The document provides an overview of rechargeable batteries, including their components, types, and uses. It discusses how rechargeable batteries work and are composed of two electrodes (anode and cathode) separated by an electrolyte. Common rechargeable battery types include lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel metal hydride, and lithium-ion. The document also gives a brief history of batteries and their development over time.
This document is about the Importance of Energy Storage, how to the energy can be stored and the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of Energy storage elements
Supercapacitors (Ultracapacitor) : Energy Problem Solver,Amit Soni
Capacitor, Basic design and terminology, Supercapacitor, History of Supercapacitor
Classification of Supercapacitors, Electrical Double layer capacitors,Pseudocapacitor
Hybrid Capacitor, Basic Design, Construction, Working , Technology used, Why these substances used ?, Features, Comparison, Applications , Advantages & Disadvantages
state of art materials, comparison with batteries, fuel cells, applications
Status of Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Industry 2019 by Yole DéveloppementYole Developpement
E-mobility continues strongly driving the Li-ion battery demand.
More information on https://www.i-micronews.com/products/status-of-rechargeable-li-ion-battery-industry-2019/
In this presentation we learn basics of how the lithium-ion works and reacts with the environment to produce a unique source of energy storage device called battery.
In this presentation we will deal with:
Introducing Lithium-Ion Battery
It’s Construction
It’s Working
It’s Cell Reactions
It’s Advantages & Disadvantages
It’s Application, etc.
This document is about the Importance of Energy Storage, how to the energy can be stored and the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of Energy storage elements
Supercapacitors (Ultracapacitor) : Energy Problem Solver,Amit Soni
Capacitor, Basic design and terminology, Supercapacitor, History of Supercapacitor
Classification of Supercapacitors, Electrical Double layer capacitors,Pseudocapacitor
Hybrid Capacitor, Basic Design, Construction, Working , Technology used, Why these substances used ?, Features, Comparison, Applications , Advantages & Disadvantages
state of art materials, comparison with batteries, fuel cells, applications
Status of Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Industry 2019 by Yole DéveloppementYole Developpement
E-mobility continues strongly driving the Li-ion battery demand.
More information on https://www.i-micronews.com/products/status-of-rechargeable-li-ion-battery-industry-2019/
In this presentation we learn basics of how the lithium-ion works and reacts with the environment to produce a unique source of energy storage device called battery.
In this presentation we will deal with:
Introducing Lithium-Ion Battery
It’s Construction
It’s Working
It’s Cell Reactions
It’s Advantages & Disadvantages
It’s Application, etc.
Electric cars are automobiles, which are powered by the electric engine and electric energy. The development of the electric vehicles is a very perspective and important process. Scientists and engineers managed to create electric engines which are no less effective than the ordinary engines used today. It is obvious that electric cars are more ecologically safe and require less energy for work. EVs provide fast acceleration by delivering power instantly to the wheels by providing high torque at low speeds; they give a feel of smooth and quick responsiveness (Technology).
Naman Dilip Nandurkar
Content
Introduction & How It Works
History
Interesting Facts
Different Types Of Batteries
Selecting the right battery for your application
Application
Effect On Envorment
Future Of Batteries
Brief intro about crystalline and amorphous structures,
glass transition temperature,
free volume theory of glass transition temperature,
factors effecting glass transition temperature etc.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. 2
Contents
Introduction
Why Do We Need Batteries?
Electrodes & Electrolytes
Brief History About Batteries
Types Of Battery
Polymer In Batteries
Safety Issues
Reference
3. 3
Introduction
Battery is nothing but a device which converts stored
chemical energy into electrical energy.
Arechargeable battery or secondary battery is a type
of electrical battery which can be charged,discharged
into a load, and rechargedmany times.
While a non-rechargeable or primary battery is
supplied fully charged,and discarded once discharged.
Rechargeable batteries typically initially cost more
than disposable batteries,but have a much lower total
cost of ownership and environmentalimpact, as they
4. 4
can be rechargedinexpensively many times before
they need replacing.
Rechargeablebatteries are produced in many different
shapes and sizes, ranging from button cells to
megawatt systems connected to stabilize an electrical
distribution network.
