Focus is on thermal runaways in primary and secondary lithium-based batteries; includes:
• High-level historical overview: battery chemistries and increased energy density
• Peak temperatures that can possibly be reached during thermal runaway events
• Scaling-up electrical storage capacities can cause increases in safety-related risks
• Different causes of thermal runaways
• Examples of runaways involving portable devices and various mobile platforms
• Runaways in advanced Boeing 787 aircraft
• Incident examples: worst-of-the-worst
• Analysis and commentary on Boeing 787 Dreamliner’s battery containment system
Lattice Energy LLC- Technical Discussion-Oct 1 Tesla Motors Model S Battery T...Lewis Larsen
On October 1, 2013, in Kent, WA USA while traveling down a 4-lane state highway during morning rush-hour, a Tesla Model S sedan experienced a battery thermal runaway and ensuing fire with 6-foot high flames that destroyed the front hood area of the vehicle.
To explain why its much-heralded battery safety systems were unable to prevent the occurrence of a potentially dangerous battery thermal runaway and fire that disabled and destroyed key parts of a full-sized vehicle within a span of several minutes, Tesla proposed a theory for the event. It explains the runaway as having been caused by the car’s driver accidentally running over piece of road debris - “large metallic object” - that had been lying on the highway surface. In Tesla’s theory, this hypothetical metal object somehow rotated upwards, slammed into the car’s armored underbody with 25 tons of force, and then pierced a module in the car’s battery pack, which triggered a thermal runaway and fire.
Lattice’s alternative theory for the October 1 model S runaway incident posits that: field-failure internal electrical short (whatever its proximate cause might truly be) occurred in a single 18650 cell that was located somewhere in first front module of vehicle’s battery pack. This field-failure-triggered event caused catastrophic overheating of the affected cell, creating huge local temperature increase within a few seconds that eventually wreaked havoc within the immediate module.
Importantly, propagation of field-failure-induced super-hot runaway conditions into adjacent cells (“thermal fratricide”) within same battery pack module was slowed rather significantly by Tesla’s multi-tier, very sophisticated battery safety system engineering discussed herein. The consequent retardation of thermal propagation between cells by safety features built into the battery pack lengthened the runaway event timeline by > 2 - 3 minutes, which was observed on Oct. 1.
In this incident, Lattice believes that the Model S battery pack encountered something very different from “garden variety” thermal runaways (see Appendix 1 in this presentation for definitions and details) that Tesla’s otherwise brilliant system safety engineering was designed to thwart.
What probably occurred on Oct. 1 was very likely a much rarer, deadlier type of thermal runaway called a ‘field-failure” (again, see Appendix 1). What distinguishes field-failures from ‘ordinary’ thermal runaways are vastly higher peak temperatures in conjunction with electric arc discharges. The best that can be hoped-for under such circumstances is that a battery fails relatively ‘gracefully’ without detonating, as happened on Oct. 1, 2013.
this ppt describes materials ,metals, ceremics and its types, polymer, composites etc.
u can study more topics of material science on this you tube channel
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAd8Bzun6OmL4Sg2sKbDJ1b5PZZ0Vb5Hu
Li-ion Battery Production Business. Lithium Ion Battery (LIB) Assembling Industry
Global Lithium Ion Battery market was valued at $30,186.8 million in 2017, and is projected to reach $100,433.7 million by 2025.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are a family of rechargeable batteries having high energy density and commonly used in consumer electronics. Unlike the disposable lithium primary battery, a LIB uses intercalated lithium compound instead of metallic lithium as its electrode.
Usually, LIBs are significantly lighter than other kinds of rechargeable batteries of similar size. LIBs are heavily used in portable electronics. These batteries can be commonly found in PDAs, iPods, cell phones, laptops, etc. This term is also known as a LI-ion.
See more
https://bit.ly/2Z0LbjV
https://bit.ly/32AKDU6
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
#Lithium_Ion_Battery, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Assembly, #Li_Ion_Battery_Assembling, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Assembly_Plant, Lithium Ion Battery Assembly Process, How to Assemble Lithium-Ion Battery, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_(LIB)_Manufacturing_Industry, Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing, Manufacturing of Lithium-Ion Batteries, #Lithium_Battery_Manufacturing, #Project_Report_on_Lithium_Ion_Battery_Assembling_Unit, Battery Assembly Plant, Lithium Ion Battery Production, Lithium-Ion Batteries Manufacturing Process, How to Set Up Lithium Ion Battery Plant in India, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Business, Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacture, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Manufacture_in_India, Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Plant Cost in India, Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Plant Project Report, Cost of Setting Up Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Plant, Lithium-Ion Battery Production Business, How to Start Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Business in India, Li-Ion Battery Assembling Business, Producing Lithium-Ion Batteries, #Detailed_Project_Report_on_Li_Ion_Battery_Assembling, Project Report on Li-Ion Battery Assembling, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Feasibility report on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Free Project Profile on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Project profile on Li-Ion Battery Assembling, Download free project profile on Li-Ion Battery Assembling
Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry. Production of Lead Acid Storage Battery
India Lead Acid Battery market is projected to reach $ 7.6 billion by 2023.
The battery which uses sponge lead and lead peroxide for the conversion of the chemical energy into electrical power, such type of battery is called a lead acid battery. The lead acid battery is most commonly used in the power stations and substations because it has higher cell voltage and lower cost.
Lead acid batteries are used as a power source for vehicles that demand a constant and uninterruptible source of energy. Just about every vehicle today does. For example, street motorcycles need lights that operate when the engine isn’t running. They get it from the battery. Accessories such as clocks and alarms are battery-driven.
See more
https://bit.ly/32DTdBB
https://bit.ly/32F9SVm
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
#Lead_Acid_Battery_(Maintenance_Free), #Lead_Acid_Battery, #Lead_Acid_Rechargeable_Battery, Lead Acid Battery Applications, #Lead_Acid_Battery_Manufacture, Battery Manufacturing Process, #Production_of_Lead_Acid_Battery, Battery Production, Project Profile on Lead Acid Storage Batteries, #Manufacture_and_Assembly_of_Lead_Acid_Battery, Manufacturing Process of Lead Acid Battery, Battery Manufacturing, Process for Making of Lead Acid Battery, Lead Battery Manufacturing, #Production_of_Lead_Acid_Batteries, Lead-Acid Battery Production Business, #Lead_Acid_Battery_Production/Assembly, Lead Storage Batter, Lead Battery Plant, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Plant, Battery Manufacturing Plant, #Cost_of_Setting_up_Battery_Manufacturing_Plant, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Plant Cost, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Process Pdf, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Cost, How to make Lead Acid Battery, Lead Acid Battery Plant Project Report, How to Make Battery in Factory, Battery Manufacturing Process, How to Start a Battery Manufacturing Business, What will be the Cost for Starting Lead Battery Manufacturing Unit? Starting a Battery Manufacturing Business, Start a Battery Manufacturing Plant, Lead Acid Battery Making Process, Lead Acid Battery Industry, #Detailed_Project_Report_on_Lead_Acid_Battery_Manufacturing_Industry, Lead–acid battery, Project Report on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Feasibility report on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Free Project Profile on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry
Lattice Energy LLC- Technical Discussion-Oct 1 Tesla Motors Model S Battery T...Lewis Larsen
On October 1, 2013, in Kent, WA USA while traveling down a 4-lane state highway during morning rush-hour, a Tesla Model S sedan experienced a battery thermal runaway and ensuing fire with 6-foot high flames that destroyed the front hood area of the vehicle.
To explain why its much-heralded battery safety systems were unable to prevent the occurrence of a potentially dangerous battery thermal runaway and fire that disabled and destroyed key parts of a full-sized vehicle within a span of several minutes, Tesla proposed a theory for the event. It explains the runaway as having been caused by the car’s driver accidentally running over piece of road debris - “large metallic object” - that had been lying on the highway surface. In Tesla’s theory, this hypothetical metal object somehow rotated upwards, slammed into the car’s armored underbody with 25 tons of force, and then pierced a module in the car’s battery pack, which triggered a thermal runaway and fire.
Lattice’s alternative theory for the October 1 model S runaway incident posits that: field-failure internal electrical short (whatever its proximate cause might truly be) occurred in a single 18650 cell that was located somewhere in first front module of vehicle’s battery pack. This field-failure-triggered event caused catastrophic overheating of the affected cell, creating huge local temperature increase within a few seconds that eventually wreaked havoc within the immediate module.
Importantly, propagation of field-failure-induced super-hot runaway conditions into adjacent cells (“thermal fratricide”) within same battery pack module was slowed rather significantly by Tesla’s multi-tier, very sophisticated battery safety system engineering discussed herein. The consequent retardation of thermal propagation between cells by safety features built into the battery pack lengthened the runaway event timeline by > 2 - 3 minutes, which was observed on Oct. 1.
In this incident, Lattice believes that the Model S battery pack encountered something very different from “garden variety” thermal runaways (see Appendix 1 in this presentation for definitions and details) that Tesla’s otherwise brilliant system safety engineering was designed to thwart.
What probably occurred on Oct. 1 was very likely a much rarer, deadlier type of thermal runaway called a ‘field-failure” (again, see Appendix 1). What distinguishes field-failures from ‘ordinary’ thermal runaways are vastly higher peak temperatures in conjunction with electric arc discharges. The best that can be hoped-for under such circumstances is that a battery fails relatively ‘gracefully’ without detonating, as happened on Oct. 1, 2013.
this ppt describes materials ,metals, ceremics and its types, polymer, composites etc.
u can study more topics of material science on this you tube channel
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAd8Bzun6OmL4Sg2sKbDJ1b5PZZ0Vb5Hu
Li-ion Battery Production Business. Lithium Ion Battery (LIB) Assembling Industry
Global Lithium Ion Battery market was valued at $30,186.8 million in 2017, and is projected to reach $100,433.7 million by 2025.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are a family of rechargeable batteries having high energy density and commonly used in consumer electronics. Unlike the disposable lithium primary battery, a LIB uses intercalated lithium compound instead of metallic lithium as its electrode.
Usually, LIBs are significantly lighter than other kinds of rechargeable batteries of similar size. LIBs are heavily used in portable electronics. These batteries can be commonly found in PDAs, iPods, cell phones, laptops, etc. This term is also known as a LI-ion.
