The document discusses different types of lithium-ion batteries that vary in their cathode materials. It provides the chemical names, abbreviations, and characteristics of six common lithium-ion batteries: lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNiMnCoO2), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (LiNiCoAlO2), and lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12). Each battery type has different strengths and weaknesses in terms of specific energy, specific power, safety, temperature performance, lifespan, and cost. Lithium cobalt
Status of Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Industry 2019 by Yole DéveloppementYole Developpement
E-mobility continues strongly driving the Li-ion battery demand.
More information on https://www.i-micronews.com/products/status-of-rechargeable-li-ion-battery-industry-2019/
Solid electrolytes for lithium ion solid state batteries patent landscape 201...Knowmade
Report’s Key Features
• PDF with > 250 slides
• Excel file > 5,800 patents
• IP trends, including time-evolution of published patents, legal status, countries of patent filings, etc.
• Ranking of main patent assignees
• Patent categorization by type of electrolyte (polymer, inorganic, inorganic/polymer) and inorganic electrolyte materials (sulfide glass ceramics, Thio-LISICON, argyrodite, oxide glass ceramics, NASICON, perovskite, garnet, anti-perovskite, hydride)
• For each technical segment: IP dynamics, ranking of main patent assignees, newcomers, key IP players (leadership, blocking potential, portfolio strength), key patents, and recent development trends
• For each key IP player (100+ companies): Time-evolution of patenting activity, legal status of patents and countries of patent filings, patent segmentation by electrolyte material, IP strengths and weaknesses by electrolyte material
• Excel database containing all patents analyzed in this report, including technology and material segmentations
Part 1 of the tutorial on the Lithium Battery Explorer provides an overview of Li-ion battery technology and the properties that are relevant to battery researchers.
Interested viewers should refer to the following publications for more details:
1) Review: G. Ceder, G. Hautier, A. Jain, S. P. Ong. Recharging lithium battery research with first-principles methods. MRS Bulletin, 2011, 36, 185--191.
2) Computational Electrode Assessment: G. Hautier, A. Jain, S. P. Ong, B. Kang, C. Moore, R. Doe, and G. Ceder. Phosphates as Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: An Evaluation Based on High-Throughput ab Initio Calculations. Chemistry of Materials, 2011, 23(15), 3495-3508.
3) Predicting Battery Safety: S. P. Ong, A. Jain, G. Hautier, B. Kang, & G. Ceder. Thermal stabilities of delithiated olivine MPO4 (M=Fe, Mn) cathodes investigated using first principles calculations. Electrochemistry Communications, 2010, 12(3), 427--430.
High energy and capacity cathode material for li ion battriesNatraj Hulsure
Recent development in cathode materials for li-ion batteries drag the industries view towards it due to their high discharge rate compare to older ones.
A feasible way towards safer, better-performing batteries?
Conventional Li-ion battery technologies, based on flammable liquid electrolytes, are continuously improving. However, faster progress towards greater safety, higher performance, and better cost reduction is desired. A next-generation battery technology like solid-state battery, which uses solid electrodes and solid electrolytes, could potentially satisfy these objectives.
More information on : https://www.i-micronews.com/batteries-energy-mgmt/product/solid-state-battery.html
Global and china li ion power battery industry report, 2016-2020ResearchInChina
In 2014, the global demand for Li-ion power battery for electric vehicles came to 9.8GWh, up 87% from a year earlier, of which the demand from passenger vehicles totaled 7.3GWh and commercial vehicles 2.5GWh. In H1 2015, the global demand for EV Li-ion power battery hit 7GWh, maintaining high growth
Status of Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Industry 2019 by Yole DéveloppementYole Developpement
E-mobility continues strongly driving the Li-ion battery demand.
More information on https://www.i-micronews.com/products/status-of-rechargeable-li-ion-battery-industry-2019/
Solid electrolytes for lithium ion solid state batteries patent landscape 201...Knowmade
Report’s Key Features
• PDF with > 250 slides
• Excel file > 5,800 patents
• IP trends, including time-evolution of published patents, legal status, countries of patent filings, etc.
• Ranking of main patent assignees
• Patent categorization by type of electrolyte (polymer, inorganic, inorganic/polymer) and inorganic electrolyte materials (sulfide glass ceramics, Thio-LISICON, argyrodite, oxide glass ceramics, NASICON, perovskite, garnet, anti-perovskite, hydride)
• For each technical segment: IP dynamics, ranking of main patent assignees, newcomers, key IP players (leadership, blocking potential, portfolio strength), key patents, and recent development trends
• For each key IP player (100+ companies): Time-evolution of patenting activity, legal status of patents and countries of patent filings, patent segmentation by electrolyte material, IP strengths and weaknesses by electrolyte material
• Excel database containing all patents analyzed in this report, including technology and material segmentations
Part 1 of the tutorial on the Lithium Battery Explorer provides an overview of Li-ion battery technology and the properties that are relevant to battery researchers.