Materials and electrolytes are used, including lead–
acid, nickel cadmium (Ni-Cd) and lithium ion (Li-ion).
It is made up of two electrodes (anode & cathode) and
electrolyte solution.
Here oxidation & reduction reactions are
simultaneously happens between these two electrodes,
which create the current flow.
When a battery is supplying current, it’s +ve
Terminal is denoted as ‘cathode’ & it’s –ve
Terminal is denoted as ‘anode’.
5. 5
Why Do We Need Batteries?
Everything from the starter to the radio of such
machines may be powered by one or more
Heavy-duty batteries.
The most accessible place for batteries to be used is
around the house. Disposable batteries tend to
power things like remote controls, flashlights,
hearing aids, and weight scales.
Rechargeable batteries tend to be found powering
digital cameras,handheld video game consoles,
remote-controlledcars, home-maintenance tools,
and more.
6. 6
More advanced batteries,such as lithium batteries,
are instrumentalin providing power to laptops and
other devices.
Hospitals and emergencyservices both depend
upon batteries for everything from pacemakers to
defibrillators.
The importance of batteries in military
environments in certain types of optical equipment
such as night vision apparatuses,and the various
tools that make their field work safe.
Insulin pumps, valve-assistance devices, and other
types of cutting-edge technology designed to
improve a person’s life tend to use batteries.
7. 7
Brief History About Batteries
Benjamin Franklin – 6th
President of Pennsylvania.
In 1749, Benjamin Franklin first used the term
“battery”todescribe a set of linked capacitors he used
for his experiments with electricity.
In 1750 He published a proposal for an experiment
to prove that lightning is electricity by flying a kite
in a storm.
In 10th
May, 1752 a French Scientist conducted his
experiment using a 40ft tall iron rod instead of a
kite and he extractedelectrical sparksfrom cloud.
In 1780 Luigi Galvani was dissecting a frog which is
affixed to a brass hook. When he touched its leg
with his iron scalpel the leg twitched. Galvani
believed the energy came from the leg itself and
named it animal electricity.
8. 8
However a fellow scientist disagreed believing this
phenomenon caused by two different metals joined
together by a moist intermediate.
He verified this hypothesis through experiment and
published the results in 1791.
In 1800 Volta invented the first battery which came
to be known as voltaic pile.
The voltaic pile consist of pairs of copper & zinc
discs piled on the top of each other, separatedby a
layer of cloth soaked in brine (electrolyte).
He experiment with different metals and found that
zinc and silver gave the best results.
10. 10
Types Of Battery
Basically batteries can be classified as two types as
primary batteries and secondary batteries.
Primary Battery(disposable)
In primary batteries,the electrochemicalreaction is
not reversible.
Used when long periods of storage are required.
During discharging the chemical compounds are
permanently changedand electrical energy is
releaseduntil the original compounds are
completely exhausted.
Lower discharge rate than secondary batteries.
Thus the cells can be used only once.
Some Examples Of Primary Batteries
1.Zinc Carbon – Used in flashlights, toys
11. 11
2.Heavy Duty Zinc Chloride – Used in radios,
recorders
3.Alkaline – Used in all of the above
4.Lithium – Used in photoflash
5.Silver Mercury Oxide – Used in Hearing aid,watches,
calculators
12. 12
Zinc Carbon Battery
Zinc (-ve electrode), Carbon(+ve electrode)
Ammonium Chloride paste as electrolyte.
Carbon is only a practical electrode. In cell reactions
we consider MnO2 as cathode.
Here powdered carbon and MnO2 prevents the
formation of H2 Gas on cathode, which would stop
the cell from working normally.
This kind of batteries is generally used in flashlights
and toys.
Cell Reaction
On anode (-ve electrode)
Zn(s) Zn+2
(aq) + 2e-
On cathode (+ve electrode)
2MnO2(s) + 2e-
+ 2NH4Cl(aq) Mn2O3(s) + 2NH3(aq) + H2O(l) + 2Cl-
(aq)
13. 13
Features
Inexpensive, widely available.
Inefficient at high current drain.
Poor discharge curve (sloping).