See more
https://bit.ly/2Z0LbjV
https://bit.ly/32AKDU6
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
#Lithium_Ion_Battery, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Assembly, #Li_Ion_Battery_Assembling, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Assembly_Plant, Lithium Ion Battery Assembly Process, How to Assemble Lithium-Ion Battery, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_(LIB)_Manufacturing_Industry, Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing, Manufacturing of Lithium-Ion Batteries, #Lithium_Battery_Manufacturing, #Project_Report_on_Lithium_Ion_Battery_Assembling_Unit, Battery Assembly Plant, Lithium Ion Battery Production, Lithium-Ion Batteries Manufacturing Process, How to Set Up Lithium Ion Battery Plant in India, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Business, Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacture, #Lithium_Ion_Battery_Manufacture_in_India, Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Plant Cost in India, Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Plant Project Report, Cost of Setting Up Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Plant, Lithium-Ion Battery Production Business, How to Start Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing Business in India, Li-Ion Battery Assembling Business, Producing Lithium-Ion Batteries, #Detailed_Project_Report_on_Li_Ion_Battery_Assembling, Project Report on Li-Ion Battery Assembling, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Feasibility report on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Free Project Profile on Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Business, Project profile on Li-Ion Battery Assembling, Download free project profile on Li-Ion Battery Assembling
Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry. Production of Lead Acid Storage Battery
India Lead Acid Battery market is projected to reach $ 7.6 billion by 2023.
The battery which uses sponge lead and lead peroxide for the conversion of the chemical energy into electrical power, such type of battery is called a lead acid battery. The lead acid battery is most commonly used in the power stations and substations because it has higher cell voltage and lower cost.
Lead acid batteries are used as a power source for vehicles that demand a constant and uninterruptible source of energy. Just about every vehicle today does. For example, street motorcycles need lights that operate when the engine isn’t running. They get it from the battery. Accessories such as clocks and alarms are battery-driven.
See more
https://bit.ly/32DTdBB
https://bit.ly/32F9SVm
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
#Lead_Acid_Battery_(Maintenance_Free), #Lead_Acid_Battery, #Lead_Acid_Rechargeable_Battery, Lead Acid Battery Applications, #Lead_Acid_Battery_Manufacture, Battery Manufacturing Process, #Production_of_Lead_Acid_Battery, Battery Production, Project Profile on Lead Acid Storage Batteries, #Manufacture_and_Assembly_of_Lead_Acid_Battery, Manufacturing Process of Lead Acid Battery, Battery Manufacturing, Process for Making of Lead Acid Battery, Lead Battery Manufacturing, #Production_of_Lead_Acid_Batteries, Lead-Acid Battery Production Business, #Lead_Acid_Battery_Production/Assembly, Lead Storage Batter, Lead Battery Plant, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Plant, Battery Manufacturing Plant, #Cost_of_Setting_up_Battery_Manufacturing_Plant, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Plant Cost, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Process Pdf, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Cost, How to make Lead Acid Battery, Lead Acid Battery Plant Project Report, How to Make Battery in Factory, Battery Manufacturing Process, How to Start a Battery Manufacturing Business, What will be the Cost for Starting Lead Battery Manufacturing Unit? Starting a Battery Manufacturing Business, Start a Battery Manufacturing Plant, Lead Acid Battery Making Process, Lead Acid Battery Industry, #Detailed_Project_Report_on_Lead_Acid_Battery_Manufacturing_Industry, Lead–acid battery, Project Report on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Feasibility report on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Free Project Profile on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry
High energy and capacity cathode material for li ion battriesNatraj Hulsure
Recent development in cathode materials for li-ion batteries drag the industries view towards it due to their high discharge rate compare to older ones.
Modern aerospace industry is highly progressive and polymer composite materials have a positive and significant impact on it. At least 30-40 percent of modern airframes are now made of these composites, and this percentage is increasing rapidly due to technological advances in this field. Fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials are fast gaining ground as preferred materials for construction of aircrafts and space crafts. This review paper demonstrates brief about the components of polymer composites, its properties and its uses in aerospace industries. Polymer composites are highly efficient and environment friendly. Traditional materials are susceptible to fatigue and corrosion when composite materials provide resistance to both of this along with its significant amount of weight reduction. Due to high strength and stiffness of its fiber, polymer composite provides high “strength to weight” & “stiffness to weight” ratios. Apart from this, they possess good shear properties and low density .As a result, new generation aerospace engineers and aircraft designers are turning to polymer composite materials to make their flying vehicle and aircraft lighter, stronger and of course more fuel efficient. A brief introduction of composites usage in aerospace sector is given first. The nature of Polymer composite materials and special problems in designing and working with them are then highlighted. The advantages and disadvantages of polymer composites in aviation sector is discussed.
Link for Related Research Paper: http://www.ijert.org/view-pdf/16992/polymer-composites-in-aviation-sector
This presentation covers some of the new battery technology developments including higher energy, higher discharge rate batteries, power backup applications, and futuristic technologies.
Content provided by our partner, TI, deep dive 2014, and others as credited.
Active Thermal Management Systems in Electric VehiclesAutomotive IQ
The goal of all thermal management is to deliver a battery pack that functions at an optimum average temperature with even temperature distribution across all cells. Moreover, it must be lightweight, low cost, easy packaged and compatible too. Active thermal management systems offer a wide range of advantages for electric vehicle batteries. But is it actually better than passive systems?
Read more about the topic on the article’s second part on thermal management systems in electric vehicles here: http://bit.ly/Article_ActiveThermalmanagementsystems
E-mobility | Part 2 - Battery Technology & Alternative Innovations (English)Vertex Holdings
Today, 60% of electric vehicles (EVs) are powered by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its efficiency, high power-to-weight ratio and flexibility to allow chemical alterations. As the EV industry gains steam, supply chain and design challenges are spurring battery manufacturers to explore alternatives.
Some of the alternative battery technologies include lithium-iron phosphate (LFP), lithium-sulfur battery (LSB) and sodium-ion battery (SIB). Besides LFP, LSB and SIB, solid-state batteries (SSBs) are touted as a forerunner for the next-generation battery technology.
Despite these advancements, the current speed of innovation is not accelerating fast enough to meet the demands of the rapidly growing EV sector. This presents opportunities in areas such as battery design and securing the supply chain locally via vertical integration.
As the world welcomes green mobility, commercializing battery technology will be imperative to drive global EV adoption. Given the increased push for battery development and innovation, we believe that it’s only a matter of time before supply catches up with demand.
Find out more here: https://bit.ly/3HUaf1Z
This is the academic presentation by Rahmandhika Firdauzha Hary Hernandha for Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion Device course in National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan. The slides based on an academic paper in Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 2016, 25(3), 85-87 by Stefano Passerini and Bruno Scrosati with other 10 papers as supporting information and images.
High energy and capacity cathode material for li ion battriesNatraj Hulsure
Recent development in cathode materials for li-ion batteries drag the industries view towards it due to their high discharge rate compare to older ones.
Modern aerospace industry is highly progressive and polymer composite materials have a positive and significant impact on it. At least 30-40 percent of modern airframes are now made of these composites, and this percentage is increasing rapidly due to technological advances in this field. Fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials are fast gaining ground as preferred materials for construction of aircrafts and space crafts. This review paper demonstrates brief about the components of polymer composites, its properties and its uses in aerospace industries. Polymer composites are highly efficient and environment friendly. Traditional materials are susceptible to fatigue and corrosion when composite materials provide resistance to both of this along with its significant amount of weight reduction. Due to high strength and stiffness of its fiber, polymer composite provides high “strength to weight” & “stiffness to weight” ratios. Apart from this, they possess good shear properties and low density .As a result, new generation aerospace engineers and aircraft designers are turning to polymer composite materials to make their flying vehicle and aircraft lighter, stronger and of course more fuel efficient. A brief introduction of composites usage in aerospace sector is given first. The nature of Polymer composite materials and special problems in designing and working with them are then highlighted. The advantages and disadvantages of polymer composites in aviation sector is discussed.
Link for Related Research Paper: http://www.ijert.org/view-pdf/16992/polymer-composites-in-aviation-sector
This presentation covers some of the new battery technology developments including higher energy, higher discharge rate batteries, power backup applications, and futuristic technologies.
Content provided by our partner, TI, deep dive 2014, and others as credited.
Active Thermal Management Systems in Electric VehiclesAutomotive IQ
The goal of all thermal management is to deliver a battery pack that functions at an optimum average temperature with even temperature distribution across all cells. Moreover, it must be lightweight, low cost, easy packaged and compatible too. Active thermal management systems offer a wide range of advantages for electric vehicle batteries. But is it actually better than passive systems?
Read more about the topic on the article’s second part on thermal management systems in electric vehicles here: http://bit.ly/Article_ActiveThermalmanagementsystems
E-mobility | Part 2 - Battery Technology & Alternative Innovations (English)Vertex Holdings
Today, 60% of electric vehicles (EVs) are powered by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its efficiency, high power-to-weight ratio and flexibility to allow chemical alterations. As the EV industry gains steam, supply chain and design challenges are spurring battery manufacturers to explore alternatives.
Some of the alternative battery technologies include lithium-iron phosphate (LFP), lithium-sulfur battery (LSB) and sodium-ion battery (SIB). Besides LFP, LSB and SIB, solid-state batteries (SSBs) are touted as a forerunner for the next-generation battery technology.
Despite these advancements, the current speed of innovation is not accelerating fast enough to meet the demands of the rapidly growing EV sector. This presents opportunities in areas such as battery design and securing the supply chain locally via vertical integration.
As the world welcomes green mobility, commercializing battery technology will be imperative to drive global EV adoption. Given the increased push for battery development and innovation, we believe that it’s only a matter of time before supply catches up with demand.
Find out more here: https://bit.ly/3HUaf1Z
This is the academic presentation by Rahmandhika Firdauzha Hary Hernandha for Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion Device course in National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan. The slides based on an academic paper in Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 2016, 25(3), 85-87 by Stefano Passerini and Bruno Scrosati with other 10 papers as supporting information and images.
Lattice Energy LLC-Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries are NOT Immune to Thermal...Lewis Larsen
Thermal runaways and field-failures can occur in ALL lithium battery chemistries. In recent years, a myth has been propagated by certain industry participants and battery scientists that the lithium iron phosphate chemistry is effectively ‘immune’ to catastrophic thermal runaway events. When one examines the available facts, it is obvious that this myth or widely-held belief is simply not true --- it is a fool’s paradise. Importantly, reasonably well-documented thermal runaways have been reported that involved LiFePO4 battery cells and multi-cell arrays. For example, a May 2013 incident at California Polytechnic State Univ. resulted in a thermal runaway fire and quasi-explosion that completely melted the battery’s contents and case. Two other likely examples of runaways with LiFePO4 batteries are noted in this document.
Conclusion: albeit more rare, LiFePO4 lithium-based batteries can in fact also experience catastrophic thermal runaway events, even including explosions/detonations; from a product safety perspective they should be viewed with same prudent circumspection and caution as other types of lithium-based batteries such as lithium-cobalt, lithium-manganese, and lithium-ion chemistries.
LENRs effectively create nano energetic materials in micron-scale regions on surfaces, aromatic rings, and at certain types of interfaces.
Battery waste encompasses a broad and growing range of Batteries & cell devices.
Battery waste has become a problem of crisis proportions because of two primary
characteristics:
Battery Waste is generated in great quantities
Battery Waste can be hazardous
A battery is a portable power source, converting chemical energy into electricity. Within
the last few decades, there has been a phenomenal growth in the number and diversity of
products available. In industrialized countries, many homes will contain many pieces of
equipment which depend on batteries for power to operate.
