lithium Battery & E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling Industry. Battery Recycling as a Business. Electronic Waste Management, Disposal and Recycling
E-Waste
Electronic waste, or e-waste, is a term for electronic products that have become unwanted, non-working or obsolete, and have essentially reached the end of their useful life. Because technology advances at such a high rate, many electronic devices become “trash” after a few short years of use. In fact, whole categories of old electronic items contribute to e-waste such as VCRs being replaced by DVD players, and DVD players being replaced by Blu-ray players. E-waste is created from anything electronic: computers, TVs, monitors, cell phones, PDAs, VCRs, CD players, fax machines, printers, etc.
Electronics (E-waste) Recycling
Electronics waste, commonly known as e-scrap and e-waste, is the trash we generate from surplus, broken and obsolete electronic devices. E-waste or electronics recycling is the process of recovering material from old devices to use in new products.
See more
https://goo.gl/eu3T1A
https://goo.gl/RqkYhF
https://goo.gl/FdTZ14
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Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
E Waste Recycling Plant, E-Waste Recycling, E Waste Management, e Waste Recycling Plant in India, e-Waste Recycling Plant Cost, E-Waste Recycling Plant Project Report, Starting an E-Waste Recycling Plant, E-Waste Recycling Business, Electronic Waste, Business Setup for E-Waste Recycling, Electronics (E-Waste) Recycling, E-Waste or E-Scrap Recycling, Electronic Waste Management, E Waste Recycling and Recovery, Environment Friendly Electronic Waste Management, Electronic Waste Recycling, E-Waste Management, Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Recycling & Disposal, Disposal of Electronic Waste (E-Waste), Electronic Waste Disposal, E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling and Management, Battery Recycling, Recycling of Automotive Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Batteries, Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling, Battery Recycling Plant, E – Waste Management Project, e-Waste Management Project Report Pdf, Cost of Setting up E-Waste Recycling Plant in India, E-Waste Project Ideas, e-Waste Management Project in India, Lithium Battery Recycling Process, How to Recycle Batteries, Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Industry, Recycling the Hazardous Waste of Lithium Ion Batteries, Li-Ion Batteries Recycling, Battery Scrap Recycling, Project Report on Battery Recycling Industry, Detailed Project Report on E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling, Project Report on Li-Ion Batteries Recycling, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling
High energy and capacity cathode material for li ion battriesNatraj Hulsure
Recent development in cathode materials for li-ion batteries drag the industries view towards it due to their high discharge rate compare to older ones.
All across the globe workers collect spent lead-acid batteries, break them down, smelt the lead, and resell the ingots to other manufacturing and production facilities. In the developing world, workers and their families perform the work. Their exposure to lead, arsenic, and other heavy metals can be very high. If children are involved in the process, blood leads can reach dangerous levels. There are many companies in the US, Canada, and Mexico doing the same work. The occupational health exposures are more controlled but the risk is relative high. Only a few companies have implemented the necessary hierarchy of controls to control worker exposure. Finally, the process is also a public health and an environmental health issue for workers in developing countries and company not using air emission controls to reduce the spread of lead in the air.
Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry. Production of Lead Acid Storage Battery
India Lead Acid Battery market is projected to reach $ 7.6 billion by 2023.
The battery which uses sponge lead and lead peroxide for the conversion of the chemical energy into electrical power, such type of battery is called a lead acid battery. The lead acid battery is most commonly used in the power stations and substations because it has higher cell voltage and lower cost.
Lead acid batteries are used as a power source for vehicles that demand a constant and uninterruptible source of energy. Just about every vehicle today does. For example, street motorcycles need lights that operate when the engine isn’t running. They get it from the battery. Accessories such as clocks and alarms are battery-driven.