Interested viewers should refer to the following publications for more details:
1) Review: G. Ceder, G. Hautier, A. Jain, S. P. Ong. Recharging lithium battery research with first-principles methods. MRS Bulletin, 2011, 36, 185--191.
2) Computational Electrode Assessment: G. Hautier, A. Jain, S. P. Ong, B. Kang, C. Moore, R. Doe, and G. Ceder. Phosphates as Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: An Evaluation Based on High-Throughput ab Initio Calculations. Chemistry of Materials, 2011, 23(15), 3495-3508.
3) Predicting Battery Safety: S. P. Ong, A. Jain, G. Hautier, B. Kang, & G. Ceder. Thermal stabilities of delithiated olivine MPO4 (M=Fe, Mn) cathodes investigated using first principles calculations. Electrochemistry Communications, 2010, 12(3), 427--430.
High energy and capacity cathode material for li ion battriesNatraj Hulsure
Recent development in cathode materials for li-ion batteries drag the industries view towards it due to their high discharge rate compare to older ones.
A feasible way towards safer, better-performing batteries?
Conventional Li-ion battery technologies, based on flammable liquid electrolytes, are continuously improving. However, faster progress towards greater safety, higher performance, and better cost reduction is desired. A next-generation battery technology like solid-state battery, which uses solid electrodes and solid electrolytes, could potentially satisfy these objectives.
More information on : https://www.i-micronews.com/batteries-energy-mgmt/product/solid-state-battery.html
Global and china li ion power battery industry report, 2016-2020ResearchInChina
In 2014, the global demand for Li-ion power battery for electric vehicles came to 9.8GWh, up 87% from a year earlier, of which the demand from passenger vehicles totaled 7.3GWh and commercial vehicles 2.5GWh. In H1 2015, the global demand for EV Li-ion power battery hit 7GWh, maintaining high growth
A lithium-ion battery (sometimes Li-ion battery or LIB) is a member of a family of rechargeable battery types in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging. Li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as one electrode material, compared to the metallic lithium used in a non-rechargeable lithium battery. The electrolyte, which allows for ionic movement, and the two electrodes are the constituent components of a lithium-ion battery cell.
At PreScouter, we help Fortune 500 clients quickly get up-to-speed on what they need to know to understand their options. PreScouter's Inquiry Service is a new, custom approach to ask science-based questions with a Ph.D. researcher through a brief video call. The results are debriefed in a meeting within two business days. This app provides clients with technically relevant, actionable information to further business objectives on a recurring basis.
In this inquiry, a client needed to identify Pre-Series B (or research teams) in the battery space that has a proprietary technology. PreScouter found 13 different batteries. Very soon, we should see a massive change in the ability to safely store and release power. Batteries explored include, but are not limited to: solid-state lithium-ion batteries, magnesium batteries, graphene car batteries, laser-made micro-supercapacitors, Na Ion batteries, and one of the fastest battery packs, LumoPack. PreScouter concluded this R&D injury with suggested next steps.
Vaibhav Kumar Singh and M Faisal Jamal Khan, Ravensburg-Weingarten University, Germany “Analytical Study and Comparison of Solid and Liquid Batteries for Electric Vehicles and Thermal Management Simulation” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.1 (2019): 27-33.
Title: Advancements in Electrode Materials for Automotive Batteries: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract:
The automotive industry is rapidly transitioning towards electric propulsion systems to mitigate environmental impacts and reduce dependency on fossil fuels. Central to this shift are advancements in battery technology, particularly in electrode materials, which play a critical role in determining battery performance, energy density, and lifespan. This comprehensive review explores the latest developments in electrode materials for automotive batteries, encompassing lithium-ion, solid-state, and beyond lithium-ion technologies. We delve into the fundamental principles governing electrode material selection, discuss current challenges, and analyze emerging trends such as silicon-based anodes, sulfur cathodes, and solid electrolytes. Through an extensive examination of recent research and commercial developments, we provide insights into the future direction of electrode materials for automotive batteries, highlighting key areas for further research and innovation.