Li-ion batteries present explosion risks on mobile phones, laptops, toys, and many electronics. The paper describes some problems with these batteries. By John Weaver
Over the past decades, prices for solar panels and wind farms have reached all-time low. It is said that innovation is the key. Lithium-ion came into the arena becoming the leading energy storage technology. However, the prices of lithium-ion batteries have remained too high
Lattice Energy LLC - IBM and JCESR Tap the Brakes on Lithium-air Battery Rese...Lewis Larsen
May 2014: in a somewhat surprising development, it became apparent that IBM and JCESR both tapped the brakes on further development of Lithium-air batteries; perhaps it's not near-universally regarded as a panacea anymore? For these two players, the decision may have been fortunate: Lattice thinks that the risk of thermal runaway fires triggered by LENRs --- albeit rare in any case --- might be even higher with Lithium-air batteries compared to the likely frequency in Li-ion.
Lattice Energy LLC- Field Failures and LENRs in Lithium-based Batteries-Jan 2...Lewis Larsen
LENRs are potentially another mechanism for producing so-called field failures that can trigger catastrophic thermal runaways in Lithium-based batteries; may sometimes, but not always, be associated with internal electrical shorts.
Lattice Energy LLC- Increased Energy Densities Drive Convergence of Batteries...Lewis Larsen
Large increases in battery energy densities drive convergence between energetic materials, LENRs and batteries. Today LENRs create problems in high-energy-density advanced batteries; battery manufacturers can potentially turn today’s LENR issues into tomorrow’s opportunities. Importantly,
Japanese companies understand the convergence: Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota Central Research, Toyota Motor Corp., and other unnamed large Japanese companies all now have LENR R&D programs; Lattice believes their ultimate goal is to eventually be able to replace the internal combustion engine using CO2-free LENRs.
Lattice Energy LLC - Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization o...Lewis Larsen
Prospects for commercialization of LENRs have radically improved. New Lattice report “Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization of LENRs for green radiation-free nuclear power and propulsion” aims at a broad audience and outlines strategic case for greatly increasing R&D funding to accelerate development of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for CO2-free power generation. Recent Japanese government-funded NEDO project solved previously intractable problems with rational device design & fabrication, experimental repeatability, and erratic, limited thermal output that bedeviled researchers worldwide since 1989-90.
Given spectacular Japanese progress, it appears very likely that LENRs will be commercialized, probably sooner rather than later. Today, Japan is by far the experimental leader along that path; heavily involved companies include Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota, and Nissan..
Lattice Energy LLC - Green hard-radiation-free len rs could provide game-chan...Lewis Larsen
Green hard-radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could provide game-changing nuclear power for military combat systems ranging from aircraft to individual warfighters. LENRs are the only energy technology on the foreseeable horizon that could provide a quantum-leap in military power generation and propulsion capabilities in the 2030 - 2050 time-frame.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs enable green radiation-free nuclear power and prop...Lewis Larsen
If commercialized, LENRs could become one of the world’s preeminent energy technologies. At system electrical power outputs of just 5 - 10 kwh, modular LENR-based distributed power generation systems providing combined heat and electricity (CHP) could satisfy energy requirements of a majority of urban and rural households as well as smaller businesses worldwide. Much lower-output, revolutionary portable LENR power sources could displace chemical batteries in applications where ultrahigh performance and longevity are needed.
At electrical outputs of 60 - 200 kwh, LENR-based integrated power generation systems would be able to power vehicles, drones, as well as smaller aircraft and watercraft. This would break oil-based fuels’ 150-year stranglehold on internal combustion engines and decisively decarbonize the entire transportation sector. High-performance LENR thermal sources could also provide high-quality heat for many types of industrial processes.
Although they could very likely be designed and built, development of megawatt-output LENR systems is not mandatory to disrupt the world of energy for the better. If wide deployment of small-scale, low-cost LENR CHP distributed generation could be achieved, large numbers of fossil-fired and/or fission power plants would not have to be built to supply competitively priced, uninterruptible electricity to regional grids serving urbanized areas. Under that scenario, centralized grid power generation would be gradually displaced by vast numbers of smaller, price-competitive distributed LENR power systems inside homes and businesses.
Lewis Larsen - DJIA approaches previous all-time record high close of 26828 -...Lewis Larsen
Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is approaching previous all-time record high close of 26,828 - what happens next? If U.S. economy speeds-up by 3Q 2019 and/or good China-US trade deal is completed, DJIA could hit new all-time highs and increase by 3,000 to 6,000 points during next 6 - 18 months.
Lattice Energy LLC - Microbial radiation resistance transmutation of elements...Lewis Larsen
Microbial radiation resistance, possible transmutation of elements, and the dawn of life on Earth
Multi-species communities of microorganisms will expend energy to assimilate and process heavy elements like Cesium, Gold, and Uranium that -- now -- play no obvious roles in growth or metabolism. Credible experimental data suggests some bacteria are shifting isotope ratios and possibly even transmuting certain elements. How and why are microbes doing this? LENRs may explain how, but why?
Although credible experimental data suggests some microbes can transmute certain elements via LENRs, much more experimentation will be required to decisively demonstrate that microorganisms can truly transmute chemical elements at will and determine which species of microbes have such capabilities. LENRs may not be all that uncommon out in Nature; if so, there will be major implications for geochemistry, isotope geology, and nuclear waste remediation.
LENRs can mimic isotopic effects of mass-dependent and mass-independent chemical fractionation. Elements and isotopes conserve their mass-balances in purely chemical systems; that is not necessarily true if LENRs are also occurring in same systems. Accurate measurement of total mass balances for all chemical species may be needed to discriminate between chemical and nuclear processes.
ULE neutron-catalyzed transmutation is not energetically practical for more-abundant chemical elements found in living systems such as Carbon. However, transmutation could potentially be an energetically feasible and advantageous capability that could enable some fortunate microbes to produce life-critical, low-abundance catalytic active site metals that are unavailable in local environments.
Japanese government-funded project with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, Nissan, and four universities is developing abiotic LENRs for power generation. Recently reported outstanding heat production results at working temperatures and pressures far lower than those found in many undersea hydrothermal vents.
Lattice Energy LLC - Korean scientists use bacteria to reduce concentration o...Lewis Larsen
Korean scientists used experimental laboratory mixtures of bacteria to reduce concentration of radioactive Cesium-137 (as indicated by gamma emissions) present in aqueous growth solutions irradiated with light at 12-hour intervals, shaken, and incubated at 25o C.
During experiments, and compared to controls, measured gamma radiation for flasks containing bacteria decreased at vastly higher rates than would be expected for ‘normal’ rate of Cs-137 β-decay. Is radioactive Cesium actually being transmuted into heavier Cs isotopes and other elements by living bacteria?
Lattice Energy LLC - Widom-Larsen theory reveals surprising similarities and ...Lewis Larsen
Widom-Larsen theory unveils additional surprising similarities and connections between LENRs and chemical catalysis.
Synopsis: recent extensions of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs have for the first time revealed additional striking and unexpected similarities between electroweak nuclear catalysis --- collective many-body en + pn reaction in condensed matter --- and enzymatic catalysis, inorganic chemical catalysis, plasmon-mediated chemical photocatalysis with “hot” charge carriers, as well as widely published nanotechnology concept of heterometallic plasmonic antenna-reactor nanoparticles for photocatalysis. Among a number of surprising commonalities between LENRs and chemical catalytic processes, many-body collective quantum effects and high local electric fields > 1010 V/m enable many chemical reactions and LENRs to proceed with substantial rates at vastly lower working temperatures and pressures. Existence of all these unexpected parallels suggests that valuable engineering insights can be obtained by data mining state-of-the art technical knowledge about nanotech and chemical catalysis and then applying and leveraging new insights derived therefrom to help accelerate future development of LENRs for power generation.
Lattice energy LLC - Chinese chemists report photochemical triggering of LENR...Lewis Larsen
Experiments reported in 2017 by Prof. Gong-xuan Lu et al. at Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, in Lanzhou, China showed photocatalytic triggering of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) at NTP with visible light. Experimental results reported in “Journal of Molecular Catalysis” (China) in 2017 claimed production of Deuterium and Helium as well as nuclear transmutation of Potassium to Calcium. Very significant discovery if experimental claims can be independently confirmed by other researchers using same methods. If Lu et al.’s claims are confirmed, their work has important implications. For chemical catalysis, it suggests that LENR transmutations can occur at very low rates in parallel with ordinary chemical reactions; LENRs can coexist and interoperate at NTP. Also implies total mass-balances for chemical elements comprising reactants and products might not necessarily be conserved. For astrophysics and cosmochemistry, it means that nucleosynthesis can occur on surfaces of Hydrogen- and metal-rich dust grains irradiated by starlight.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR experiment conducted by The Aerospace Corporation r...Lewis Larsen
LENR experiment conducted independently in 2017 by The Aerospace Corporation (non-profit company that operates a FFRDC) effectively repeated excess heat results reported by the Japanese government-funded NEDO LENR fabrication and testing project. Experimental data from this confirmatory experiment was reported by Dr. Edward Beiting, a physicist and Senior Scientist at The Aerospace Corporation, in a presentation that occurred on June 5, 2018 at the ICCF-21 conference held at Colorado State University in Ft. Collins, Colorado.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs are revolutionary disruptive energy technology for...Lewis Larsen
Safe, radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) expand use of nuclear power & propulsion into huge range of land vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, and spacecraft. Scales downward from large fission reactors used in nuclear naval aircraft carriers and submarines. Enormous energy densities of LENR-based power & propulsion technology could confer decisive combat systems advantages on near-future battlefields.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs for power generation - accelerating ...Lewis Larsen
Commercialization of radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for power generation could potentially occur with surprising speed. In just 2.5 years, Japanese government NEDO-funded LENR device fabrication and testing project achieved TRL-4 (refuting the skeptics) and validated application of Widom-Larsen theory, materials science, and nanotech to help accelerate commercialization pathway from present developmental level of TRL-4 to future commercial LENR-based products at TRL-9.
Lattice Energy LLC - March 2 Technova seminar in Tokyo released more info re ...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO-sponsored LENR device project released additional technical details at Technova seminar held in Tokyo on March 2, 2018. Japanese government is targeting commercialization of LENRs as a revolutionary, radiation-free nuclear technology for use in power generation and propulsion applications. NEDO project results to date have demonstrated Watt-level reproducibility of excess heat in small nanocomposite LENR devices. Assuming substantial scale-up of device heat output is possible, NEDO project’s technical achievement validates future potential for LENRs to someday become an important source of green CO2-free energy.