See more
https://bit.ly/32DTdBB
https://bit.ly/32F9SVm
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
#Lead_Acid_Battery_(Maintenance_Free), #Lead_Acid_Battery, #Lead_Acid_Rechargeable_Battery, Lead Acid Battery Applications, #Lead_Acid_Battery_Manufacture, Battery Manufacturing Process, #Production_of_Lead_Acid_Battery, Battery Production, Project Profile on Lead Acid Storage Batteries, #Manufacture_and_Assembly_of_Lead_Acid_Battery, Manufacturing Process of Lead Acid Battery, Battery Manufacturing, Process for Making of Lead Acid Battery, Lead Battery Manufacturing, #Production_of_Lead_Acid_Batteries, Lead-Acid Battery Production Business, #Lead_Acid_Battery_Production/Assembly, Lead Storage Batter, Lead Battery Plant, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Plant, Battery Manufacturing Plant, #Cost_of_Setting_up_Battery_Manufacturing_Plant, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Plant Cost, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Process Pdf, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Cost, How to make Lead Acid Battery, Lead Acid Battery Plant Project Report, How to Make Battery in Factory, Battery Manufacturing Process, How to Start a Battery Manufacturing Business, What will be the Cost for Starting Lead Battery Manufacturing Unit? Starting a Battery Manufacturing Business, Start a Battery Manufacturing Plant, Lead Acid Battery Making Process, Lead Acid Battery Industry, #Detailed_Project_Report_on_Lead_Acid_Battery_Manufacturing_Industry, Lead–acid battery, Project Report on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Feasibility report on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Free Project Profile on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry
The lithium-ion batteries are first made safe for mechanical treatment, with plastics, aluminum, and copper separated and directed to their own recycling processes. Moreover, the incredible efforts are being made to develop electrode materials, electrolytes, and separators for energy storage devices to meet the needs of emerging technologies such as electric vehicles, decarbonizes electricity, and electrochemical energy storage.
"SHAKTI PLASTIC INDUSTRIES is the only company to recycle all TYPES OF polymers under one roof.
Also, all materials are processed from post-industrial waste. we help to recycle all waste and provide EPR service across Pan India"
Li-ion Battery Production Business. Lithium Ion Battery (LIB) Assembling Industry
Global Lithium Ion Battery market was valued at $30,186.8 million in 2017, and is projected to reach $100,433.7 million by 2025.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are a family of rechargeable batteries having high energy density and commonly used in consumer electronics. Unlike the disposable lithium primary battery, a LIB uses intercalated lithium compound instead of metallic lithium as its electrode.
Usually, LIBs are significantly lighter than other kinds of rechargeable batteries of similar size. LIBs are heavily used in portable electronics. These batteries can be commonly found in PDAs, iPods, cell phones, laptops, etc. This term is also known as a LI-ion.
See more
https://bit.ly/2Z0LbjV
https://bit.ly/32AKDU6
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
#Lithium_Ion_Battery, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Assembly, #Li_Ion_Battery_Assembling, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Assembly_Plant, Lithium Ion Battery Assembly Process, How to Assemble Lithium-Ion Battery, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_(LIB)_Manufacturing_Industry, Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing, Manufacturing of Lithium-Ion Batteries, #Lithium_Battery_Manufacturing, #Project_Report_on_Lithium_Ion_Battery_Assembling_Unit, Battery Assembly Plant, Lithium Ion Battery Production, Lithium-Ion Batteries Manufacturing Process, How to Set Up Lithium Ion Battery Plant in India, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Business, Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacture, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Manufacture_in_India, Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Plant Cost in India, Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Plant Project Report, Cost of Setting Up Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Plant, Lithium-Ion Battery Production Business, How to Start Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Business in India, Li-Ion Battery Assembling Business, Producing Lithium-Ion Batteries, #Detailed_Project_Report_on_Li_Ion_Battery_Assembling, Project Report on Li-Ion Battery Assembling, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Feasibility report on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Free Project Profile on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Project profile on Li-Ion Battery Assembling, Download free project profile on Li-Ion Battery Assembling
Recycling Technology For Spent Lithium-ion batteriesbmeshram
#technologies for recycling spent batteries in economical and best ways
#under a lowest or minimum energy requirements in high sunlight area overall area in earth
Lithium Battery & E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling Industry. Battery Recycling as a Business. Electronic Waste Management, Disposal and Recycling
E-Waste
Electronic waste, or e-waste, is a term for electronic products that have become unwanted, non-working or obsolete, and have essentially reached the end of their useful life. Because technology advances at such a high rate, many electronic devices become “trash” after a few short years of use. In fact, whole categories of old electronic items contribute to e-waste such as VCRs being replaced by DVD players, and DVD players being replaced by Blu-ray players. E-waste is created from anything electronic: computers, TVs, monitors, cell phones, PDAs, VCRs, CD players, fax machines, printers, etc.
Electronics (E-waste) Recycling
Electronics waste, commonly known as e-scrap and e-waste, is the trash we generate from surplus, broken and obsolete electronic devices. E-waste or electronics recycling is the process of recovering material from old devices to use in new products.