1. Introduction:
- Overview of the importance of electrode materials in automotive batteries
- Transition towards electric vehicles (EVs) and the role of batteries
- Purpose and scope of the review
2. Fundamentals of Battery Electrodes:
- Electrochemical principles underlying battery operation
- Role of electrodes in battery performance
- Requirements for automotive applications: energy density, power density, longevity, and safety
3. Lithium-Ion Batteries:
- Overview of lithium-ion battery architecture
- Current electrode materials: graphite anodes, lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), etc.
- Challenges and limitations: capacity degradation, safety concerns, resource availability
- Recent advancements in electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries
4. Beyond Lithium-Ion Batteries:
- Need for higher energy density and sustainability
- Emerging alternatives: lithium-sulfur (Li-S), lithium-air (Li-O2), sodium-ion (Na-ion), potassium-ion (K-ion) batteries
- Electrode materials for non-lithium systems: sulfur cathodes, sodium-ion anodes, etc.
- Comparative analysis of different beyond lithium-ion technologies
5. Silicon-Based Anodes:
- Potential of silicon as a high-capacity anode material
- Challenges: volume expansion, cycling stability, Coulombic efficiency
- Strategies to mitigate silicon anode limitations: nanostructuring, alloying, coatings
- Progress in commercialization and integration into automotive batteries
6. Solid-State Batteries:
- Advantages of solid-state electrolytes over liquid electrolytes
- Materials for solid-state electrolytes: sulfides, oxides, polymers
- Solid-state electrode materials: lithium metal, sulfides, etc.
- Recent breakthroughs in solid-state battery technology and their implications for automotive applications
7. Challenges and Opportunities:
- Scalability
The Most Complete Interpretation of Anode Materials Standards for Lithium-ion...etekware
To promote the healthy development of the lithium industry, China has successively promulgated relevant standards since 2009, involving raw materials, products and testing methods. Specifically, it proposes specific indicators for each parameter and the corresponding testing methods, which guided the production and application of anode materials. The types of anode materials in practical application are concentrated (graphite and Li4Ti5O12), related to four standards. Now, there are six standards under development or revision, indicating that the variety of anode materials has increased and new standards are needed to regulate their development. This article will focus on the main points of the four promulgated standards.
Interpretation of Anode Materials Standards for Lithium-ion Batteries.pdfETEK1
With many advantages, such as high energy density, long cycle life, low self-discharge,
no memory effect and environmental friendliness, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been
widely used in consumer electronics, such as smartphones, smart bracelets, digital cameras
and laptops, with the strongest consumer demand. At the same time, it is promoted in the
markets of pure electric, hybrid electric and extended-range electric vehicles, with the fastest
market share growth. LIBs are also gaining momentum in large-scale energy storage
applications, such as power grid peak regulation, household power distribution and
communication base stations
Hybrid resources: Challenges, Implications, Opportunities, and InnovationAndrew Gelston
Publication in the IEEE power & energy magazine November/December 2021 Issue on Hybrid renewable + Storage resources.
Layman explanation of why 1+1 = 3, rather then 2, with Hybrid co-optimizing internally as a single resource
NextEra Energy and Hawaiian Electric Industries to Combine (December 2014)Andrew Gelston
Achieving a More Affordable Clean Energy Future For Hawaii
Hawaiian Electric Industries Announces Plan to Spin off ASB Hawaii into an Independent Publicly Traded Company
December 3, 2014
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
1. batteryuniversity.com http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion
BU-205: Types of Lithium-ion
The casual battery user may think there is only one
lithium-ion battery. As there are many species of apple
trees, so do also lithium-ion batteries vary and the
difference lies mainly in the cathode materials. Innovative
materials are also appearing in the anode to modify or
replace graphite.
Scientists prefer to name batteries by their chemical
name and the material used, and unless you are a
chemist, these terms might get confusing. Table 1 offers
clarity by listing these batteries by their full name, chemical definition, abbreviations and short form. (When
appropriate, this essay will use the short form.) To complete the list of popular Li-ion batteries, the table also includes
NCA and Li-titanate, two lesser-known members of the Li-ion family.
Chemical name Material Abbreviation Short form Notes
Lithium Cobalt Oxide1
LiCoO2
Also Lithium Cobalate or lithium-ion-cobalt)
(60% Co)
LCO Li-cobalt
High capacity; for cell
phone laptop, camera
Lithium
Manganese Oxide1
Also Lithium Manganate
or lithium-ion-manganese
LiMn2O4 LMO Li-manganese,
or spinel
Most safe; lower
capacity than Li-cobalt
but high specific power
and long life.