Lattice Energy LLC - Russia announces nuclear fission-powered cruise missile ...Lewis Larsen
In globally televised speech on March 1, President Vladimir Putin claimed that Russia has successfully developed and tested a nuclear-powered cruise missile with unprecedented performance capabilities. If real (which appears likely), this advanced weapon system is probably powered by an unshielded Uranium fission reactor. Such a propulsion system would almost certainly produce large emissions of deadly energetic neutron/gamma radiation and release radioactive waste particulates into reactor exhaust plumes that would be rather dangerous to exposed people and the environment.
Radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) --- which involve neither fission nor fusion --- now under development by Lattice, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, and Nissan are a truly safe, green nuclear technology. Importantly, LENRs can potentially be scaled-up and might someday be able to safely propel future missiles, manned aircraft/UAVs, manned submarines/UUVs, and everyday motor vehicles.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government project - nan...Lewis Larsen
Nanocomposite LENR devices in Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government R&D project produced enough cumulative excess heat to boil a cup of tea.
Since 1989, production of calorimetrically measured excess heat during vast majority of experiments with purpose-fabricated LENR devices was a hit-or-miss proposition. When excess heat produced, was typically < 1 Watt for periods ranging from few hours to several days. NEDO greatly improved device fabrication, reproducibility, longevity, and excess heat performance.
For years skeptics summarily dismissed LENRs as a potential new energy source because experiments were unable to produce enough excess heat to even “boil a cup of tea.” Thanks to results of NEDO project, not any more.
NEDO project has demonstrated that LENRs can produce non-trivial, Watt-level amounts of excess heat from nanocomposite multi-metal devices without emission of deadly fluxes of energetic neutron or gamma radiation --- it is safe, radiation-free nuclear technology.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported reasonably reproduci...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO industry-academia-government R&D program’s recent experimental results technically validated potential for LENRs to become major future energy source.
Excess heat was produced in ~ 80% of project’s reported LENR experiments. Whenever excess heat was created, it is most often at Watt-levels or better at reactor operating temperatures of 200 - 300 degrees C. Duration of excess heat production ranged up to weeks, which is non-trivial. Such LENR device behavior represents excellent reproducibility for complex early-stage technology. With respect to reproducibility of device fabrication methods and heat production, these are best-ever experimental results reported to date in field of LENRs.
Watt-level excess heat was produced in Hydrogen (H)- and Deuterium (D)-loaded experimental systems. No deadly energetic (MeV-energy) gamma or neutron radiation was detected during heat production in any project experimental runs. Such observations are consistent with and predicted by the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs which posits production and capture of ultralow energy neutrons on ‘fuel’ atoms which drive hard-radiation-free nuclear transmutation reactions and decays that release nuclear binding energy in form of copious heat.
In Lattice’s opinion, NEDO project’s outstanding experimental results change LENRs’ Technology Readiness Level (TRL) from TRL-3 to TRL-4 (European Commission definitions). This is an important step in commercialization of LENRs for power generation applications.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported good progress in exc...Lewis Larsen
Japan now funding R&D in LENR technology for use in power generation applications. Quietly threw down the gauntlet to global oil industry.
January 2018: terse project report summarizing progress in Japanese government NEDO-funded R&D in LENRs for period of Oct. 2015 through Oct. 2017 was released by Technova Inc. on ResearchGate. Herein we will review and discuss NEDO project’s reported progress.
Project scientists reported significant R&D progress toward developing LENR devices that serve as powerful heat sources. Reproducibility of device fabrication techniques and excess heat output were improved. Certain nanocomposite, multi-metal LENR test devices with mass <140 grams cumulatively produced up to ~85 megajoules (MJ) of excess heat per mole (MJ/mol) of absorbed Hydrogen (H) or Deuterium (D); some: duration of heat > 1 month. By contrast, complete combustion of Hydrogen releases ~0.286 MJ/mol of H. Chemical processes cannot explain these results.
Japan, Inc. appears to be developing LENR technology to someday replace the internal combustion engine.
Lewis Larsen - Dow-Jones Industrial Average reaches 26000 - what happens next...Lewis Larsen
Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) has just gone above 26,000 for first time ever. What happens next? Boom or bust?
Short pithy answer: “We ain’t seen nothin’ yet”; quoted from Barron’s article published in February 1988
Slightly longer answer: We are presently in an era of low-inflation economic growth and explosion of new technologies. Therefore, a continued global financial and economic boom subject to episodic, healthy market price corrections is much more likely to occur than a fearsome bust like the near-collapse of U.S. financial markets in 2008 and subsequent Great Recession from which world financial markets and many national economies are just beginning to fully recover. Herein we present key reasons why this bullish scenario should transpire as events unfold.
Lattice Energy LLC - Polar vortex cold wave in USA has potential for lower te...Lewis Larsen
Today, the United States is gripped in jaws of a Polar Vortex extreme cold weather event in Midwest and Northeast. On December 27, 2017 the nighttime low temperature in Duluth, Minnesota hit bone-chilling 41 degrees below zero F. This severe cold snap is predicted to persist through January 5 – 7, 2018. How will wind & solar renewable energy sources and commercial natural gas pipelines perform during this latest Polar Vortex event in U.S.? It will be interesting to see what happens between today and mid-January 2018.
Lattice Energy LLC - Fossil fuels and nuclear vs renewables for powering elec...Lewis Larsen
Enormous potential future value for diversified portfolios of renewable, fossil-fueled, and nuclear power generation --- enable grids to have resilience against extreme weather events related to climate change and “Black Swan” volcanic eruptions.
Proverb: “In the first place … an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” Benjamin Franklin (1735). Fukushima lessons: mitigate improbable extreme events if not too expensive; $200 million was thought too costly to fix backup generators in 2006 but the ‘cure’ for the 2011 nuclear disaster now costs $189 billion and could take 30 - 40 years.
What may appear ‘greener’ and less $$$ in myopic short-term decision-making about grids could end-up being extremely $$$ expensive or catastrophic in longer-term. Data suggests that is it too risky for society to put all its energy “eggs” into a single renewable basket. Lattice therefore believes balanced diversity of different types of grid power sources is best strategy for insuring 99+% future reliability and excellent resiliency of electricity grids facing onslaughts of extreme weather events and low but non-zero probability for catastrophic Black Swan volcanic eruptions.
Since high % of renewable energy sources on electricity grids is a new phenomenon and unexplored territory, there aren’t preexisting road maps to guide government regulation and critical implementation by industry. Private sector companies by nature are concerned with short-term bottom line profitability and have more narrowly focused interests; by contrast, government is responsible for insuring national energy security over much longer time-frames and broader range of grid-threatening events.
Rick Perry/DOE’s controversial NOPR to FERC in September created an important opportunity for U.S. government and industry to begin productive dialogue about how to enhance the U.S. electricity grid’s ability to maintain present reliability and adapt to climate change.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
Dynamic QR codes: These also have all the advanced features but are subscription-based. They can directly link to PDF files, images, micro-landing pages, social accounts, review forms, business pages, and applications. In addition, they can be branded with CTAs, frames, patterns, colors, and logos to enhance your branding.
Pricing and Packages
Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3
Lattice Energy LLC- Containment of Lithium-based Battery Fires-A Fools Paradise-Aug 6 2013
1. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 1 Lewis Larsen President and CEO Lattice Energy LLC August 6, 2013
Contact: 1-312-861-0115
lewisglarsen@gmail.com
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen
Super-hot electric arc discharges and LENRs
Trigger nightmarish thermal runaways in Lithium-based batteries
Some claim their schemes can contain thermal runaways: will they work?
Peak temperatures in worst-case events can reach thousands of degrees Centigrade
Apple iPod Nano
exploding in Japan (2010)
Boeing 787 Dreamliner
Logan Li-ion battery fire (2013)
Severely fire-damaged aft 787
GS-Yuasa Li-ion battery (NTSB)
Runaway
Portable electronics
Mobile platforms
2. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 2
High-level historical overview: battery chemistries and increased energy density
Peak temperatures that can possibly be reached during thermal runaway events
Scaling-up electrical storage capacities can cause increases in safety-related risks
Different causes of thermal runaways
Examples of runaways involving portable devices and various mobile platforms
Runaways in advanced Boeing 787 aircraft
Incident examples: worst-of-the-worst
Analysis and commentary on Boeing 787 Dreamliner’s battery containment system
Topical overview
Source: http://www.popsci.com/node/30347
So-called “thermite reactions” burning at thousands of degrees have much in common
with absolute worst case field- failure thermal runaways
in chemical batteries
Certain chemical reactions release
enough heat to actually melt metals
Focus: thermal runaways in primary and secondary lithium-based batteries
3. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 3
Lithium-based chemical batteries ……....……………………………….…………..…..…. 4 - 12
Energy-dense batteries should be respected ………………………………………….…. 13 - 16
Thermal runaways: batteries behaving badly …………………………………….....…… 17 - 19
How common are thermal runaway events? …………………..………..………………… 20 - 21
How bad can battery thermal runaways get? ………………………………………..……. 22 - 26
Electric arcs can destroy batteries …………………………………………………....……. 27 - 30
Various causes of thermal runaways ………………………………………………………. 31 - 32
LENRs: green nuclear energy …………………………………………………………….…. 33 - 41
Thermal runaways in portable electronics ……………………………………..…………. 42 - 43
Battery capacity scale-up can increase safety risks …………………………………….. 44 - 49
Thermal runaways on mobile platforms ………………………………………….……..… 50 - 66
Thermal runaways: worst-of-the-worst …………………………………………….………. 67 - 73
Mitigating runaway risks: is containment possible? …………………………….......…. 74 - 80
Useful knowledge for the big batteries in one’s life ………………………….………..… 81 - 85
Lattice can help assess battery runaway risks ………………………………………..….. 86 - 87
Additional reading for the technically inclined ………………………….……….…….…. 88 - 90
Key take-aways …………………………………………………………..…………………..… 91 - 93
Contents
4. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 4
5. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 5
A battery is an electrochemical device that actively stores input electrical energy in chemical bonds (charging); on-command, that stored energy can later be converted back into output electrical energy in the form of a current of electrons (discharging) that can pass through external conductive circuit wiring at some operating voltage and used to do energy-dependent work, e.g. operate power- hungry microprocessors, illuminate lights, run electric motors, etc.. 1859: French inventor, Gaston Plante developed first practical storage lead-acid battery that could be recharged (secondary battery); commonly used as starter batteries on cars today in 2013 – well-known example is the DieHard brand 1899: Waldmar Jungner invented first nickel-cadmium rechargeable battery and alkaline (non-acidic electrolyte) primary battery; Thomas Edison claimed to have independently invented alkaline in 1901 1989: first consumer-grade nickel metal hydride batteries became commercially available; resulted from almost 20 years of R&D at the Battelle-Geneva Research Center – work was sponsored by Daimler- Benz and Volkswagen AG (Germany)
1991: Sony and Asahi Kasei (Japan) released first commercial lithium-ion batteries; lithium batteries first proposed in 1970s by Whittingham while at Exxon; Goodenough proposed LiFePO4 in 1996
Lead-acid Nickel metal hydride (NiMH)
Nickel Cadmium (NiCad) and alkalines Lithium ion (Li-ion) and Lithium iron phosphate
6. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 6
Vast majority of all such products use chemical batteries for power sources
Small portable electronic devices have become a ubiquitous, indispensable part of daily life in modern societies
7. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 7
Lithium-based batteries come in many different shapes and sizes
8. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 8
Primary batteries CANNOT be recharged safely (fully discharged only once); secondary batteries are designed to be rechargeable
Primary
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
9. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 9
Lithium-based batteries come in many different chemistries
LiFePO4
LiCoO2
LiSOCl2
LiAg2CrO4
LiMnO2
Li-air
LiAg2V4O11
LiBi2Pb2O5
LiCuO
LiCuCl2
Li(CF)x
LiI2
LiAg2CrO4
LiCu4O(PO4)2
LiPbCuS
LiFeS2
LiFeS2
Li-Cu4O(PO4)2
LiSO2Cl2
LiPbCuS
LiBi2O3
Li/AlMnO2
LiFeS
Li4Ti5O12
Li22Si4
10. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 10
Generally speaking, in portable electronics markets, the batteries with the highest energy densities and duration of electrical power output will usually win the competitive game
Using a 30 pound lead-acid battery to power a 4-ounce Apple iPhone is impractical and a non-starter for customers
Going to advanced chemistries beyond lead-acid allows more electrical charge to be stored inside a battery casing that is much smaller in volume and weighs vastly less; i.e., higher volumetric energy density
Lead-acid chemistry would not work for smartphones
11. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 11
Lithium-based batteries became extremely dominant in portable electronics because they have much higher energy densities than other battery chemistries
1859
1989
1899
1991
1996
Future: lithium-air?