See more
https://goo.gl/eu3T1A
https://goo.gl/RqkYhF
https://goo.gl/FdTZ14
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
E Waste Recycling Plant, E-Waste Recycling, E Waste Management, e Waste Recycling Plant in India, e-Waste Recycling Plant Cost, E-Waste Recycling Plant Project Report, Starting an E-Waste Recycling Plant, E-Waste Recycling Business, Electronic Waste, Business Setup for E-Waste Recycling, Electronics (E-Waste) Recycling, E-Waste or E-Scrap Recycling, Electronic Waste Management, E Waste Recycling and Recovery, Environment Friendly Electronic Waste Management, Electronic Waste Recycling, E-Waste Management, Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Recycling & Disposal, Disposal of Electronic Waste (E-Waste), Electronic Waste Disposal, E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling and Management, Battery Recycling, Recycling of Automotive Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Batteries, Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling, Battery Recycling Plant, E – Waste Management Project, e-Waste Management Project Report Pdf, Cost of Setting up E-Waste Recycling Plant in India, E-Waste Project Ideas, e-Waste Management Project in India, Lithium Battery Recycling Process, How to Recycle Batteries, Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Industry, Recycling the Hazardous Waste of Lithium Ion Batteries, Li-Ion Batteries Recycling, Battery Scrap Recycling, Project Report on Battery Recycling Industry, Detailed Project Report on E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling, Project Report on Li-Ion Batteries Recycling, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling
High energy and capacity cathode material for li ion battriesNatraj Hulsure
Recent development in cathode materials for li-ion batteries drag the industries view towards it due to their high discharge rate compare to older ones.
All across the globe workers collect spent lead-acid batteries, break them down, smelt the lead, and resell the ingots to other manufacturing and production facilities. In the developing world, workers and their families perform the work. Their exposure to lead, arsenic, and other heavy metals can be very high. If children are involved in the process, blood leads can reach dangerous levels. There are many companies in the US, Canada, and Mexico doing the same work. The occupational health exposures are more controlled but the risk is relative high. Only a few companies have implemented the necessary hierarchy of controls to control worker exposure. Finally, the process is also a public health and an environmental health issue for workers in developing countries and company not using air emission controls to reduce the spread of lead in the air.
Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry. Production of Lead Acid Storage Battery
India Lead Acid Battery market is projected to reach $ 7.6 billion by 2023.
The battery which uses sponge lead and lead peroxide for the conversion of the chemical energy into electrical power, such type of battery is called a lead acid battery. The lead acid battery is most commonly used in the power stations and substations because it has higher cell voltage and lower cost.
Lead acid batteries are used as a power source for vehicles that demand a constant and uninterruptible source of energy. Just about every vehicle today does. For example, street motorcycles need lights that operate when the engine isn’t running. They get it from the battery. Accessories such as clocks and alarms are battery-driven.
See more
https://bit.ly/32DTdBB
https://bit.ly/32F9SVm
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
#Lead_Acid_Battery_(Maintenance_Free), #Lead_Acid_Battery, #Lead_Acid_Rechargeable_Battery, Lead Acid Battery Applications, #Lead_Acid_Battery_Manufacture, Battery Manufacturing Process, #Production_of_Lead_Acid_Battery, Battery Production, Project Profile on Lead Acid Storage Batteries, #Manufacture_and_Assembly_of_Lead_Acid_Battery, Manufacturing Process of Lead Acid Battery, Battery Manufacturing, Process for Making of Lead Acid Battery, Lead Battery Manufacturing, #Production_of_Lead_Acid_Batteries, Lead-Acid Battery Production Business, #Lead_Acid_Battery_Production/Assembly, Lead Storage Batter, Lead Battery Plant, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Plant, Battery Manufacturing Plant, #Cost_of_Setting_up_Battery_Manufacturing_Plant, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Plant Cost, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Process Pdf, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Cost, How to make Lead Acid Battery, Lead Acid Battery Plant Project Report, How to Make Battery in Factory, Battery Manufacturing Process, How to Start a Battery Manufacturing Business, What will be the Cost for Starting Lead Battery Manufacturing Unit? Starting a Battery Manufacturing Business, Start a Battery Manufacturing Plant, Lead Acid Battery Making Process, Lead Acid Battery Industry, #Detailed_Project_Report_on_Lead_Acid_Battery_Manufacturing_Industry, Lead–acid battery, Project Report on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Feasibility report on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Free Project Profile on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry
The lithium-ion batteries are first made safe for mechanical treatment, with plastics, aluminum, and copper separated and directed to their own recycling processes. Moreover, the incredible efforts are being made to develop electrode materials, electrolytes, and separators for energy storage devices to meet the needs of emerging technologies such as electric vehicles, decarbonizes electricity, and electrochemical energy storage.