Power tools,
e-bikes, EV, medical,
hobbyist.
Lithium
Iron Phosphate1
LiFePO4 LFP Li-phosphate
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt
Oxide1, also lithium-manganese-cobalt-oxide
LiNiMnCoO2
(10–20%
Co)
NMC NMC
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum
Oxide1
LiNiCoAlO2
9% Co)
NCA NCA Gaining importance
in electric powertrain
and grid storage
Lithium Titanate2 Li4Ti5O12 LTO Li-titanate
Table 1: Reference names for Li-ion batteries.We willuse the short form when appropriate.
1 Cathode material 2 Anode material
2. To learn more about the unique characters and limitations of the six most common lithium-ion batteries, we use spider
charts and look at the overall performance. We begin with Li-cobalt, the most commonly used battery for high-end
consumer products, and then move to Li-manganese and Li- phosphate, batteries deployed in power tools, and finally
address the newer players such as NME, NCA and Li-titanate.
Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LiCoO2)
Its high specific energy make Li-cobalt the popular choice for cell phones, laptops and digital cameras. The battery
consists of a cobalt oxide cathode and a graphite carbon anode. The cathode has a layered structure and during
discharge lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode. The flow reverses on charge. The drawback of Li-cobalt is
a relatively short life span and limited load capabilities (specific power). Figure 2 illustrates the structure.
Figure 2: Li-cobalt structure
The cathode has a layered structure. Duringdischarge the
lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode; on charge
the flow is from anode to cathode.
Courtesy of Cadex
Li-cobalt cannot be charged and discharged at a current higher than its rating. This means that an 18650 cell with
2,400mAh can only be charged and discharged at 2,400mA. Forcing a fast charge or applying a load higher than
2,400mA causes overheating and undue stress. For optimal fast charge, the manufacturer recommends a C-rate of
0.8C or 1920mA. [BU-402, What is C-rate?] The mandatory battery protection circuit limits the charge and discharge
rate to a safe level of about 1C.
Figure 3 summarizes the performance of Li-cobalt in terms of specific energy,or capacity; specific power,or the ability
to deliver high current; safety; performanceat hot and cold temperatures; life spanreflecting cycle life and longevity;
and cost.The hexagonal spider web provides a quick and easy performance analysis of the battery characteristics.
Figure 3: Snapshot of an average Li-cobalt battery
Li-cobalt excels on high specific energy but offers only moderate
performance specific power, safety and life span.
Courtesy of Cadex
3. Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4)
Lithium insertion in manganese spinels was first published in the Materials Research Bulletin in 1983. In 1996, Moli
Energy commercialized a Li-ion cell with lithium manganese oxide as a cathode material. The architecture forms a
three-dimensional spinel structure that improves ion flow on the electrode, which results in lower internal resistance
and improves current handling. A further advantage of spinel is high thermal stability and enhanced safety, but the
cycle and calendar life is limited.
Low internal cell resistance is key to fast charging and high-current discharging. In an 18650 package, Li-manganese
can be discharged at currents of 20–30A with moderate heat buildup. It is also possible to apply one-second load
pulses of up to 50A. A continuous high load at this current would cause heat buildup and the cell temperature cannot
exceed 80°C (176°F). Li-manganese is used for power tools, medical instruments, as well as hybrid and electric
vehicles.
Figure 4 shows the crystalline formation of the cathode in a three-dimensional framework. This spinel structure, which
is usually composed of diamond shapes connected into a lattice, appears after initial formation.
Figure 4: Li-manganese structure
The cathode crystalline formation of lithium manganese oxide
has a three-dimensional framework structure that appears
after initial formation. Spinel provides low resistance but has a
more moderate specific energy than cobalt.
Courtesy of Cadex
Li-manganese has a capacity that is roughly one-third lower compared to Li-cobalt but
the battery still offers about 50 percent more energy than nickel-based chemistries. Design flexibility allows engineers
to maximize the battery for either optimal longevity (life span), maximum load current (specific power) or high capacity
(specific energy). For example, the long-life version in the 18650 cell has a moderate capacity of 1,100mAh; the high-capacity
version is 1,500mAh but has a reduced service life. Laptop manufacturers would likely choose the high-capacity
version for maximum runtime; whereas the maker of cars with the electric powertrain would take the long-life
version with high specific power and sacrifice on runtime.
Figure 5 shows the spider web of a typical Li-manganese battery. In this chart, all characteristics are marginal;
however, newer designs have improved in terms of specific power, safety and life span.