Battery energy densities increased from 1859 to 2013
Large uptick in last 25 years - limited experience with such densities
2013
12. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 12
Some battery chemists believe Li-air could rival gasoline Huge increase in energy density above Lithium-ion technology
Lithium-air
13. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 13
14. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 14
Every advanced technology is a two-edged sword: there are important advantages as well as disadvantages and potential risks; almost no technology is truly 100% safe under all conceivable conditions
Battery technologies are no different: all types of configurations and chemistries come with varying degrees of risk --- some more so than others The corollary to Friedman’s maxim is that everything comes with a price
Economist Prof. Milton Friedman famously quipped, “There’s no such thing as a free lunch.”
Key to dealing with technological risks, especially regarding safety issues, is to identify significant risks, understand them, and prevent or minimize them as much as humanly possible
15. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 15
While detonations of individual energy-dense, lithium-based battery cells are very rare events, they can be nearly as powerful as exploding dynamite
16. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 16
While detonations of very large arrays of energy-dense lithium-based batteries, such as multi-cell battery packs used in all-electric vehicles, are very rare events, they can be AS powerful as hand grenades and some IEDs
Improvised explosive device (IED)
Ramadi, Iraq (2006)
US M67 fragmentation grenade
developed post-Vietnam war
Credit: USMC
17. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 17
18. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 18
Typically well-controlled electrochemical reactions in batteries ordinarily generate a certain amount of process heat which is dissipated harmlessly simply by emitting invisible infra-red radiation from the battery case out into the local environment; contents of battery cells still remain well-within proscribed boundaries of designed range of optimal thermochemical operating temperatures
On rare occasions, for a variety of different reasons, a battery cell’s electrochemical reactions can suddenly start running at greatly elevated rates that create more process heat than normal thermal dissipative mechanisms can easily handle, which then starts raising the temperature of battery cell contents out beyond their ideal safe operating range; threshold for out-of-control danger not yet crossed At key point --- call it a battery cell’s Rubicon --- a dangerous positive feedback loop is created: whereby, increasing cell temperatures further accelerate electrochemical reactions in cells which produces even more heat, boosting local cell temperatures even higher, etc. Thermal runaways are thus born: only question is how bad they get before destroying enough of a battery to stop accelerating reactions
19. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 19
Source: Wikipedia
Thermal runaways: positive temperature feedback loop
20. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 20
21. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 21
Good news: thermal runaway events are statistically rare
Bad news: when they do happen, can have catastrophic effects
By any reasonable standard, lithium-based batteries are a pretty safe technology: ‘garden variety’ thermal runaways only occur at frequencies of one such event per several millions of battery cells
The very worst, least understood type of thermal runaway (which goes under innocuous-sounding sobriquet of “field-failure”) occurs at a rate of one such event per ~ 4 - 5 million lithium-based battery cells right off the production line and regardless of their chemistry or primary vs. secondary, according to statistics collected by a major Japanese manufacturer of lithium-ion consumer batteries
There’s one more issue: although it’s hard to quantitatively specify, probability of thermal runaways seems to increase significantly as batteries ‘age’ and go thru a great many charge-discharge cycles
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23. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
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Battery thermal runaways come in different ‘sizes’ and degrees of the severity of damage and nature of collateral processes caused by a given runaway event
‘Garden variety’ single-cell thermal runaways can be as little as a battery that just heats-up a bit and simply stops functioning … or a battery’s case can bulge significantly from internally generated heat without designed venting and releasing of contents from the inside before it stops functioning and then starts cooling down on its own A slightly worse variant of a ‘garden variety’ thermal runaway results in just a single cell venting or rupturing, but (in case of flammable electrolytes) there are no hot, flaming battery contents spewed-out that could potentially ignite local combustibles and adjacent cells In worst-case ‘garden variety’ runaway, hot flaming electrolyte erupts from a ruptured battery cell, which may ignite nearby materials and cells; in this event variant (that is still not the worst-of-the-worst), internal peak temperatures usually not yet hot-enough to melt metals
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Field-failures are catastrophic events in chemical batteries
Battery industry definition of field-failure thermal runaway
Source: “Batteries for Sustainability – Selected Entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability in Science and Technology,” Ralph J. Brodd, Ed., Chapter 9 by B. Barnett et al., “Lithium-ion Batteries, Safety” Springer ISBN 978-1-4614-5791-6 (2012)
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Field-failures much more problematic than ‘garden variety’ thermal runaways
If electrolyte is flammable, it will usually be ignited; can then boost temp up to levels that will melt copper and aluminum metals
Usually breach cases; can ignite all adjacent battery cells via “thermal fratricide”
Simulation: burning electrolyte may raise cell temp up to 1,825o C
Field-failures are catastrophic events in chemical batteries
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Field-failure category of thermal runaways can reach extremely high peak temperatures of thousands of degrees Centigrade along with big electric arcs
Such temperatures are hot-enough to melt metallic structures inside batteries and combust almost anything and everything located within a battery case
If initiating ‘spark’ is hot-enough, battery materials containing chemically bound oxygen will release it as O2; by creating its own oxygen supply, combustion process becomes self-sustaining, self-propagating flame front that consumes all burnable battery materials; progressive thermal fratricide between cells can reduce batteries to unrecognizable debris; such fires could burn in a vacuum
In absolutely worst-case events, even METALS can start burning in very fast, thermite-like reactions that can boost temps up to ~ 4,000o C; this is nightmare scenario where even deadly detonations (explosions) can potentially occur
Field-failures are catastrophic events in chemical batteries
Absolute worst-case ‘Armageddon’ scenarios involve burning metals
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28. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
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Electric arcs can be very dangerous for people and catastrophic for batteries Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
An electric arc is a fast, uncontrolled flow of electrical current discharged between two conductive structures
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29. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
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Violent electric arc discharges in batteries ‘dying’ from thermal runaways are like lightning - only on smaller scale
Get extremely hot, very fast --- damage nearby structures Arc discharges (shorts) can start-off being microscopic in size; reach progressively larger physical dimensions as batteries are destroyed by super-hot runaway processes Internal micro-arc discharges (whatever their proximate cause) can actually trigger major thermal runaway events
Early in runaway events, arc shorts tend to occur between conductive structures located inside fast-failing batteries
Later, arcs may even breach battery cases and connect to conductive structures outside in vicinity of dying batteries
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Image credit: Automation World
Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
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32. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
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Causes of ‘garden variety’ vs. field failures aren’t identical
‘Garden variety’ thermal runaways:
Field-failure thermal runaways:
Reasonably well understood
Triggered by substantial over-charging or excessively deep discharges
Triggered by external mechanical damage to battery cells, e.g., crushing, punctures; internal dendrites can damage separators
Much rarer and comparatively poorly understood
Many believe triggered by electrical arc discharges (internal shorts); but what causes initial micro-arcs?
Much higher peak temps vs. ‘garden variety’ events
Lattice suggests: low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) could well be triggers for some % of them
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34. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
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Low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) are a uniquely ‘green’ nuclear technology: no deadly energetic gamma or neutron radiation and no production of long-lived radioactive wastes
LENRs are neither fission nor fusion but something rather different
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Fossil fuels + fission + fusion
LENRs + renewables
From older problematic energy sources
To a greener less expensive tomorrow
Evolution of nuclear technology
LENRs: no deadly neutron or gamma radiation or radwaste
Hidden in plain sight for 100 years because radiation signatures absent
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Is battery industry unwittingly encountering LENRs?
Microscopic LENR-active hotspots inside batteries hit 4,000 - 6,000o C
Conditions conducive to initiation of LENRs occur in microscopic, micron-scale regions in random scattered locations on dendrites and other types of growing nanostructures located inside lithium-based batteries
Although radiation-free, LENRs involving neutron captures on lithium are extremely energetic nuclear processes – can release up to 27 million times more heat than even the most exothermic types of electrochemical reactions
Microscopic 100 micron LENR hotspot can release 5+ Watts of heat in less than 400 nanoseconds; local nuclear reactions raise hotspot temps to 4,000 - 6,000o C
Micron-scale LENR-active sites that happen to be located close to a plastic battery anode/cathode separator (with or without a ceramic layer) will vaporize and flash-ionize a local region of separator which can in turn trigger an internal electrical short discharge at that particular location; similarly, an LENR hotspot occurring on surface of a Lithium cobalt oxide cathode or carbon anode can potentially directly trigger irreversible combustion of an affected electrode In rare events, LENRs can either induce internal electric arcs and/or directly trigger catastrophic thermal runaways in advanced batteries of varied chemistries
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Is battery industry unwittingly encountering LENRs?