"SHAKTI PLASTIC INDUSTRIES is the only company to recycle all TYPES OF polymers under one roof.
Also, all materials are processed from post-industrial waste. we help to recycle all waste and provide EPR service across Pan India"
Li-ion Battery Production Business. Lithium Ion Battery (LIB) Assembling Industry
Global Lithium Ion Battery market was valued at $30,186.8 million in 2017, and is projected to reach $100,433.7 million by 2025.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are a family of rechargeable batteries having high energy density and commonly used in consumer electronics. Unlike the disposable lithium primary battery, a LIB uses intercalated lithium compound instead of metallic lithium as its electrode.
Usually, LIBs are significantly lighter than other kinds of rechargeable batteries of similar size. LIBs are heavily used in portable electronics. These batteries can be commonly found in PDAs, iPods, cell phones, laptops, etc. This term is also known as a LI-ion.
See more
https://bit.ly/2Z0LbjV
https://bit.ly/32AKDU6
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
#Lithium_Ion_Battery, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Assembly, #Li_Ion_Battery_Assembling, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Assembly_Plant, Lithium Ion Battery Assembly Process, How to Assemble Lithium-Ion Battery, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_(LIB)_Manufacturing_Industry, Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing, Manufacturing of Lithium-Ion Batteries, #Lithium_Battery_Manufacturing, #Project_Report_on_Lithium_Ion_Battery_Assembling_Unit, Battery Assembly Plant, Lithium Ion Battery Production, Lithium-Ion Batteries Manufacturing Process, How to Set Up Lithium Ion Battery Plant in India, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Business, Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacture, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Manufacture_in_India, Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Plant Cost in India, Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Plant Project Report, Cost of Setting Up Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Plant, Lithium-Ion Battery Production Business, How to Start Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Business in India, Li-Ion Battery Assembling Business, Producing Lithium-Ion Batteries, #Detailed_Project_Report_on_Li_Ion_Battery_Assembling, Project Report on Li-Ion Battery Assembling, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Feasibility report on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Free Project Profile on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Project profile on Li-Ion Battery Assembling, Download free project profile on Li-Ion Battery Assembling
Peritia Business Consultants provides business coaching in the Perth city for business aspirants. Peritia stands proudly among the renowned business management consultants in Perth. The company is constituted by a team of experts that is quite adept in developing market strategies for successful business.
http://www.peritia.com.au/
Reflexology is ancient way of affecting specific zones on our feet, hands, sometimes ears, in order to bring our bodies in perfect balance and wellbeing. According to reflexologists there are specific points on our hands, feet and ears, that correspond to our organs. Another words these areas present maps of our internal organs.
Battery waste encompasses a broad and growing range of Batteries & cell devices.
Battery waste has become a problem of crisis proportions because of two primary
characteristics:
Battery Waste is generated in great quantities
Battery Waste can be hazardous
A battery is a portable power source, converting chemical energy into electricity. Within
the last few decades, there has been a phenomenal growth in the number and diversity of
products available. In industrialized countries, many homes will contain many pieces of
equipment which depend on batteries for power to operate.
E-mobility | Part 3 - Battery recycling & power electronics (English)Vertex Holdings
While electric vehicles (EV) are widely viewed as a scalable green mobility solution, running on batteries may pose an impact on the environment as battery retirement concerns arise.
New innovations are emerging across the battery value chain from raw materials and cell components to battery management and sustainability. Governments and companies worldwide are participating in battery recycling efforts to ease battery material demand and alleviate supply chain concerns. As EV adoption continues to scale, regulators are drafting new laws for battery waste management.
Read more here: https://bit.ly/36mSeft
The global lead acid battery market is to increase from US$ 48.2 billion in 2020 to US$ 62.0 billion by 2025 with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.2% for the period 2020-2025. Some of the prominent players in the lead acid battery market are Advanced Stored Energy Solutions, Chaowei Power Holdings Limited, Clarios Llc , Crown Battery Manufacturing Company, Exide Industries Ltd , Exide Technologies, Gs Yuasa Corporation., Hbl Nife Power Systems Limited, Narada Power Source Co., Ltd., Panasonic Corporation. The research report on the global lead acid battery market provides extensive competition analysis and competitive conditions. The report includes information on significant products, players, challenges and developments, and other information specific to the lead acid battery market. The global economy is highly affected by the COVID-19. Various sectors in the economy are much affected by this pandemic. It is anticipated that the global economy will decline because of the loss of trillions of dollars. The growing extension and imposition of lockdown in various countries directly affect the economy all over the world. The report consists of a chapter that provides a detailed study of the impact of COVID-19 on the lead acid battery market. The data in this report is targeted for business and industry practitioners and specifically intended to assist in the explanation, direction, and to understand the potential of the lead acid battery markets. The study focuses on providing readers with an understanding of developments in the industry, market segments, market forecasts, leading players, and market drivers and inhibitors.