4. Figure 5: Snapshot of a typical Li-manganese battery
Although moderate in overall performance, newer designs of Li-manganese
offer improvements in specific power, safety and life
span.
Courtesy of BCG research
Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4)
In 1996, the University of Texas (and other contributors) discovered phosphate as cathode material for rechargeable
lithium batteries. Li-phosphate offers good electrochemical performance with low resistance. This is made possible
with nano-scale phosphate cathode material. The key benefits are enhanced safety, good thermal stability, tolerant to
abuse, high current rating and long cycle life. Storing a fully charged battery has minimal impact on the life span. As
trade-off, the lower voltage of 3.3V/cell reduces the specific energy to slightly less than Li-manganese. In addition,
cold temperature reduces performance, and elevated storage temperature shortens the service life (better than lead
acid, NiCd or NiMH). Figure 6 summarizes the attributes of Li-phosphate.
Figure 6: Snapshot of a typical Li-phosphate battery
Li-phosphate has excellent safety and long life span but moderate
specific energy and and a lower voltage than other lithium-based
batteries.
Courtesy of BCG research
5. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2)
Leading battery manufacturers focus on a cathode combination of nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC). Similar to Li-manganese,
these systems can also be tailored to high specific energy or high specific power, but not both. For
example, NMC in an 18650 cell for consumer use can be tweaked to 2,250mAh, but the specific power is moderate.
NMC in the same cell optimized for high specific power has a capacity of only 1,500mAh. A silicon-based anode will
be able to go to 4,000mAh; however, the specific power and the cycle life may be compromised.
The secret of NMC lies in combining nickel and manganese. An analogy of this is table salt, in which the main
ingredients of sodium and chloride are toxic on their own but mixing them serves as seasoning salt and food
preserver. Nickel is known for its high specific energy but low stability; manganese has the benefit of forming a spinel
structure to achieve very low internal resistance but offers a low specific energy. Combining the metals brings out the
best in each.
NMC is the battery of choice for power tools and powertrains for vehicles. The cathode combination of one-third
nickel, one-third manganese and one-third cobalt offers a unique blend that also lowers raw material cost due to
reduced cobalt content. Striking the right balance is important and manufacturers keep their recipes a well-guarded
secret. Figure 7 demonstrates the characteristics of the NMC.
Figure 7: Snapshot of NMC
NMC has good overall performance and excels on specific energy.
This battery is the preferred candidate for the electric vehicle and has
the lowest self-heating rate.
Courtesy of BCG research
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2)
The Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide battery, or NCA, is less commonly used in the consumer market; however,
high specific energy and power densities, as well as a long life span, get the attention of the automotive industry. Less
flattering are safety and cost. Figure 8 demonstrates the strong points against areas for further development.
6. Figure 8: Snapshot of NCA
High energy and power densities, as well as good life span, make the
NCA
a candidate for EV powertrains. High cost and marginal safety are
negatives.
Courtesy of BCG research
Lithium Titanate (Li4Ti5O12)
Batteries with lithium titanate anodes have been known since the 1980s. Li-titanate replaces the graphite in the
anode of a typical lithium-ion battery and the material forms into a spinel structure. Li-titanate has a nominal cell
voltage of 2.40V, can be fast-charged and delivers a high discharge current of 10C, or 10 times the rated capacity.
The cycle count is said to be higher than that of a regular Li-ion; the battery is safe, has excellent low-temperature
discharge characteristics and obtains a capacity of 80 percent at –30°C (–22°F). At 65Wh/kg, the specific energy is
low. Li-titanate charges to 2.80V/cell, and the end of discharge is 1.80V/cell. Figure 9 illustrates the characteristics of
the Li-titanate battery.
Figure 9: Snapshot of Li-titanate
Li-titanate excels in safety, low-temperature performance and life
span. Efforts are being made to improve the specific energy and lower
cost.
Courtesy of BCG research
7. Figure 10 compares the specific energy of lead, nickel- and lithium-based systems. While Li-cobalt is the clear winner
by being able to store more capacity than other systems, this only applies to specific energy. In terms of specific
power (load characteristics) and thermal stability, Li-manganese and Li-phosphate are superior. As we move towards
electric powertrains, safety and cycle life will become more important than capacity.
Figure 10: Typical energy densities of lead, nickel- and lithium-based batteries
Lithium-cobalt enjoys the highest specific energy; however, manganese and phosphate are superior in terms of
specific power and thermal stability.
Courtesy of Cadex
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