Mechanism for triggering microscopic LENR-active hotspots Dr. Andre Anders of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab has model: Steps 1 – 4 below describe his “arc spot ignition” model as follows: High local electric field, enhanced by:
Protrusion (e.g. roughness, previous arcing) [dendrites]
Charged dielectrics (e.g. dust particles, flakes) [nanoparticles]
1.Higher field leads to locally greater e-emission
2.Joule heating enhances temperature of emission site
3.Higher temperature amplifies e-emission non-linearly
4.Runaway electric arc discharge To which Lattice would add, based on Widom-Larsen theory:
5.LENRs --- if other necessary preconditions are also fulfilled, as we have outlined in other documents
Feedback loop
Figure credit: B. Jüttner, Berlin
LENR hotspot crater being created
Timeline
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Please note that as little as a single blazing hot LENR-active site measuring only 30 microns in diameter --- if it happens to occur in ‘vulnerable’ physical location deep inside a battery cell and adjacent to the surface of a plastic separator only 25 microns thick --- can effectively vaporize a tiny local region of the separator, almost instantly turning it into a dense, micron-sized ball of highly conductive plasma. This would in turn create an electrical short between anode and cathode at that location, triggering a large inrush of electrical arc current through the breach in the separator ‘dam.’ Intense local Joule heating would ensue from the arc current, further enlarging the ‘breach’ and spatially expanding the superheated region inside a given battery cell. Depending on many complex, event-specific details, such a conflagration may or may not grow to engulf an entire cell; thus rare LENR events do not inevitably cause catastrophic heat runaways.
Under just the right conditions, a single microscopic LENR site can trigger a chain of energetic electrical (Joule heating) and chemical (exothermic reactions) processes that together create spatially autocatalytic, very macroscopic thermal runaway events that destroy battery cells billions of times larger than volumes of LENR site(s). In course of such runaways, 99.9+% of total energy released is non- nuclear; ‘hot spark’ LENRs are just an effective triggering mechanism. Also note that internal electrical shorts - whatever their cause - can also trigger runaways.
Electric arc discharges and LENRs can trigger runaways
Detailed description of LENR processes in batteries
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Electric arc discharges and LENRs can trigger runaways
Detailed description of LENR processes in batteries
Within as little as milliseconds after the creation of an electric arc or LENR-active site, nm- to cm-scale local regions of a battery cell at or near such locations can become a super-hot, fiendishly complicated chemical ‘witches’ brew’ consisting of many different types of old and newly created compounds, expected thermal decomposition products, various ionized species, and many mutually competing chemical reaction pathways
Positive thermal (heat) feedback loop: the hotter a given region gets, the faster local chemical reactions accelerate therein and the more widely the conflagration spreads into previously unaffected regions of a given battery cell --- this is causative root of thermal runaway effect and “thermal fratricide” that can occur between many cells
Evolution of such complex chemical systems is very rapid and incompletely understood - quite unpredictable with respect to final results: outcomes can range from minor thermal damage to single cell; to combustion of flammable electrolytes and charring of materials inside case and outside via venting; and at worst, to complete combustion of all materials located inside of and including cell casings --- even all contents of surrounding multi-cell enclosures; worst-case ‘Armageddon’ scenarios involve thermite-like, violent super-fast-reacting pyrotechnic processes
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Electric arc discharges and LENRs can trigger runaways
Zotye M300 EV taxi - Hangzhou, China (2011)
Boeing 787 Dreamliner - Logan Airport, Boston (2013)
Renault F1 car: LiFePO4 battery in KERS system (2011)
Scale-up of the internal energy densities, electrical capacity, and sheer physical size of battery systems can lead to much larger thermal runaway events
Extremely high temperatures can drive very complex, rapidly evolving chemical reaction networks
Causative agent that can trigger thermal runaways
Regime or
requirements
Physical dimensions
Key details
Temperature range in o C
Comments
Electric discharges: that is,
arcs or sparks; alternative names for internal electrical short circuits that can occur inside battery cells
Outer ‘edges’ of tubular arc plasma sheath
Arc lengths can range in length from 2 nm between metallic nanoparticles all the way up to as long as several centimeters (cm) between larger structures
Chemical and nuclear reactions can occur within; dep. on current
~2,727 up to ~4,727
Heat radiation is mainly created via Joule heating by electrons and ions found in arc discharge plasma; very damaging to materials; can even breach battery cell case
Innermost core of arc plasma’s tubular sheath-like structure
~9,726 up to ~19,726
LENR-active ‘hotspots’: can occur on metallic surfaces or at oxide- metal interfaces anywhere inside battery where be: e-, p+ and metals
Require local presence of hydrogen (protons), metals, and surface plasmon or π electrons
2 nanometers (nm) to as large as ~100+ microns (μ) in diameter; roughly circular in shape
MeV-energy nuclear reactions occur within
~3,700 up to ~5,700
Directly radiate infrared heat photon energy; ionizes nearby molecules, materials, destroys μ-scale nanostructures
Electric arc discharges can hit even higher temps than LENR hotspots
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Lithium-ion battery cells have small safe operating window
Local temperatures in electric arcs and LENRs greatly exceed safety window
~325o C
~325o C
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43. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
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Thermal runaways in portable electronics since 1990s
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Battery capacity scale-up can increase safety risks
Thermal runaways become more likely if heat dissipation is impaired
Surface area vs. volume decreases with increased size
Positive system-level thermal feedback loops leading to runaways become easier in larger sizes For exothermic electrochemical reactions that normally occur inside operating battery cells, total cell heat production scales with the cube of the size of the battery cell (V ∝ r³), but a cell’s heat transfer capability scales with square of the size (A ∝ r²), so that rate of heat production-to- area ratio scales with the size (V/A ∝ r) End-result of this immutable scaling relationship between volumetric generation of heat within a given mass of reactants in a cell versus its area- related ability to dissipate produced heat is that chemistries that may well operate very safely in small cells are potentially dangerous and quite thermally unstable in considerably larger ones Consequence: scale-up of the internal energy densities, electrical capacity, and sheer physical size of battery systems can lead to much larger, vastly more dangerous thermal runaway events
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Battery capacity scale-up can increase safety risks
Since 1991, improved battery energy densities enabled by Lithium-ion chemistry mutually reinforced and supported meteoric increases in global unit sales of portable electronic devices including laptop computers and cellphones and more recently, tablets and smartphones [see following charts illustrating explosive market growth]
Using various different chemistries, next logical step for battery technologists was to scale-up arrays of batteries so that their total electrical storage capacity was enough for effective use in hybrid/all-electric vehicles and even larger-scale big applications
Persistently high gasoline prices encouraged CY 2000 global launch of first mass- produced, highly successful gasoline-electric hybrid car, the Toyota Prius. Market success of Prius along with continuing high gas prices and improvements in Li-ion technology encouraged development and sale of all-electric, plug-in vehicles by several new start-ups, notably Tesla (Roadster, 2008) and Fisker (Karma, 2012). Large established auto manufacturers now rising to meet upstarts’ competitive challenge
Also driven by high jet fuel prices, parallel developments also occurred in aircraft technology which encouraged adoption of much lighter-weight airframes (carbon- fiber composite vs. older tried-and-true aluminum) and more weight-efficient all- electric (vs. older hydraulic) critical aircraft systems; this led to a need for high- energy-density battery arrays for onboard backup power. These new technological thrusts were embodied in Boeing’s 787 Dreamliner (2012) and Cessna Citation (2013)
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Growth in Lithium-ion battery market paralleled rise in cellphones Sony and Asahi Kasei (Japan) released first commercial Lithium-ion batteries in 1991
Meteoric growth in unit sales of cellphones Unit sales of smartphones also accelerating
Battery capacity scale-up can increase safety risks
2004
2009
Generally speaking, smartphones require significantly more electrical power to operate for extended periods than limited-function, plain vanilla cellphones
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Scale-up of batteries creates additional safety risks Persistently high gasoline prices since 2004 boosted demand for EVs
2004
2004
2004
Crude oil price: WTI, Brent
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Battery capacity scale-up can increase safety risks
Thermal runaway event inside single-cell, lithium-based ‘button’ battery might ruin a small electronic device, but it probably won’t set anything else on fire or hurt any nearby person or persons seriously
Runaway inside smartphone’s multi-cell battery might start a woman’s handbag smoking or burn a hole through a man’s pants pocket, or make someone drop it, but it generally wouldn’t cause serious skin burns or ignite a large portion of someone’s clothing
Catastrophic runaways inside significantly larger, multi-cell laptop computer batteries have inflicted serious burns on people’s legs and in several documented cases, have even burned-down entire homes
Runaways involving large to extremely large many-cell secondary batteries on stationary (onsite back-up power) and mobile platforms such as hybrid or all-electric vehicles and passenger or cargo aircraft are very serious matters; can cause multiple fatalities and up to many millions of $ in physical damage to equipment and/or local facilities
Risks can increase with scale-up
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Thermal runaways on mobile platforms
New applications for Lithium-based batteries in autos and aircraft
Fires and other dramatic incidents have received much attention in media
“There are known knowns; there are things we know that we know. There are known unknowns; that is to say, there are things that we now know we don't know. But there are also unknown unknowns – there are things we do not know we don't know.”
Donald Rumsfeld
U.S. Secretary of Defense
Press conference (2002)
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Scale-up of any technology involves a certain level of inescapable intrinsic risks, some of which are known, and some which are not, e.g. Rumsfeld’s “unknown unknowns”
Battery industry has had less than 25 years of experience with high- energy density lithium-based batteries; most of that was in consumer portable electronics applications where power demand/storage was measured in Watt-hours, not kilowatt-hours
By contrast, lead-acid batteries have been used in the US for 150 years, nickel-cadmium for 67 years, consumer alkaline for 54 years; those chemistries are tried-and-true and known to be relatively safe
Unfortunately, lead-acid batteries are impractical for all-electric vehicles and aircraft --- their energy densities are simply too low
Thermal runaways on mobile platforms
New applications for lithium-based batteries in autos and aircraft
Fires and other dramatic incidents have received much attention in media
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Thermal runaways on mobile platforms
New applications for lithium-based batteries in autos and aircraft
Fires and other dramatic incidents have received much attention in media
Within the past several years, there have been battery-caused:
Incinerations of hybrid and all-electric consumer vehicles
Houses burned to the ground (EVs, laptop computers)
Cargo aircraft destroyed in flight with crew fatalities
Thermal runaways on passenger aircraft (Boeing 787)
Bizarre explosion of Lithium-ion battery recycling plant
Unexplained destruction of US Navy all-electric minisub
And a myriad of other mishaps that have been reported
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Albeit expensive, Tesla Motors makes beautifully styled, well performing
all-electric vehicles Have they been incredibly smart in how they engineered and manage their huge Lithium-based battery packs? Or have they just been very lucky …. so far? Time will tell.