Lattice Energy LLC- Containment of Lithium-based Battery Fires-A Fools Paradi...Lewis Larsen
Focus is on thermal runaways in primary and secondary lithium-based batteries; includes:
• High-level historical overview: battery chemistries and increased energy density
• Peak temperatures that can possibly be reached during thermal runaway events
• Scaling-up electrical storage capacities can cause increases in safety-related risks
• Different causes of thermal runaways
• Examples of runaways involving portable devices and various mobile platforms
• Runaways in advanced Boeing 787 aircraft
• Incident examples: worst-of-the-worst
• Analysis and commentary on Boeing 787 Dreamliner’s battery containment system
This is the report created by me as part of the Environmental Course during my BTech degree.
In this pdf, I discuss about the E-Waste. The factors causing it, the health issues due to e-waste, current scenario, potential business model, statistics related to deaths due to e-waste.
This is the full version of the ppt presentation I made for my energy conservation project. It has more text than the one I used in the video, because some of the points need more explanation when unsupported by a speaker.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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battery waste and it 222 s management
1. BATTERY WASTE AND IT’S MANAGEMENT
Dr. I. D. Mall
Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India
INTRODUCTION
Battery waste encompasses a broad and growing range of Batteries & cell devices.
Battery waste has become a problem of crisis proportions because of two primary
characteristics:
Battery Waste is generated in great quantities
Battery Waste can be hazardous
A battery is a portable power source, converting chemical energy into electricity. Within
the last few decades, there has been a phenomenal growth in the number and diversity of
products available. In industrialized countries, many homes will contain many pieces of
equipment which depend on batteries for power to operate.
Batteries are indispensable when electricity supplies are unpredictable.
Many computer networks use back-up battery systems, to avoid data loss in the
event of a power cut. Renewable energy sources, such as wind turbines and solar
power units, often use batteries to store excess electricity which can be used in the
absence of wind or sunshine.
Classification of batteries
The basic component of any battery is a cell (or a series of connected cells) in which
electrodes react with chemicals (the electrolyte) to produce electricity.
There are two general classes of batteries, Primary and Secondary.
Primary batteries: These are intended to be used only once. The chemicals they contain
undergo an irreversible reaction to produce electricity. When the reaction is complete, the
battery is ‘dead’ and cannot be used again. The most common types of primary batteries
are zinc-carbon and alkaline-manganese and small ‘button’ cells (usually mercuric oxide,
silver oxide or zinc-air). Primary batteries are those found in radios, torches, cameras.
Secondary Batteries
These can be recharged, using an external source of electricity to reverse the chemical
reaction. The most common type of secondary battery is the lead-acid type used in
vehicles. Smaller secondary batteries based on nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) are widely used
in, for example, power tools, mobile telephones and portable computers.
New battery chemistries, such as nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and Lithium ion (Li-ion),
perform extremely well in applications such as computers - but cannot deliver high
current levels. This means that they are not suitable for power tools. however, although
2. these newer systems are more expensive, they are beginning to displace the earlier
battery types
Types of Batteries
1)Lead-Acid/Automotive Batteries :
Lead batteries are this country’s principal source of power for automobiles, trucks,
motorcycles, boats, forklifts, golf cats, lawn and garden tractors, and wheelchairs. These
heavy, rectangular batteries contain sulfuric acid, which can burn skin on contact.
(2) Alkaline Batteries:
Alkaline batteries are standard household batteries. They are used in product from
walkmans and clocks, to smoke detectors and remote controls. Since -1994, most types
contain no added mercury or only contain trace amounts. These batteries are market “no
added mercury” or may by market with a green tree logo.
(3) Button Batteries:
These batteries are named for being small round and silver-colored. They are most
commonly found in watches and hearing aids. Many button batteries contain mercury of
silver oxide, both metal that are toxic to humans when inhaled or ingested.
(4) Nickel-Cadmium Rechargeable Batteries:
These batteries are marked “Rechargeable” and are found in many products including:
cell phones, cordless phones, laptops, power tools, camcorders and remote controlled
toys. NiCads contain cadmium, a metal that is toxic to humans when inhaled or ingested.
(5) Lithium Batteries :
These batteries are mainly used in computer, camcorders, laptop and cameras, lithium
ignites when in contact with water and has been notorious for causing serious fires.