Poor performance at low temperatures.
In 2016 a design employing MnO2 coated
goldnanowires and a PMMA gel electrolyte lasted 2
Lakh cycles over three months without fracturing any
nanowire.
14. 14
Heavy Duty Zinc Chloride Batteries
Zinc (-ve electrode), MnO2(+ve electrode)
Zinc Chloride paste as electrolyte.
Here powdered carbon and MnO2 prevents the
formation of H2 Gas on cathode, which would stop
the cell from working normally.
This kind of batteries is generally used in radios and
recorders.
Features (compared to Zinc Carbon)
Better resistance to leakage.
Better at high current drain.
15. 15
Better performance at low temperature.
Alkaline Batteries
Zinc (-ve electrode), MnO2(+ve electrode)
Potassium Hydroxide paste used as electrolyte.
Here powdered carbon and MnO2 prevents the
formation of H2 Gas on cathode, which would stop
the cell from working normally.
This kind of batteries is generally used in toys,
flashlights, radios and recorders.
Features
16. 16
50-100% more energy than carbon zinc
Low self-discharge (10 year shelf life)
Good for low current (< 400mA), long-life use
Poor discharge curve
Secondary Battery(Rechargeable)
In secondary batteries, the electrochemicalreaction
is reversible.
Used when short periods of storage are required.
During discharging the chemical compounds which
are changed can be reconstitutedby the application
of an electrical potential between the electrodes.
Higher discharge rate than primary batteries.
Thus such cells can be Rechargeable and used many
times.
Some Examples Of Secondary Batteries
1.Nickel Cadmium Battery
17. 17
2.Nickel Metal Hydride Battery
3.Lead Acid Battery
4.Lithium Ion Battery
Nickel Cadmium Batteries
Cadmium (-ve ), Nickel Hydroxide (+ve)
Potassium Hydroxide aqueous used as an electrolyte.
Cell Reaction
On anode (-ve electrode)
Cd+ 2OH-
Cd(OH)2 + 2e-
18. 18
On cathode (-ve electrode)
2NiO(OH)+Cd+2e-
2Ni(OH)2+2OH-
Advantages Of Ni-Cd Batteries
Available in different size and shapes.
Have ability to deliver full power output until end of
cycle
Very low internal resistance
19. 19
Simple and fast to recharge Over 1000 cycles (if
properly maintained)
Operate in a range of temperatures.
Tolerates abuse well and performs well after long
periods of storage.
Disadvantages Of Ni-Cd Batteries
It is three to five times more expensive than lead-
acid.
Self-discharge up to 10% in a day.
Its materials are toxic and the recycling
infrastructure for larger nickel-cadmium batteries is
very limited.
Uses Of Ni-Cd Battery
20. 20
Ni-Cd batteries may be used individually or
assembledinto battery packs containing two or
more cells.
Especially Ni-Cd batteries are used in cordless and
wireless telephones, emergencylighting and other
applications.
With a low internal resistance,they can supply a
high surge current. This makes them a favourable
choice for remote controlled model airplanes, boats,
cars and camera flash units.
21. 21
Lithium Ion Battery
Graphite (-ve), Lithium cobalt dioxide (+ve)
Non aqueous electrolyte
Cell Reaction
On anode (-ve electrode)
6C + Li+
+ e-
LiC6
On cathode (-ve electrode)
LiCoO2 Li0.5CoO2 + Li+
+ e-
Advantages Of Lithium Ion Battery
The most distinct advantage is high energy density.
Lower self-discharge rate.
No maintenance.
No memory effect.
22. 22
No requirement for priming.
Variety of types available.
Disadvantages Of Lithium Ion Battery
Require protection from overcharge & fully
discharge.
Shows ageing.
Transportation by air is sometimes difficult.
40% more costly than Ni-Cd batteries.
No establishedsystem for recycling large lithium-
ion batteries.
Uses Of Lithium Ion Batteries
23. 23
What If We Use Conducting Polymers
In Batteries
Advantages
Longer cyclic time
high discharge time
Less self-discharge time
Flexible shape
Easy fabrication of component in film form
Disadvantage
Cost