Tesla Motors S
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Fisker Karma
While also a beautiful car this brand new Fisker wasn’t quite so lucky
56. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 56 http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=9e5_1312126530 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TzPv9ptIXNI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Nk2lR9HYbE
James Allen on F1
“A new take on Heidfeld’s Renault explosion”
Posted August 1, 2011
http://www.jamesallenonf1.com/2011/08/a- new-take-on-heidfelds-renault-explosion/
During 2011 several suspicious, rather frightening fires occurred in Renault F1 race cars equipped with Li-ion batteries in the cars’ KERS (kinetic energy recovery system); the Saft Li-ion batteries used in the 2011 season’s Renault Formula 1 (F1) KERS appear to have had a Lithium iron phosphate chemistry
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August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 57 An Audi R8 supercar self-incinerated in Mumbai, India back in January 2013 --- for amazing videos of this Mumbai incident, see below: There is strong likelihood that Audi R8 fire’s causative factor could have been an owner- or dealership-installed aftermarket lithium iron phosphate battery that replaced a lead-acid battery which was originally installed during assembly at the Audi factory in Germany. This particular R8 model included an optional factory-installed 465 Watt Bang & Olufsen multi-speaker auto stereo system, which may have prompted car’s owner to install an aftermarket lithium-based replacement battery with much greater electrical storage capacity than a factory installed lead-acid of comparable physical size (so he could operate the powerful stereo like a mega-boom-box when the car's engine was not running). Audi later publicly chastised vehicle’s owner for making unspecified “unauthorized modifications” to car
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pu2Gxxh4a-E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9YuCJrSLuuA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZcurEOijlX0 “Audi R8 up in Flames in Mumbai at Parx Supercar Rally 2013”
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In June 2011 a catastrophic lithium-manganese battery fire with a just-parked German-made MÜNCH GmbH Model TTE - 1.2 all-electric motorbike occurred during the TTXGP Silverstone race. According to the stories of eyewitnesses to the spectacular blaze, 16 fire extinguishers were unable to stop the conflagration. While this bike’s battery pack was not terribly large as Lithium-based batteries go, it nonetheless produced an almost impossible-to-extinguish fire. Luckily, a rider was not sitting on the motorbike when the incident occurred.
As of 2013, most recent versions of MÜNCH all-electric motorbikes apparently switched to lithium- polymer battery chemistry from previous lithium-manganese
59. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 59 By replacing aluminum metal with carbon-based composite materials, Boeing achieved a very significant reduction in aircraft’s total weight
By replacing hydraulics and other systems with electric- powered equivalents, Boeing further reduced plane’s weight
Thermal runaways on advanced passenger aircraft Dreamliner’s total electrical power network is ~1.5 megawatts; chose lithium-ion batteries for onboard storage in partial backup system
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61. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 61 Severely fire-damaged aft 787 GS-Yuasa Li-ion backup battery (NTSB)
Boeing 787 Dreamliner (aft electronics bay)
Boston Logan Airport Li-ion battery fire (2013)
Since it began flying passengers on Oct. 26, 2011, brand-new Boeing 787 Dreamliners have experienced two thermal runaway incidents involving GS-Yuasa lithium-ion system backup batteries: first with JAL while on the ground in Boston and second with ANA on a domestic flight in Japan
Thermal runaways on advanced passenger aircraft
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Thermal runaways on advanced passenger aircraft
Lattice contends that the presence of perfect stainless steel microspheres in battery debris implies that local temperatures were > 3,000o C
Such stainless steel microspheres are created by condensation of droplets from a vapor phase; similarities to laser ablation
NTSB Report No. 13-013
NTSB Report No. 13-013
NTSB report indicated very high local temperatures Data suggests that temperatures above 3,000o Centigrade likely occurred at local hotspots created by electric arc shorts that erupted inside certain GS Yuasa battery cells during Boeing Dreamliner thermal runaway incident at Boston Logan airport
NTSB investigated Dreamliner GS-Yuasa battery runaway at Logan
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Thermal runaways on advanced passenger aircraft
NTSB investigated Dreamliner GS-Yuasa battery runaway at Logan
When NTSB scientists investigated charred debris found inside the ruined Logan GS Yuasa battery cells with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), near locations where electric arcs (internal short circuits) had obviously occurred they discovered notable numbers of perfect (microscopic) stainless steel microspheres lying amongst the disorganized rubble of various burned battery materials
What Lattice realized that many other scientists following NTSB’s investigation did not notice was that these beautiful little metallic microspheres are ‘smoking gun’ evidence for vaporization and condensation of stainless steel comprising the battery cell casing in local hotspots created by high-current, low voltage electric arcs, i.e., one or more internal shorts likely occurred inside GS Yuasa battery cell #5 This experimental data implies that the local temperature of the battery casing’s Type 304 stainless steel hotspots directly exposed to the internal short’s arc plasma didn’t just get to the melting point of such steel (~1,482 degrees C) --- instead these local areas got all the way up to the boiling point of stainless (> 3,000 degrees Centigrade), were turned into a gaseous vapor (expanding in volume by >50,000 x in the process of vaporizing); solid steel then recondensed from hot metallic vapor in the form of perfect nanoscale steel spheres as portions of the super-hot metallic Fe-alloy vapor quench-cooled into nanoparticles seen in SEM images shown on the previous slide
64. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 64 July 12, 2013: fire breaks out on empty Ethiopian Airlines 787 Investigators found that this fire was likely caused by lithium- manganese dioxide primary batteries powering a small Honeywell emergency locator transmitter beacon in roof area More recently, some are attempting to explain the battery fire as the result of “crimped wires” inside Honeywell beacon
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August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 65 Final report was issued concerning Dubai accident in 2010
Thermal runaways in battery shipments on cargo aircraft Quoting from safety recommendation 4.33 SR 57/2013 listed in this report: "Given the active failure modes of lithium batteries, the battery risk factors concerning possible susceptibility to various extraneous forms of mechanical energy, for example vibration, possibly in a harmonic form, could be an initiating action risk." BRIAN MURPHY July 24, 2013 DUBAI, United Arab Emirates (AP) — A fast-moving fire that began in cargo containing lithium batteries turned the inside of a United Parcel Service plane into a "catastrophic" chain reaction of flames and smoke before a crash three years ago in the desert outside Dubai, according to a report released Wednesday. The 322-page investigation into the crash, which killed both pilots, backed up preliminary probes pointing to the lithium batteries as the possible cause of the blaze and drew further attention to the potential risks of the batteries in aviation”
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Credit: AFP/FILE Anomalous electrical issues on passenger aircraft July 22, 2013 - Qatar Airways confirms grounding of a 787 due to unspecified “ … problems with an electrical panel” Since then – as of this writing, little or no detailed technical information has been publicly released by Boeing or Qatar Airways, other than to state that the “replacement parts” arrived, were successfully installed and tested, and that the “minor technical problem” has been solved Exactly what happened here? Today, no one seems eager to inform
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Battery capacity scale-up can increase safety risks Incidents involved scale-up of battery array capacities to megawatts
Take-aways: amazingly, even advanced lead-acid battery chemistries are not completely immune to thermal runaways; and considering the very limited numbers of installations, extremely large battery scale-ups appear to have a very poor safety record
69. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 69 Advanced seal delivery system (ASDS) all-electric minisub was designed to transport US Navy SEAL teams covertly to land targets from a nuclear attack submarine hidden underwater over 100 miles offshore
At the time of its test trials at sea in Hawaii in November of 2008, ASDS had highest- capacity lithium-based battery pack that had ever been built up until then: 1.2 MW
Yardney 1.2 MW battery pack In November 2008, while sitting overnight on dry dock being inspected and recharged, the ASDS minisub was destroyed in a still unexplained fire with massive explosions --- Navy cancelled entire program shortly thereafter without explanation
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=dfQwYKqmfk4 http://green.autoblog.com/2009/11/09/lithium-battery-recycling-facility-suffers-explosions-fire/
Plant’s smoldering ruins the next day
Pile of used lithium-ion batteries In November 2009 the largest North American lithium-ion battery recycling plant, operated by Toxco Waste Management and located near Vancouver, BC, Canada, had a still-unexplained series of large explosions and fire in an underground area of the plant where hundreds of thousands of used Li-ion batteries waiting-to-be-recycled were stored. In the end, the conflagration apparently destroyed roughly half the plant; no formal incident investigation report has ever been released by anyone.
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Toxco Lithium-ion battery recycling plant accident
Storage of spent batteries at extremely low temperatures didn’t help Summary: In Toxco's Canadian plant, spent discarded batteries awaiting recycling were stored in isolated underground bunkers at roughly 324 degrees below zero (below liquid nitrogen temperatures) in the hope of avoiding potential problems with latent electrochemical activity known to be present in old spent batteries. Nonetheless, ultra-cold storage temperatures did not prevent the incident: many pallets stacked high with 'used' Li-ion batteries somehow spontaneously caught fire and exploded anyway. Unfortunately, while chemical activity may be negligible at such temperatures, electromagnetic activity is mostly unaffected Speculation: the fatal flaw in Toxco's risk management logic was an implicit assumption that cold temperatures per se would assuredly help substantially reduce the likelihood of serious battery failures and fires inside their densely packed underground storage facility. They apparently blithely assumed that they were only dealing with temperature-dependent, purely chemical risk factors in Li-ion batteries. Unfortunately, given the possibility of internal, spontaneous, vibration-spark-triggered LENRs (of which they were totally unaware) such an assumption can be very problematic
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Toxco lithium-ion battery recycling plant accident
Storage of spent batteries at extremely low temperatures didn’t help Discussion: When hundreds of thousands of Li-ion cells are densely packaged and stored on pallets in close physical proximity to each other, even if the incidence of field-failure events is only 1 per 5,000,000 cells (the best available estimate so far), the odds of an incident occurring are likely to be worse than one might initially imagine. This problem of heightened risk becomes apparent when one realizes that the probability of failure due to LENRs and/or internal field- failure electrical shorts is probably substantially higher in old ‘used’ batteries. This is the case because internal dendrites and other types of troublesome nanostructures have been gradually growing inside all scrap batteries as they passed through many charge/discharge cycles and gradually ‘aged’ over their useful lifetimes prior to being discarded Thus, even so-called ‘spent’ lithium batteries can still be quite hazardous: (1) 'used' batteries awaiting recycling still hold a significant levels of electric charge on some nanostructures located inside scrap batteries; (2) no matter how cold it may be, a random stray vibration of one sort or another can potentially 'wiggle' or move a minuscule metallic lithium nano- dendrite or surface nanoparticle through just enough distance to where it can short-out and arc to another nearby battery microstructure. If the location of such an internal micro-electric arc short is 'unlucky,' that is, if it just happens to be in a location within a battery cell where metals, oxides, and protons (hydrogen atoms) are in close contact with each other and a plastic separator, the possibility of triggering a local, micron-scale LENR-active 'fireball' of plasma at 4,000 - 6,000 degrees Kelvin and arc short field-failure is created
73. Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise?
August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 73 Kahuku wind farm in Hawaii had ~12,000 Xtreme Power “advanced lead-acid” batteries Stored 15 MW of excess generated electricity for later sale
July 31, 2012: its huge towering battery banks were completely destroyed in a still- unexplained, fiery conflagration shown to left Containing thermal runaways: a fool’s paradise? 2013: this battery storage facility has still not been rebuilt. Xtreme Power suddenly decided to cease battery manufacturing and instead focus on developing and selling software for battery management
Interior of facility showing battery banks
Close-up: batteries in racks Roof is burning- through just above many of the facility’s 20-foot high towering battery racks
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Mitigating runaway risks:
is containment possible?