Consumption Scenario:
The recent proliferation of battery powered products has led to a sharp increase in
the consumption of rechargeable batteries worldwide.
In France, around 26,000 tonnes per annum (TPA) of primary cells (excluding
2,500 tonnes of automotive lead-acid starter batteries) were sold in 1998,
comprising 720 million batteries.
Of these, more than 200 million were zinc-carbon, more than 400 million
alkaline-manganese and around 85 million button cells. Additionally, some 2,000
tonnes of rechargeable batteries were sold.
In Europe, the total Ni-Cd market in 1999 reached 240 million cells, weighing
more than 10,000 tonnes (see Table 1, page 2 for details of battery applications).
3. In Germany, up to 38,000 TPA of batteries were sold in 1997.
In Japan, the sales of Ni-Cd batteries has declined since 1994, as new battery
types have entered the market. In 1998, 1.5 billion portable rechargeable batteries
went on sale in Japan.
In Britain, more than 600 million batteries were sold during 1997 (see Table 2,
page 3 for details). The UK consumption of lead-acid batteries for use in vehicles
is around ten million pa. Although this is less than two per cent of the total
number of batteries sold, these units comprise more than 80 percent of the total
weight.
Uses of Lead
The principal consumption of lead is for lead-acid batteries which are used in vehicles,
and in emergency systems as well as in industrial batteries found in computers and fork
lift vehicles. Lead is also used in remote access power systems and load leveling systems
as well as in compounds in the glass and plastics industries and for radiation shielding.
Average end use patterns are illustrated in the chart:
4. State Total number of Lead
Acid battery recycling
Units
Andhra Pradesh 5
Chhatisgarh 1
Gujarat 7
Haryana 2
Jammu Kashmir 6
Karnataka 11
Kerala 1
Madhya Pradesh 13
Maharashtra 20
Punjab 13
Rajasthan 19
Tamil Nadu 5
Uttar Pradesh 13
West Bengal 22
Demand for Lead
Lead acid continues to be the most cost effective ‘couple’ and is likely to remain
so for sometime.
It is believed that 70-75% of all lead used in the country is for Lead Acid Storage
Batteries.
The balance 25-30% in other applications e.g. cable scathing, gasoline, solder
alloys, radiation shielding, glassware industry, etc.
Some estimates state that 75-80% of all lead used is for batteries.
Hazards of Batteries
Batteries burned in waste combustion facilities can release mercury or cadmium to the air
and water, ultimately entering the food chain and posing health threats to people and the
environment.
Description of Battery Categories:
5. Alkaline batteries (AAA, AA, C, D and 9 volt): since 1994, most types contain no added
mercury, and, if they do contain mercury, only contain trace amounts that are not
hazardous. These batteries maybe marked no added mercury or have a green tree logo.
Nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries (NiCads) exist in many sizes and shapes and are
marked RECHARGEABLE. Some may be built into rechargeable appliances. NiCads
contain cadmium, a metal that is toxic to humans when inhaled or ingested.
Button batteries (small, round, silver-colored, used in watches and hearing aids).
Many button batteries contain mercury, a metal that is toxic to humans when
inhaled or ingested.
Lithium batteries (AA, C, 9 volt and coin; mainly used in computers and
cameras). Lithium is reactive with water, and has caused serious fires Health
Hazards
Mental Retardation
Seizures
Convulsions
Coma
In some cases even death
Low Level exposure may result in to
Fatigue
Impaired Central Nervous System Functions Hearing
Ghaziabad battles noxious fumes from burnt batteries:
Poisonous smoke from the burning of a dump of batteries in Ghaziabad spread on
January 8, 2007. One woman succumbed due to the smoke, others complained of nausea,
headache, coughing and vomiting. Fifty were admitted to a hospital in Delhi. A few
others were taken to private nursing homes.
About 150,000 tonnes of batteries are discarded from automobiles, telecom equipment,
railways and other sources. In order to regulate collection of old/used batteries and their
recycling, the government promulgated Lead-Acid Batteries (Management and Handling)
Rules in 2001 under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001
A rule notified in exercise of powers conferred under Section 6, 8 and 25 of the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986) with the objective to regulate
the Management and Handling of Batteries in India
Applicability :Apply to every manufacturer, importer, re-conditioner, assembler, dealer,
recycler, auctioneer, consumer and bulk consumer involved in manufacture, processing,
sale, purchase and use of batteries or components thereof.