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August 6, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 75 Aluminum metal’s melting point: 660o C Structural carbon composite’s matrix auto-ignition point: 595o C
“Auto-ignition” point means the temperature at which a material will spontaneously catch fire, i.e., combust, when exposed to air New aircraft materials have different physical properties
Unlike carbon composites, under normal circumstances --- and even with extreme heating --- it is very difficult to get bulk aluminum metal to actually burn July 12, 2013: Ethiopian Airlines Dreamliner incident at Heathrow Airport illustrated the level of severe damage that even a relatively small battery thermal runaway can inflict on composite aircraft structures
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Carbon-composite aircraft materials are thermally fragile
If battery thermal runaway occurs, must protect composites from heat
Given their locations in critical fore and aft electronics bays, JAL and ANA thermal runaways --- had they been even worse than they were --- could potentially have created in-air catastrophes if fires had spread beyond the battery cases and then raged unchecked within those key compartments
For whatever reasons, Boeing chose not to switch-back to older, less runaway-prone but lower energy-density nickel-cadmium batteries
To protect thermally fragile aircraft structures and mitigate the risk of open fires and noxious combustion products spreading inside the plane, Boeing chose to design a total containment system for the 787’s batteries
In designing the new system, engineers were faced with two key issues: (1) Boeing has stated publicly that it did and still does not know the root cause(s) for either the JAL or ANA runaway fire incidents; and, (2) were those truly worst-case scenarios that had occurred, or is there a possibility that much hotter and even more destructive runaways could occur with 787’s GS-Yuasa batteries?
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New battery containment systems by Boeing and Cessna
Redesigned aluminum case for
GS-Yuasa battery
New battery case installed inside stainless steel containment box Cessna Citation’s ‘armored’ battery box
Schematic shows battery containment box with titanium exhaust tube (“vent line”) as installed in retrofitted Dreamliners
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Discussion of Boeing 787 battery containment system
How can someone properly design a system-solution to mitigate or fully obviate runaways if: (1) one doesn’t understand root cause(s) of Li-ion runaways, and/or (2) it’s unclear which worst-case runaway parameters a system must be able to accommodate without compromising safety?
Answer: one must make reasonable assumptions based on best-practices knowledge and best-possible data that is available about prior incidents
While Boeing has not publicly enumerated assumptions embodied in its design for 787’s battery containment system, they are partly revealed in their choice of materials for that system: airtight, bolted-shut 1/8”- thick stainless steel containment vessel (m.p. = ~1,480o C) and solid titanium metal exhaust tube (m.p. = ~1,650o C) which looks to be ~2” in diameter
Given these particular choices of key materials and decision to create a sealed airtight box that aggressively exhausts hot gases and airborne particulates to the outside world after 1.5 seconds have elapsed into a runaway event, it appears that - and this is admittedly speculation on our part - Boeing engineers presumed that JAL and ANA incidents were representative worst-case runaway scenarios for GS-Yuasa’s batteries
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Resistance is futile – it will be combusted
Previously noted computer simulations of 100% combustion of all flammable electrolytes in Li-ion cell suggested max peak temps of ~1,850o C. Knowing that, if one assumed that worst-case GS-Yuasa runaway scenario was merely cells spewing hot electrolyte burning in air, one would try to deny oxygen to the blaze (airtight containment vessel) and simultaneously rapidly vent hot combustion gases --- where most of the heating and high temps would occur - -- to the outside world (via exhaust tube from containment vessel); interestingly, Boeing’s mitigation strategy and choice of materials appear to be consistent with just such assumptions
Fine, but what happens if some of these key assumptions are violated? What if JAL/ANA incidents are not true worst-case runaway scenarios? In that case, Houston … we may have a problem
Interestingly, NTSB’s investigation of JAL/Logan incident reported abundant evidence for combustion of significant amounts of electrolyte originally present in battery cells. While sustained temperatures across large regions of battery were clearly below 660o C m.p. of aluminum (otherwise, entire case would have melted), there was unequivocal evidence (perfect stainless steel microspheres) that peak temperatures in some regions exceeded 3,000o C, especially near areas where electric arcing (internal shorts) had occurred
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Resistance is futile – it will be combusted
What about Boeing’s assumption (Sinnett stated to reporters, “… the box is not simply designed to contain a fire, it prevents one from starting.”) that simply denying an external source of oxygen to the interior of a battery containment vessel will absolutely prevent any occurrence of fire during a runaway event? Unfortunately, this key assumption is clearly erroneous --- it is well-known that, under some conditions, worst-case battery runaway events can generate their own oxygen supply as a result of intense local heating of battery materials containing elemental oxygen
True worst-case battery runaways (far nastier than JAL/ANA events) can potentially reduce large portions of battery contents to unrecognizable slag heaps radiating infrared heat at thousands of degrees. Such ‘lava’ could potentially melt-though and breach aluminum and even stainless steel containers; only known metal that would be likely to survive a melt- through under such a scenario is pure tungsten m.p. ~3,422° C (presently costs ~$100/lb.)
Under certain conditions, titanium can ignite at >1,650° C (or even lower at higher oxygen partial pressures); its flames burn at ~3,300° C. A more robust battery runaway mitigation system might utilize tungsten for its containment vessel and exhaust pipe, coupled with an open overhead blast shield/fume hood (as on a stove with an exhaust fan) so that large overpressures resulting from worst-case battery detonations do not easily create shrapnel
Summary: some very extreme types of thermal runaway events could potentially violate Boeing’s present design assumptions. Are totally sealed, 100% airtight battery runaway containment systems feasible goals or is it a fool’s paradise? Time and events will tell
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If you’re riding in an all-electric car, and you see and/or smell smoke inside or see it trailing the vehicle
Get to the side of the road and exit the troubled vehicle just as fast as you possibly can
This could prevent serious injury or even save your life
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If you happen to own an all-electric or even a hybrid motor vehicle
And you want to be prepared for a worst-case scenario
This could help prevent serious damage to your home
Consider fire-proofing your garage or
car-port and add fire/smoke alarms that can also alert occupants inside the house
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Lattice welcomes inquiries from large, established organizations that have an interest in seriously discussing the possibility of becoming a strategic capital and/or technology development partner in the near- or long-term time frames
Lattice also selectively engages in some fee-based third-party consulting. This work covers various topics in the context of micron-scale, many-body collective quantum effects in condensed matter systems (including photosynthesis), field failures involved in Li-ion battery thermal runaways, nuclear waste remediation, and ultra- high-temperature superconductors, among others.
We consult on various topics as long as it does not involve disclosing proprietary engineering details applicable to Lattice’s planned LENR power generation systems. Consulting subservient to main goal of commercializing LENRs for applications in ultra-high energy density portable, mobile, and stationary power generation systems
1-312-861-0115 lewisglarsen@gmail.com
Larsen c.v.: http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lewis-g-larsen-cv-june-2013
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Relevant documents
Technical discussions about LENRs and batteries:
“NTSB reports indicate very high temperatures” Implications of “witches’ brew cauldrons” in superheated regions of cells L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, May 7, 2013 [51 slides] http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-technical-discussionntsb-logan-dreamliner- runaway-data-suggest-high-local-tempsmay-7-2013 “Steel microspheres in NTSB Dreamliner battery SEM images suggest high local temps” L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, April 30, 2013 [33 slides] http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-technical-discussionntsb-logan-dreamliner- runaway-data-suggest-high-local-tempsmay-7-2013 July 2010: Lattice began publicly warning that LENRs could trigger Li-ion battery runaways: “Could LENRs be involved in some Li-ion battery fires? LENRs in advanced batteries” L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, July 16, 2010 [68 slides] http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/cfakepathlattice-energy-llc-len-rs-in-liion-battery-firesjuly-16-2010
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Relevant documents
Index to large collection of documents re LENR theory, experimental data, and the technology:
“Index to key concepts and documents” v. #19 [updated through August 19, 2014] L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, May 28, 2013 [119 slides] http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-index-to-documents-re-widomlarsen-theory-of-lenrsmay-28-2013
Lattice document concerning LENR-based power generation systems vs. fission and fusion:
“Truly green nuclear energy exists – an overview for everybody: no deadly gammas … no energetic neutrons … and no radioactive waste” L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, updated and revised through June 23, 2013 [108 slides] http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/powering-the-world-to-a-green-lenr-future-lattice-energy-llcapril-11-2013
Peer-reviewed paper - overview of expanse of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs:
“A primer for electro-weak induced low energy nuclear reactions” Y.N. Srivastava, A. Widom, and L. Larsen Pramana - Journal of Physics 75 pp. 617 - 637 October 2010 http://www.ias.ac.in/pramana/v75/p617/fulltext.pdf
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Excellent functional fit between lithium-ion batteries’ higher energy densities and increased power requirements of component-dense portable electronic devices of all kinds has driven enormous unit growth in global Li-ion battery markets that has continued unabated from the early 1990’s right up until today
Fantastic market success of lithium-based batteries and continual improvements in energy density have encouraged battery technologists very familiar with relatively small-scale applications to scale-up into very large arrays of lithium-based cells that can address much larger electrical energy storage requirements of applications involving stationary backup systems and mobile platforms that include hybrid and all- electric plug-in vehicles, as well as advanced aircraft such as the Boeing Dreamliner. Unfortunately, this has lead to unforeseen safety issues that were either simply not readily apparent to anyone or irrelevant in vastly smaller-scale system applications
It appears that micron-scale LENRs might well be intimately involved with electric arcs, i.e., internal shorts, in helping to trigger some unknown % of battery field- failures and other types of battery-destroying, catastrophic thermal runaway events
Boeing’s 787 Dreamliner battery thermal runaway containment system appears to have some shortcomings in its design with respect to the level of worst-case event that it could comfortably handle; time will tell if Lattice’s assessment is accurate
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MYTH: there is no such thing as a battery chemistry that is 100% ‘immune’ to the risk of catastrophic field-failures and thermal runaways; only differ in relative probabilities
For a variety of reasons involving various aspects of nanotechnology, advanced battery technologies and LENRs are presently converging and overlapping in device parameter space; in batteries, the two work at cross-purposes because μ-scale LENR ‘hotspots’ are an enemy of properly functioning battery chemistries and possibly a causal factor that helps trigger an unknown % of thermal runaways
For good reasons, many are excited about future prospects for lithium-air battery technology. That said, its development and eventual applications should be approached with proper circumspection from a system safety perspective. Thermal runaways can have drastic consequences and even multiple fatalities when they happen to occur in conjunction with substantially scaled-up system applications of advanced battery technologies on mobile platforms in which people share enclosed spaces with large numbers of batteries, whether part of onboard systems or cargo
Speculating beyond Li-air, successful commercialization of LENRs could enable development of battery-like portable power sources that are deliberately designed to produce and endure very high thermal fluxes; future LENR-based products would be revolutionary and could have intrinsic energy densities that are at least one million times larger than any possible chemical battery technology