Responsibilities: Various responsibilities to every manufacturer, importer, re-conditioner,
assembler, dealer, recycler, and auctioneer involved in manufacture, processing, sale,
purchase and use of batteries or components thereof are as follows
Responsibilities of manufacturer, importer, assembler and re-conditioner
6. To ensure that the used batteries are collected back as per the Schedule against
new batteries sold excluding those sold to original equipment manufacturer and
bulk consumer(s);
To file a half-yearly return of their sales and buy-back to the State Board in Form-
I latest by 30th June and 31st December of every year;
To ensure that used batteries collected are sent only to the registered recyclers;
To ensure that no damage to the environment occurs during transportation;
To buy recycled lead only from registered recyclers.
In case of importers, importer shall get himself registered with the Ministry of
Environment Forests or an agency designated by it by submitted details in
Form-II.
Customs clearance of imports of new lead acid batteries - Customs clearance of
imports shall be contingent upon:-
(i)Valid registration with the Reserve Bank of India (with Importer's Code
Number);
(ii)One time registration with the Ministry of Environment Forests or an
agency designated by it in Form-II]
(iii)Undertaking in Form-III; and(iv)A copy of the latest half-yearly return in
Form-IV
Responsibilities of dealers
To ensure that the used batteries are collected back as per the Schedule against
new batteries sold
To give appropriate discount on every used battery returned by the consumer;
To ensure that used batteries collected back are of similar type and specifications
as that of the new batteries sold;
To file half-yearly returns of the sale of new batteries and buy-back of old
batteries of the manufacturer in Form-V by 31st May and 30th November of
every year;
To ensure safe transportation of collected batteries to the designated collection
centers or to the registered recyclers; and
To ensure that no damage is cause to the environment during storage and
transportation of used batteries.
Responsibilities of Recycler
Apply for registration to the Ministry of Environment Forests or an agency designated
by it if not applied already, by submitting information in Form-VI; Ensure strict
compliance of the terms and conditions or registration, however, those already registered
with the Ministry of Environment Forests or an agency designated by it for
reprocessing used batteries would be bound by the terms and conditions of such
registration; Submit annual returns as per Form-VII to the State Board; Make available
all records to the State Board for inspection; Mark 'Recycled' on lead recovered by
reprocessing; and
6. Create public awareness through advertisement, publications, posters or others with
regard to the following:
7. (a) hazardous of lead; and
(b) obligation of consumers to return used batteries only to the registered dealers or
deliver at the designated collection centers
Responsibilities of auctioneer
1. To ensure that used batteries are auctioned to the registered recyclers only;
2. To file half-yearly returns of their auctions to the State Boards in Form-IX; and
3. To maintain a record of such auctions and made these records available to the
State Board for inspection.
Why Recycling
Use of Lead is ever increasing worldwide. The natural resources are limited.
Recycling helps reducing burden on natural resources. Ever increasing Lead
prices and demand are a boon to Battery Recycling.
The Lead metal received after Refining process, is guaranteed to have a minimum
purity level of 99.97%.
There two main categories of recycling route that can achieve a greater than 50%
recycling rate, the hydrometallurgical process route, where metals are recovered
via chemical methods, and the pyrometallurgical process route, where a furnace is
used to recover the metals
Importance of Recovery Recycling (Pros)
No indigenous Lead deposits
Meet the increasing demand
8. Reduce environmental impact from Natural Resource extraction
Resource recovery conservation
Economics
Employment
Environmental Impacts of Recycling (Cons)
· Electrolyte disposal
· Occupational hygiene
· Atmospheric pollution
· Furnace residues
· Population Exposure
Pollutions from Lead Acid Battery Processing:
Air Pollution:
• Smoke/Dust Emission from Chimney
• Fugitive Emission at Shop floor
Solid Wastes:
• Slag from Furnace of Primary smelting
• Scum from Secondary smelting
• Plastic containers
Liquid Wastes:
• Waste acid
• Scrubber wastewater
Benefits of Environmentally Sound Recycling
· Environment is better protected
· Lead exposure is reduced
· Reduces reliance on imports
· Avoids severe social hardship
· Resource recovery
Process Routes for Battery Recycling
Storage of Scrap of Batteries
Cutting of Batteries
Battery Breaking and Separating
Charge Material
Second Lead Smelting
Refining and alloying
Casting
Drossing
9. Battery Cutting
Batteries are fed from one end for cutting. The cut batteries are emptied for separating PP
case and Lead concentrate. The fumes generated during the operation are vented through
an exhaust made of acid proof material. The Waste Acid poured off inside the chamber is
taken to a Neutralization tank.
Scrap Lead-Acid Battery Storage Area:
Scrap lead-acid batteries are usually received in palletised containers for crushing and
separating operations. Lead-bearing scrap should be covered during transfer and stored in
an enclosed, ventilated area with a proper acid proof flooring and drainage to avoid
seepage of acid and fine lead content in the soil.
10. Battery Breaking and Separating
Metal and nonmetal contaminants from battery scrap are partially removed from lead-bearing
scrap. This is done by battery breaking / crushing and separating processes.
Battery breaking is the draining and crushing of batteries, followed by mechanized or
manual separation of the lead from nonmetallic materials. Lead plates, posts, and inter-cell
connectors are collected and stored in a pile for subsequent charging to the furnace.
After breaking the battery, the lead-bearing material is separated from the case material.
This process is either manually done or is automated. If a crusher is used to break
batteries, it is recommended to use the sink/float process for separation
Charge material
The stored lead scrap and the lead bearing material from batteries are blended to
the proper metallurgical requirements so it can be charged to the furnace.
Material is primarily transported through the use of mobile equipment (forklifts,
front-end loaders). Some common mechanical conveyance methods used in
secondary lead smelters are Belt Conveyors, Screw Conveyors and Bucket
Elevators.
Battery lead concentrate can be used with other scrap as feed materials for the
smelting and refining processes. These materials may include: battery
manufacturing plant scrap, lead dross, metallic lead sheets and cable shielding.
Secondary Lead Smelting:
Smelting involves the reduction of lead-bearing scrap into metallic lead in a furnace. The
following furnaces are the most effective types of smelting furnaces used in the industry:
• Rotary Furnace
• Blast Furnace
• Reverberatory Furnace
Rotary furnace:
Rotary furnaces are known for low consumption of fuel, less heat loss and high recovery
at a high temperature. Rotary furnaces are capable to process very low lead content scrap
and residue. The lead bullion produced from rotary furnace is refined to produce soft,
pure lead ingots.
11. Well-designed, properly aligned and balanced Rotary furnace driving arrangement is
provided with the help of Girth Gear of Roller drive. World class gearboxes and electric
motors are provided for long lasting and non-stop operations. High-grade material is used
in the Rollers and Rotary Tiers for long life and better performance.
Blast Furnace
Charge is fed to the furnace with the help of feed conveyor, bucket elevators and hoists.
12. The molten metal and the dross are removed from the blast furnace by tapping
operation into moulds or ladles. Normally the furnace metal is directly cast into
ingots and these ingots are allowed to solidify. If required the metal is tapped
directly into a holding kettle which keeps the metal molten for refining.
Local exhaust ventilation is provided for lead fumes and dust emissions at the
lead and slag tap, launders, moulds, ladles, and refining kettles. This exhaust is
taken to bag-house.
Reverberatory furnaces
Reverberatory furnaces are normally useful for processing high lead content scrap while
rotary furnaces are usually used to process low lead content scrap and residue.
Typical Furnace Charging systems
13. Smelting:
The Lead material received from battery breaking / cutting operations contains lead oxide
/ carbonate and small amount of sulphates. This material and the dross received from
previous processes or from other furnaces are fed into the furnace together with coke or
other carbon rich reducing agent and the mixture is smelted. The lead compounds are
reduced to yield Lead metal. This crude metal is refined to get purity upto 99.97%.
Refining and Alloying
Typically, metal from the smelting furnace is melted in an indirect-fired kettle or pot. By
using appropriate process methods, upto 99.97% refined lead is obtained. Trace elements
are combined to produce the desired alloy. Our design takes care of the possible fume
emissions to safeguard the working environment. Some lead emissions can occur from
poorly controlled refining, casting, and drossing operations. Exhaust ventilated enclosure
is provided for refining kettles.
Casting:
Mechanical and Manual Ingot casting mechanism is provided for ease of operation and
high-grade safety to the operators. Generally manual-casting system is provided with
smaller refining and alloying kettles. Molten, refined, or alloyed lead is pumped via
heated pipes from kettles to a casting mechanism, which directs a measured amount of
lead into steel or cast iron moulds
14. Drossing
During drossing operations, dross is skimmed to the rim of the kettle and
manually shoveled or spooned into a container. Dross consists of Lead oxide and
oxides of other metal impurities like copper, iron, aluminium, antimony, tin etc.
Pouring, cooling of lead castings, drossing of lead oxides from the reservoir and
casting surfaces and other related activities emit some lead and dust fumes.
Exhaust ventilation for the castings and moulds is provided while pouring molten
lead.
. Lead Acid Batteries - Pollution Control